The document provides a comprehensive overview of color theory, detailing its historical development, key figures, and physiological principles related to color perception. It discusses the emotional responses associated with various colors and outlines the mechanisms of the human visual system, including the roles of rods and cones in vision. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of color theory in the visual arts and graphic design, highlighting the significance of color combinations and schemes.

2. Color Theory: Overview
• Color is one of the most expressive elements because
• its quality affects our emotions directly and immediately.
• In representational art, color serves to identify objects
• and to create the effect of illusionistic space
• This part is continued from Color Theory – part 1, it contains
history of the colors & Physiological Principles of Color

3. Historical Background
• In 1666, Sir Isaac Newton figured out the
phylogenesis of colors. He permitted a beam of
sunlight to go past a prism and explored that the white
light split up into different wavelength, giving different
colors – red, yellow, orange, green, blue, indigo, and
violet. As a reasult, he proved that the white light is
made up of all wavelengths of the visible spectrum.
Newton said that colors already exist in light. For him,
darkness was absence of lignt
Sir Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton Opticks 1704 (old spelling of
Optics)
Used musical scale to divide spectrum
and attach names to areas
Physics (but theological implications)

4. Historical Background
• Goethe’s Theory of Colors (1810)
• Built on wavelength theory of light (after Newton)
• Methods interesting Conclusion refuted Influential on
artists Ex. Turner Color theory weblink
Johann Wolfgang Goethe
Johann Wolfgang Goethe implied
another color theory. Goethe believed
that color
is the interaction between light and
darkness. He thought that colors arise
from the interaction of light and dark
edges along the spectrum, a bit different
from that proposed by Newton.
Goethe’s Color Wheel

5. • 1510
• Leonardo da Vinci
• Designed a sketch of linear view of colors
that traversed from yellow to green to blue
and all the way to red.
• 1611
• Aron Sigfrid Forsius
• Wrote a treatment on the subject of color.
His theory tells us that white and black are
the primary colors of the world from which all
other
• colors are derived.
• 1613
• Franciscus Aguilonius
• Came up with a color diagram in his 1613
work on optics. It is
• arguably the ancient system to use the
combination of red, yellow and blue during
which colors were I
defined within a linear division.
• 1630
• Robert Fludd
• Created the first printed color wheel in a
medical journal
1659
Rembrandt
Proposed that yellow darkened to brown and red
was half yellow, so it darkened to brown too. A
problem always pops up when brown is
darkened with black instead of its opposite color
ultramarine blue.
•1731
•Jacques Christopher Le Blon
•Invented the fundamental three-color palette
and explained his palette with many dyes. Le
Blon never extended his organized color system
properly.
•1755
•Tobias Mayer
•Developed color theory by the use of
mathematics, and his choice of triad colors (red,
blue and yellow) was created. Mayer tried to find
out the exact number of colors which the eye is
able to perceive.
•1766
•Moses Harris
•Developed the first use of a color wheel; the
wheel had red, yellow and blue but he added
black as the only neutral color.
•1772
•J. Heinrich Lambert
•Showed his first three-dimensional color system.
Historical Background

6. Emotional Response of Colors
• Red Hot, danger, negative, stop, excitement
• Dark blue Stable, mature, calming, trustworthy,
• Light blue Cool, youthful, masculine
• Green Positive, growth, organic, go, comforting
• Brown Wholesome, unpretentious, organic
• Yellow Emotional, caution, positive
• Orange Emotional, organic, positive
• Purple Royal, contemporary, youthful
• Pink Youthful, warm, feminine
• Pastels Feminine, sensitive, soft, youthful
• Gold Conservative, elegant, stable
• Black Death, heavy, serious
• Grey Cool, mature, neutral, integrity
• White Pure, clean

7. Physiological Principles of color
color is the
result of
interaction of
light with the
nervous system.
There are
several
elements that
affect color
perception,
including the
lens of the eye, the retina and a
color processing
unit along the optic
nerve.

8. Trichromatic Color Vision
The most important
physiological principle for
the effective use of color is
what we call trichromacy or
trichromaticism. It is the
condition of exerting control
over the three independent
channels for the
transmission of color
information, which originates
from the three distinct cone
types. Trichromats are
organisms with trichromacy.
Physiological Principles of color
The natural definition of trichromacy is that, the
organism's retina comprises three different
types of color receptors called cone cells with
different absorption spectra. In reality, the
number of such color receptors may be greater
than three, since different types of receptors
may be operational at different light intensities.
In vertebrates, the rod cells may also take part
in color vision at low light intensities along with
the three types of cone cells, giving a small
region of tetrachromacy in the color space.

9. Human Visual System
Millions of photoreceptors take part in the human visual system. Ocular photoreceptors
are the only neurons in humans capable of phototrans duction with an exception of
melanopsin-containing photosensitive ganglion cells. All the photoreceptors in humans
are found either in the outer nuclear layer in the retina at the back of each eye, or in
front of them where the bipolar and ganglion cells carry information from photoreceptors
to the brain. This inverted arrangement significantly cuts down the acuteness, as light
must move through the axons and cell bodies of other neurons prior to reaching the
photoreceptors. The retina comprises two specialized components to deal with this
matter They are : FOVEA and BLIND SPOT

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11. Fovea: It is an area at the centre of the retina, containing only
photoreceptors. It is utilized for high visual acuity.
Blind spot: Each retina holds a blind spot, which is an area devoid
of photoreceptor cells and where axons from the ganglion cells
can pass through the retina to the brain.
Human Visual System

12. • Phototransduction is a process by which light is converted
into electrical signals in the rod cells, cone cells and photosensitive
ganglion cells of the retina of the eye.
• The visual cycle is the biological conversion of a photon into an
electrical signal in the retina. This process occurs via G-protein coupled
receptors called opsins which contain the chromophore 11-cis
retinal. 11-cis retinal is covalently linked to the opsin receptor via Schiff
base forming retinylidene protein. When struck by a photon, 11-cis
retinal undergoes photoisomerization to all-trans retinal which changes
the conformation of the opsin GPCR leading to signal transduction
cascades which causes closure of cyclic GMP-gated cation channel,
and hyper polarization of the photoreceptor cell
Animation Phototransduction
Visit the site
http://sites.sinauer.com/neuroscience5e/animations11.02.html
Phototransduction

13. Signal Transduction Pathway
Signal transduction pathway indicates a mechanism in the
cell by which the energy of a photon results in the cell's
electrical polarization. This polarization will result in either
the process of transmission or confinement of a neural
signal that will be taken to the brain by the optic nerve.
The following
are the various
steps in the
signal
transduction
pathway in
vertebrate rod
and cone
photoreceptors

14. Rods
• Used for scotopic vision
• Very light sensitive; sensitive to scattered light
• Loss causes night blindness
• Low visual acuity
• Not present in fovea
• Slow reaction to light, stimuli added over time
• Have more pigment than cones, so can observe lower
light levels
• Stacks of membrane-enclosed disks remain on the cell
membrane
• 20 times more rods than cones in the retina One type of
photosensitive pigment
• Responsible for achromatic vision
Cones
• Used for photopic vision
• Not very light sensitive; sensitive to only direct
light
• Loss causes total blindness
• High visual acuity; better spatial resolution
• Concentrated in fovea
• Fast reaction to light, can comprehend more rapid
changes in stimuli
• Have less pigments than rods, need more light to find
images
• Disks are confined to the outer tissue layer
• Three types of photosensitive pigment in humans
• Responsible for color vision
Differences between Rods and Cones

15. In 1991, Foster et al. observed a non-rod, non-cone
photoreceptor in the eyes of mice, which was depicted to serve
as the medium for effecting circadian rhythms. These neuronal
cells, known as intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
(ipRGC), are a small subclass (-1-3%) of the retinal ganglion
cells. The cells are settled in the inner retina, which is in front of
the rods and cones found in the outer retina. ipRGCs comprises
a photopigment, melanopsin, which has an absorption crest of
the light at a different wavelength (-480 nm) than rods and
cones. In 2007, Farhan H. Zaidi and colleagues published their
pioneering work in Current Biology using rodless coneless
humans. The researchers found the distinctive character of the
non-rod non-cone photoreceptor in humans to be a ganglion cell
in the inner retina as had been previously ' shown in rodless
coneless models in some other mammals. Human retinal
ganglion cell photoreceptor takes part in conscious sight as well
as in non-image-forming functions such as circadian rhythms,
behavior and pupil reactions. The groundbreaking research of
Zaidi and colleagues' with rodless and coneless human subjects
also opened the door into image-forming (visual) roles for the
ganglion cell photoreceptor.
Ganglion Cells

16. • Any object viewed by our eye is upside
down. Light travels extremely fast to
allow the recognition of different hues.
The front part ()lour eye consists of the
cornea, while the back part consists of
lens. The main purpose of lens is to
focus light rays, so that the color can
be perceived. To achieve correct
focus, our lens should continuously
change its shape
• The lens is also called the aquula
(Latin, a little stream, dim. of aqua,
water) or oystalline lens. In humans,
the refractive power of the lens in its
natural environment is about 18
dioptres, roughly one-third of the eye's
total power.
Lens
• Portion, Size and Shape
• Structure and Function of Lens
• Crystalline and Transparency

17. Retina
Retina is comprised of numerous photoreceptor cells
referred to as cones and rods. These special cells
help us in viewing under various lightning conditions.
Cones become active and operate best under
daylight, while rods function during night. Sunlight is
made up ofdifferent colors (spectrum). Under normal
circumstances, humans can see only the visible
spectrum (color vision). Red, green and blue
constitute the three basic colors of light and are
called the primary colors. While blue has the shortest
wavelength in the spectrum, red has the longest
wavelength. The wavelength of green, is in the
middle of the spectrum.
The vertebrate retina consists often distinct layers. These
are:
1. Inner limiting tissue layer Muller cell footplates
2. Nerve fibre layer
3. Ganglion cell layer—Layer that holds the nuclei of
ganglion cells and gives rise to optic nerve fibres
4. Inner plexiform layer
5. Inner nuclear layer Layer that contains bipolar
cells
6. Outer plexiform layer In the macular region, this is
generally known as the
Fiber layer of Henle
7. Outer nuclear layer
8. External limiting tissue layer Layer that
divides the inner segment portions of
the photoreceptors from their cell nucleus
9. Photoreceptor layer—Rods and cones
10. Retinal pigment epithelium

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19. One of the most complex
organs of the human body, the
brain forms the epicenter of the
Central Nervous System
(CNS). One feature that
differentiates a human brain
from that of other mammals is
that it weighs almost three
times as big as the brain of a
mammal of similar body
weight. This increase in volume
and size is accounted for by
the highly convoluted cerebral
cortex. In human beings, the
part of the brain devoted to
vision is greatly enlarged.
HUMAN BRAIN

20. • Weight: The brain of an adult man (70 kg) weighs approximately 1.5 kg. There is a slight
difference between the brain weight of a man and that of a woman; man's brain weighs
approximately 100 gm more.
• Appearance: The circumference of the brain is tan-grey, while the inside is yellowish white.
• Parts of the brain:
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Structure and parts of the Brain

21. • A basic knowledge of color theory definitely helps in making a harmonious combination which is pleasing to the
eyes.
• With the basic knowledge of color theory, one can easily understand how to make effective use of colors in our daily
life.
• For a person who belongs to art background, judgement about colors and their meaning is easy.
• For a lay man visualizing colors is not an easy task. Apoor and undeveloped sense of color proves to be a great
hindrance in making good color decisions.
• In the visual arts, color theory refers to the visual impact created by different types of colors, both individually and in
combination with each other.
• color balance refers to the use of congruous colors in a design.
• color scheme is the choice of colors used in a design for a range of media used in color theory. color schemes are
basically used to create style and appeal.
• Complementary color scheme includes a combination of any two colors that are positioned opposite to each other
on the color wheel. Analogous colors appear next to each other on the color wheel.
• Warm colors are bright and pleasing. They are generally associated with daylight and cool colors with night.
• color theory helps us to understand the various possible combinations that would look harmonious together.
• An organism's retina comprises three different types ofcolor receptors called cone cells with different absorption
spectra.
• Trichromatic color vision is the natural aptitude of humans and some other animals to see different colors,
interposed by interactions among three types of color-sensing cone cells.
• A photoreceptor is a specialized type of nerve cell that is capable of phototransduction.
• Phototransduction is the composite process through which the energy o fa photon is utilized to alter the intrinsic
membrane potential of the photoreceptor.
• Signals are conducted by polarization and depolarization of the neurons.
• One ofthe most important differences between rods and cones is that while rods are meant for scotopic vision, while
cones are responsible for photopic vision.
• Lens along with the cornea plays a major role in refracting light to be focused on the retina.
Summary

22. • Lens functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus°, objects at various distances, thus
allowing a sharp real image of the object interest to be formed on the retina.
• Accommodation is the process where one can centre the eye on an object al dissimilar distances from it by
changing the curvature ofthe lens. Retina is comprised by numerous photoreceptor cells referred to as cones and
rods.
• Cones become active and operate best under daylight, while rods function during night.
• Fovea is a region at the centre of the macula and forms the most sensitive an in the retina.
• The three major parts ofthe brain are the forebrain, the midbrain and the hindbrai
• The forebrain controls the motor functions of the body as well the autonomi functions.
• The midbrain plays an important role in auditory and visual responses.
• The hindbrain controls the autonomic functions besides maintaining th, equilibrium, motor function and conducts
sensory information.
Summary

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Images other then Veda college. Source of images : https://en.wikipedia.org, https://light2015blog.org/category/chemistry/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe, ,
https://justinpamute.wordpress.com http://www.openculture.com/2013/09/goethes-theory-of-colors-and-kandinsky.html, https://www.lhup.edu, http://www.colourblindawareness.org/colour-blindness/types-of-colour-blindness/,
http://www.cgadvertising.com, http://www.planet-science.com, https://pharmaceuticalintelligence.com, http://www.webexhibits.org, http://blog.tauedu.org, https://www.designmantic.com,
http://www.cgadvertising.com/pages/cg/rules-in-design/trichromatic-vision.php

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