This document provides information on energy balance, types of buildings, energy conservation methods, heating and cooling systems, renewable energy sources, and tariff systems for electricity, natural gas, water, and heating energy. It discusses the typical sources of heat gains and losses in buildings and how they are distributed (e.g. walls account for 21% of heat losses). It also describes different residential and commercial building types and various envelope and system strategies to improve energy efficiency. Finally, it outlines the rate structures and billing approaches for various utility services in residential and commercial sectors.

1. ECVET Training for Operatorsof IoT-enabledSmart Buildings (VET4SBO)
2018-1-RS01-KA202-000411
Level 2
Module 3: Building scoping towards operational
improvements
Unit 3.1: Review of the different modus vivendi of
buildings (commercial, housing, health, education,
working, leisure)

2. Energy Balance in Building
Heat source (from inside) + Heat gains (from outside) = Heat losses
• Heat source (from inside)
– Heating + 82%
– Other inside source +6%
• Heat gains (from outside)
– Radiationfrom Sun +12%
• Heat losses
– Walls –21%
– Windows -22%
– Roof -10%
– Chimney -12%
– Basement -6%

3. Types of Buildings
• Residential Buildings
– Single Family House,
– Multi Family House,
– Free-standing residentialbuilding,
– Apartment Block
– Highrise
• Commercial Buildings
– Offices
– Banks
– Shopping Centers, …
• Public Buildings
– MunicipalityBuildings
– Schools/ Universities
– Hospitals, …

4. Types of Residential Buildings
• Single Family House - A family house with massivefacade brick walls
without thermal insulation,
• Multi Family House - A residential building with a compact rectangular
floor plan and a relatively low hipped roof.
• Free-standing residential building - A residential building with a compact
floor plan, a shallow pitched or flat roof.
• Apartment Block - An elongated residential lamela building with a flat
roof.
• Highrise – A residential high-rise tower with a simple compact floor plan,
a flat roof and a recessed roof floor.

5. Energy Conservation
Nontransparent Envelope - External Wall
Contact Facade
VentilatedFacade
Sandwich Wall

6. Energy Conservation
Nontransparent Envelope - Roof

7. Energy Conservation
Other Parts of Nontransparent Envelope
• Floor above unheated area
• Ceiling under unheated area
• Internal wall to the unheated area

8. Energy Conservation
Transparent envelope - Window
Al
Al-Wood Wood-Al PVC-AlFrame
Uf = (0.7  1.5) W/m2K
Ug = (0.4  0.7) W/m2K
g = (0.25  0.85) [-]
Uw = (Uf x Af + Ug x Ag + g x lg)/(Af + Ag)

9. Radiator Heating (All Types of Buildings)
 Middle level of thermal comfort
 Temperature regime
 Old installation: 90/70oC
 New installation: 70/50oC (65/45oC)
 Energy Source (Supply side)
 Boilers (fuel, wood, gas, pellets,
briquets, …)

10. Under Floor / Wall Heating (All Types of
Buildings)
• Hight level of thermal comfort
• Low temperature heating
– Optimal: tws= 32-38oC
– Max.: tws= 45oC

11. Cooling/Heating (All Types of Buildings)
Split System
 One Outdoor Unit (Air source Heat Pump)
 One Indoor Unit
Multi - Split System
 One Outdoor Unit (Air source Heat Pump)
 Many Indoor Units

12. Cooling/Heating (Commercial/Public)
VRV System
• One Outdoor Unit (Air source Heat Pump)
• Many same/different indoor units
• All indoor units heating or cooling at the time
• Two pipes system
• High level of COP/EER
VRV - Variable RefrigerantVolume

13. Cooling/Heating (Commercial/Public)
VRV Heat Recovery System
 One Outdoor Unit (Air source Heat
Pump)
 Many same/different indoor units
 Heat Recovery (one system for heating
and cooling at the time)
 Three pipes system
 High level of COP/EER
VRV - Variable RefrigerantVolume

14. Air HandlingUnit for totalair treatment:
 Temperature
 Relative Humidity
 Pressure
 Air Quality
 Heat Recovery
 Heat pump as an energy source
Cooling/Heating (Commercial/Public)

15. Supply side
Renewable Sources for Heat Pump
COP – Coefficient of Performance is a ratio of heat energy output and power input
WSHP, COP 5-6 ASHP, COP 3-5 GSHP (sonda ili kolektor),COP 5-6
Renewable Energy Input, 2 – 5 kWh Heat Energy Output
3–6 kWh
Power Input
1 kWh

16. Supply side
Ground Source Heat Pump

17. Tariff system for electricity
• Commercial Supply:
– Consumption at medium voltage
– Consumption at low voltage
• Tariff customers(Households):
– connection power,
– the amount of active energy
• Accountstructure:
– costs that do not depend on electricity consumption,
– costs that depend on electricity consumption.

18. Tariff system for electricity
For tariff customers(Households):
• Calculated power - maximum active power,
• For households with three-phase meters, the following powers are common:
– 6,90 kW
– 11,04 kW
– 13,80 kW
– 17,25 kW
– 22,08 kW
– 24,15 kW/27,60 kW/34,50 kW/43,47 kW

19. Tariff system for electricity
• Tariff rates for active energy:
– tariff rate for rational consumption (green zone) covers monthly consumption up to 350
kWh,
– tariff rate for moderate consumption (blue zone) covers monthly consumption over 350
kWh up to 1,600 kWh,
– tariff rate for high consumption (red zone) covers monthly consumption over 1,600
kWh.
• Two-tariff meter:
– higher tariff: 07.00-23.00 (± 1h),
– lower tariff: 23.00-07.00 (± 1h).

20. Tariff system for electricity
• The price for the lower daily tariff rate (green zone) is used as the base (coefficient
1),
• Other tariff rates:
– higher daily tariff rate - green zone (coefficient 4),
– lower daily tariff rate - green zone (coefficient 1),
– higher daily tariff rate - blue zone (coefficient 6),
– lower daily tariff rate - blue zone (coefficient 1.5)
– higher daily tariff rate - red zone (coefficient 12),
– lower daily tariff rate - red zone (coefficient 3).

21. Tariff system for electricity
Others:
• Compensation for eligible producers of electricity from renewable sources,
• The Excise 7.5%,
• The VAT rate is 20%.

22. Tariff system for electricity
• Low voltage consumption(1kV),
– assumed power,
– active energy,
– reactive energy.
• consumption-dependent costs:
– calculated power;
– higher energy active energy (07: 00-23: 00);
– lower energy active energy (23: 00-07: 00);
– reactive energy;
– over the allowed power;
– over the allowed reactive energy.

23. Active, reactive and apparent power
S (kVA)– Apparent power
P (kW) – Active power
Q (kvar) – Reactive
power
 (-) – Power factor
(cos  =0.95)
kvar

24. Tariff system for natural gas
• The different energy potential depending on the pressure, temperature and lower
heating value of natural gas,
• Reduction to the same values of pressure, temperature and lower heating value -
standard conditions:
– temperature of 288.15 K (15ºC) and pressure of 1.01325 bar, and the reference lower
heating value in Serbia is 33.338,35 kJ/m3
• The VAT rate is 10%.

25. Tariff system for natural gas
• Computational reduction on the standard conditions:

26. Atmospheric pressure is:
Natural gas delivered volume:
Quantity of natural gas for calculation:
Tariff system for natural gas
EXAMPLE. For consumption of natural gas of 300 m3 on the meter with built-in temperature
compensator at connection pressure of 22 mbar, at the delivery point Niš (altitude 218,35 m) and
determined lower heating value of natural gas for the accounting period of 34,324.53 kJ/m3
determine the amount of natural gas for the monthly calculation.

27. Water and sewerage tariff system
• Water Consumption (m3) - a water meter for each building
• In multi-family buildings, the distribution of the total amount of water consumed is
made in proportion to the area of the dwelling or number of household members,
• Cost of water consumed,
• Cost of sewerage,
• The price approve the local government.
• VAT rate is 10%

28. Tariff system for heating energy
• Communal activity within the competence of local self-government,
• Consolidated billing with other utilities,
• Two billing models:
– Per m2 of heating area
– Per consumption(fixed and variableparts)
• The fixed part is paid throughout the year, does not depend on consumption and is calculated according to installed
power (kW) or heating area (m2),
• The variable part is paid during the heating season, depends on the consumption and is calculated according to the
energy consumed (kWh).
• VAT is 10%
• Legal entities pay only by consumption.

29. Resources

30. Disclaimer
For further information, relatedto the VET4SBO project, please visit the project’swebsite at https://smart-building-
operator.euor visit us at https://www.facebook.com/Vet4sbo.
Downloadour mobile app at https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vet4sbo.mobile.
This project (2018-1-RS01-KA202-000411) has been funded with support from the European Commission (Erasmus+
Programme). Thispublicationreflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible
for any use which may be made of the informationcontainedtherein.