This document discusses the importance of modelling energy systems with detailed representations of surrounding regions. It presents a case study comparing different levels of detail in modelling Germany's energy system within the context of surrounding countries like France, Poland, Austria and others. The study uses EnergyPLAN to model each country's system individually and also connected together. It finds that modelling with greater detail, representing each surrounding country separately rather than aggregated, reveals more nuanced results about how increased wind power in Germany may affect its own CO2 emissions versus the overall connected system's emissions. The level of geographic detail is important for policymakers and researchers to understand impacts across interconnected energy infrastructures.
Second Stakeholder Event for the Revision of Directive (REDII) 2018/2001
Session 2 Renewable energy in Heating and Cooling, Buildings and District Heating
Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
March 22, 2021, Brussels - Online
Keynote, 15th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES)
Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
Online, Cologne, September 3rd 2020
Presentation by Nis Bertelsen at IRENA event "Integration of Low-Temperature Renewable Energy Sources into District Heating and Cooling Systems" in Belgrade 05-06 Dec 2019.
Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen, Sustainable Energy Planning Research Group,Aalborg University
EFCF2020: 24th conference in series of the European Fuel Cell Forum in Lucerne, October 22, 2020
The sEEnergies project aims to operationalize the energy efficiency first principle (EEFP) both qualitatively and quantitatively. It will develop a decision support tool combining sector-specific energy demand models to analyze EE potentials from an energy systems perspective. Bottom-up models of buildings, transport, industry and grids will provide cost curves and potentials for EE measures. Scenarios from the EU's "A Clean Planet for All" will be used as common references. Energy system modelling will assess EEFP impacts and enable scenarios assessing synergies. A spatial model will map supply and demand and efficiency potentials. Heat Roadmap Europe provides recommendations including prioritizing savings over supply, utilizing excess heat and renewable energy in district heating, and establishing
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for sustainable energy systems. It argues that renewable energy costs are falling while electricity prices are rising, and explores how to better integrate renewable electricity across sectors through energy storage and transmission grids. The document advocates designing "smart energy systems" that optimize energy storage and transmission between electricity, heating/cooling, and transportation networks to enable powering all demands with renewable sources in a cost-effective way.
This document summarizes the results of modeling pathways for Germany's energy transition and achieving its climate targets. It finds that:
1) A fast phase out of coal in Germany by 2030-2035 can help meet short term climate targets but stronger European cooperation is needed to achieve long term 2050 targets.
2) National actions through a "Coalition of the Willing" among some EU states can help bridge gaps but will not be sufficient on their own.
3) A fast coal phase out would increase electricity costs slightly but require large additional system costs of €41-106 billion that would need to be compensated.
4) Replacing coal primarily relies on increased gas, imports,
This document discusses the importance of modelling energy systems with detailed representations of surrounding regions. It presents a case study comparing different levels of detail in modelling Germany's energy system within the context of surrounding countries like France, Poland, Austria and others. The study uses EnergyPLAN to model each country's system individually and also connected together. It finds that modelling with greater detail, representing each surrounding country separately rather than aggregated, reveals more nuanced results about how increased wind power in Germany may affect its own CO2 emissions versus the overall connected system's emissions. The level of geographic detail is important for policymakers and researchers to understand impacts across interconnected energy infrastructures.
Second Stakeholder Event for the Revision of Directive (REDII) 2018/2001
Session 2 Renewable energy in Heating and Cooling, Buildings and District Heating
Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
March 22, 2021, Brussels - Online
Keynote, 15th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES)
Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
Online, Cologne, September 3rd 2020
Presentation by Nis Bertelsen at IRENA event "Integration of Low-Temperature Renewable Energy Sources into District Heating and Cooling Systems" in Belgrade 05-06 Dec 2019.
Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen, Sustainable Energy Planning Research Group,Aalborg University
EFCF2020: 24th conference in series of the European Fuel Cell Forum in Lucerne, October 22, 2020
The sEEnergies project aims to operationalize the energy efficiency first principle (EEFP) both qualitatively and quantitatively. It will develop a decision support tool combining sector-specific energy demand models to analyze EE potentials from an energy systems perspective. Bottom-up models of buildings, transport, industry and grids will provide cost curves and potentials for EE measures. Scenarios from the EU's "A Clean Planet for All" will be used as common references. Energy system modelling will assess EEFP impacts and enable scenarios assessing synergies. A spatial model will map supply and demand and efficiency potentials. Heat Roadmap Europe provides recommendations including prioritizing savings over supply, utilizing excess heat and renewable energy in district heating, and establishing
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for sustainable energy systems. It argues that renewable energy costs are falling while electricity prices are rising, and explores how to better integrate renewable electricity across sectors through energy storage and transmission grids. The document advocates designing "smart energy systems" that optimize energy storage and transmission between electricity, heating/cooling, and transportation networks to enable powering all demands with renewable sources in a cost-effective way.
This document summarizes the results of modeling pathways for Germany's energy transition and achieving its climate targets. It finds that:
1) A fast phase out of coal in Germany by 2030-2035 can help meet short term climate targets but stronger European cooperation is needed to achieve long term 2050 targets.
2) National actions through a "Coalition of the Willing" among some EU states can help bridge gaps but will not be sufficient on their own.
3) A fast coal phase out would increase electricity costs slightly but require large additional system costs of €41-106 billion that would need to be compensated.
4) Replacing coal primarily relies on increased gas, imports,
This document discusses key success factors for developing an effective strategic heating/cooling plan. It identifies three main factors: 1) defining the scope and purpose by identifying stakeholders and drivers, 2) developing technical scenarios by quantifying demands, resources, and savings potentials, and establishing supply scenarios, and 3) evaluating framework conditions like ownership, financing, pricing and regulation. It provides examples of how to approach each factor, including identifying relevant stakeholders, balancing demands and supplies in scenarios, and overcoming barriers to investment. The document concludes by emphasizing strategic planning is an iterative process and provides further resources on heating and cooling planning.
Integration of Renewables in the Swiss Energy SystemIEA-ETSAP
- The document discusses integrating renewable energy, like wind and solar PV, into Switzerland's energy system between 2015-2050. It analyzes measures like grid expansion, storage batteries, and flexible demand.
- The Swiss TIMES energy model is used to study over 100 scenarios that vary energy policy, electricity imports allowed, climate policy stringency, location of new gas plants, and grid expansion levels.
- Results show electricity use continues increasing by 4-30% by 2050, with gas, renewables, and imports replacing phased-out nuclear power. Storage needs of 30-50% of wind and solar capacity are estimated above 14TWh of renewable generation.
Working with TIMES and Monte Carlo in a Policy SettingIEA-ETSAP
This document discusses using uncertainty analysis in the IntERACT model, which combines the TIMES and CGE models. It describes implementing uncertainty in key parameters through Monte Carlo simulations in R. The document also provides an example of how uncertainty analysis can be used to evaluate the impact of reducing electricity taxes on adoption of heat pumps under different cost and price scenarios. Results are preliminary but show the flexibility of using R for sensitivity analysis on TIMES.
Linkage of TIMES with Power Dispatch Models and Network OptimizationIEA-ETSAP
The document discusses linking the TIMES energy systems model with other models to provide more detailed spatial and temporal resolution and a holistic perspective of the energy system. Some challenges in linking models include different granularities, ensuring convergence, and managing computational time. The document presents examples of linking TIMES with power dispatch models and network optimization tools to better model high shares of variable renewable energy, district heating, and resource transportation costs. Developing a framework for properly linking models is important to avoid suboptimal solutions and make use of each model's strengths.
Update on applications of an Australian TIMES modelIEA-ETSAP
The document provides an overview and update on the Australian TIMES (AusTIMES) energy system model. It discusses:
1) The structure of AusTIMES, which models energy supply and demand across Australian states/territories on an annual basis from 2015-2050. It covers multiple sectors, technologies, and time slices.
2) Recent updates to AusTIMES inputs, including expanded modeling of industry and building demand sectors with new energy efficiency and electrification options.
3) Current projects using AusTIMES to study decarbonization pathways, electric vehicle adoption, and renewable energy zones. It also discusses collaboration with ETSAP to share modeling approaches.
This document summarizes a solar thermal district heating project in Freiburg-Gutleutmatten, Germany. The project involves installing decentralized solar thermal collectors and storage on 38 buildings to provide summer heat demand. A biogas-fired CHP plant and gas boilers provide backup heating through a district heating network. Project partners include the City of Freiburg, Fraunhofer Institute, and badenovaWÄRMEPLUS GmbH, which built and operates the system. The decentralized solar thermal is expected to meet over 25% of annual heat demand and allow shutdown of the district heating network in summer months.
Modelling Economically optimal heat supply to low energy building areas – The...IEA-ETSAP
The document analyzes the economically optimal heat supply options for new low-energy building areas (LEBs) located near urban areas in Sweden. It models three options: individual heating systems for each building, a small local district heating system within the LEB area, or connecting to the larger district heating system of the nearby urban area. The analysis considers various LEB densities and distances to urban areas. It finds that connecting to a large urban heating network is generally the lowest cost option due to economies of scale in transmission and distribution costs. The cost components, including transmission and distribution costs, vary significantly based on density and distance.
How costs affect deployment of low carbon technologies - analysis with JRC-EU...IEA-ETSAP
The document discusses using the JRC-EU-TIMES energy system optimization model to analyze the impacts of technology costs and assumptions on the deployment of low carbon technologies in Europe. The model can explore scenarios assessing different technology sensitivities to provide insights for targeting research and innovation efforts. Examples analyzed include the impacts of solar PV costs and the role of geothermal with and without carbon capture and storage. The model results can indicate potentially cost-effective research and innovation investment levels to achieve breakthrough technology performance levels.
Utilization of excess heat for district heating in the future Danish energy s...IEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research on utilizing excess heat from industry for district heating in Denmark's future energy system. It describes a TIMES-DK energy system model that analyzes scenarios where 50% of electricity comes from wind by 2020/2035 and the energy system is fossil fuel free by 2050/2035. The model endogenously allocates industrial excess heat for district heating. Results show excess heat supplying 5-20% of district heating, with 70-80% coming from high temperatures. Sensitivity analysis examines impacts of varying excess heat potentials and costs. Future work includes analyzing competing technology costs and an appropriate socio-economic value for excess heat.
The document discusses Granollers' plans to develop low-carbon heating and cooling networks through the Eco Congost project. It aims to reduce fossil energy consumption in the city's industrial parks by generating energy from renewable sources like biogas and distributing steam and hot water through a district heating system. The city has collected data on energy sources, demand, and infrastructure to help model and plan the optimal heating network configuration through the EU-funded THERMOS project.
District heating potential in the Italian NECP: assessment through a new resi...IEA-ETSAP
District heating potential in the Italian NECP: assessment through a new residential model in TIMES-RSE
Ms. Corine Nsangwe Businge, RSE - Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico
Modelling Circular Economy in TIMES
Dr. Sofia G. Simoes LNEG - Laboratory for Energy and Geology, P. Fortes, CENSE | NOVA School of
Science and Technology
Overview of Bioenergy Scenarios in TIMES modellingIEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes scenarios for bioenergy use in energy system models developed by IEA ETSAP. It provides an overview of the IEA ETP modeling framework and how bioenergy technologies are represented. It then gives two examples of bioenergy scenarios: 1) the IEA ETP scenarios which estimate a need for 145 EJ of sustainable bioenergy by 2060 for a 2 degree pathway, focusing on transport, and negative emissions technologies for below 2 degrees. 2) A study of Ireland's energy system which found implementing land use change emissions significantly impacted the role of bioenergy due to increased costs.
This document discusses key success factors for developing an effective strategic heating/cooling plan. It identifies three main factors: 1) defining the scope and purpose by identifying stakeholders and drivers, 2) developing technical scenarios by quantifying demands, resources, and savings potentials, and establishing supply scenarios, and 3) evaluating framework conditions like ownership, financing, pricing and regulation. It provides examples of how to approach each factor, including identifying relevant stakeholders, balancing demands and supplies in scenarios, and overcoming barriers to investment. The document concludes by emphasizing strategic planning is an iterative process and provides further resources on heating and cooling planning.
Integration of Renewables in the Swiss Energy SystemIEA-ETSAP
- The document discusses integrating renewable energy, like wind and solar PV, into Switzerland's energy system between 2015-2050. It analyzes measures like grid expansion, storage batteries, and flexible demand.
- The Swiss TIMES energy model is used to study over 100 scenarios that vary energy policy, electricity imports allowed, climate policy stringency, location of new gas plants, and grid expansion levels.
- Results show electricity use continues increasing by 4-30% by 2050, with gas, renewables, and imports replacing phased-out nuclear power. Storage needs of 30-50% of wind and solar capacity are estimated above 14TWh of renewable generation.
Working with TIMES and Monte Carlo in a Policy SettingIEA-ETSAP
This document discusses using uncertainty analysis in the IntERACT model, which combines the TIMES and CGE models. It describes implementing uncertainty in key parameters through Monte Carlo simulations in R. The document also provides an example of how uncertainty analysis can be used to evaluate the impact of reducing electricity taxes on adoption of heat pumps under different cost and price scenarios. Results are preliminary but show the flexibility of using R for sensitivity analysis on TIMES.
Linkage of TIMES with Power Dispatch Models and Network OptimizationIEA-ETSAP
The document discusses linking the TIMES energy systems model with other models to provide more detailed spatial and temporal resolution and a holistic perspective of the energy system. Some challenges in linking models include different granularities, ensuring convergence, and managing computational time. The document presents examples of linking TIMES with power dispatch models and network optimization tools to better model high shares of variable renewable energy, district heating, and resource transportation costs. Developing a framework for properly linking models is important to avoid suboptimal solutions and make use of each model's strengths.
Update on applications of an Australian TIMES modelIEA-ETSAP
The document provides an overview and update on the Australian TIMES (AusTIMES) energy system model. It discusses:
1) The structure of AusTIMES, which models energy supply and demand across Australian states/territories on an annual basis from 2015-2050. It covers multiple sectors, technologies, and time slices.
2) Recent updates to AusTIMES inputs, including expanded modeling of industry and building demand sectors with new energy efficiency and electrification options.
3) Current projects using AusTIMES to study decarbonization pathways, electric vehicle adoption, and renewable energy zones. It also discusses collaboration with ETSAP to share modeling approaches.
This document summarizes a solar thermal district heating project in Freiburg-Gutleutmatten, Germany. The project involves installing decentralized solar thermal collectors and storage on 38 buildings to provide summer heat demand. A biogas-fired CHP plant and gas boilers provide backup heating through a district heating network. Project partners include the City of Freiburg, Fraunhofer Institute, and badenovaWÄRMEPLUS GmbH, which built and operates the system. The decentralized solar thermal is expected to meet over 25% of annual heat demand and allow shutdown of the district heating network in summer months.
Modelling Economically optimal heat supply to low energy building areas – The...IEA-ETSAP
The document analyzes the economically optimal heat supply options for new low-energy building areas (LEBs) located near urban areas in Sweden. It models three options: individual heating systems for each building, a small local district heating system within the LEB area, or connecting to the larger district heating system of the nearby urban area. The analysis considers various LEB densities and distances to urban areas. It finds that connecting to a large urban heating network is generally the lowest cost option due to economies of scale in transmission and distribution costs. The cost components, including transmission and distribution costs, vary significantly based on density and distance.
How costs affect deployment of low carbon technologies - analysis with JRC-EU...IEA-ETSAP
The document discusses using the JRC-EU-TIMES energy system optimization model to analyze the impacts of technology costs and assumptions on the deployment of low carbon technologies in Europe. The model can explore scenarios assessing different technology sensitivities to provide insights for targeting research and innovation efforts. Examples analyzed include the impacts of solar PV costs and the role of geothermal with and without carbon capture and storage. The model results can indicate potentially cost-effective research and innovation investment levels to achieve breakthrough technology performance levels.
Utilization of excess heat for district heating in the future Danish energy s...IEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research on utilizing excess heat from industry for district heating in Denmark's future energy system. It describes a TIMES-DK energy system model that analyzes scenarios where 50% of electricity comes from wind by 2020/2035 and the energy system is fossil fuel free by 2050/2035. The model endogenously allocates industrial excess heat for district heating. Results show excess heat supplying 5-20% of district heating, with 70-80% coming from high temperatures. Sensitivity analysis examines impacts of varying excess heat potentials and costs. Future work includes analyzing competing technology costs and an appropriate socio-economic value for excess heat.
The document discusses Granollers' plans to develop low-carbon heating and cooling networks through the Eco Congost project. It aims to reduce fossil energy consumption in the city's industrial parks by generating energy from renewable sources like biogas and distributing steam and hot water through a district heating system. The city has collected data on energy sources, demand, and infrastructure to help model and plan the optimal heating network configuration through the EU-funded THERMOS project.
District heating potential in the Italian NECP: assessment through a new resi...IEA-ETSAP
District heating potential in the Italian NECP: assessment through a new residential model in TIMES-RSE
Ms. Corine Nsangwe Businge, RSE - Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico
Modelling Circular Economy in TIMES
Dr. Sofia G. Simoes LNEG - Laboratory for Energy and Geology, P. Fortes, CENSE | NOVA School of
Science and Technology
Overview of Bioenergy Scenarios in TIMES modellingIEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes scenarios for bioenergy use in energy system models developed by IEA ETSAP. It provides an overview of the IEA ETP modeling framework and how bioenergy technologies are represented. It then gives two examples of bioenergy scenarios: 1) the IEA ETP scenarios which estimate a need for 145 EJ of sustainable bioenergy by 2060 for a 2 degree pathway, focusing on transport, and negative emissions technologies for below 2 degrees. 2) A study of Ireland's energy system which found implementing land use change emissions significantly impacted the role of bioenergy due to increased costs.
Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
Workshop: Integrating low-temperature renewable energy sources in District Energy Systems: Focus on Belarus
IRENA - The International Renewable Energy Agency, February 3rd, 2021
Keeping our cities sustainably warm - Inspiring the Efficient Renewal of District Heating for the Just Transition
Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
KeepWarm Conference, November 12, 2020, Brussels - Online
The document discusses the role of large-scale heat pumps in cities and smart energy systems. It notes that heat pumps, together with thermal storage and responsive combined heat and power (CHP), can integrate low-temperature heat sources and intermittent renewable electricity to create a flexible heating sector. Heat pumps are essential for creating synergies between heating, cooling, and electricity. Heat Roadmap Europe shows that large-scale heat pumps could supply 25% of district heating demand by 2050 and represent 23% of installed thermal generation capacity, playing a big role in future renewable energy systems.
HOT STUFF: Re-electrification of district heating and future sector coupling technologies
Webinar, Danish Board of District Heating, February 24
Associate Professor Peter Sorknæs, Aalborg University
This document summarizes an event on circular heating and cooling. It includes the agenda with times for a keynote speech, case studies from various places in Europe, and a panel discussion on technical options. The event will be followed by optional study tours of green energy projects in Freiburg, including an industrial park, a former landfill turned energy site, and an urban development area. The document provides background on the potential for renewable heating in Europe and examples of district heating maps and pathways to circular systems. It emphasizes efficiency, integration of heat sources, and the role of heat networks in decarbonization.
This document discusses Combined Heat and Power (CHP) production and its advantages. It notes that CHP is an efficient use of resources that can produce both electricity and heat from one fuel source. CHP has significant global potential for growth, as it can utilize various renewable and waste fuels flexibly at both large and small scales. The document also discusses Fortum's strategy and vision, with CHP playing a key role. Fortum has many existing CHP plants and is constructing a new one in Klaipėda, Lithuania to provide heat and electricity using local biofuels and waste in a sustainable manner.
Future Electricity Markets: key pillars with high shares of wind and PVLeonardo ENERGY
More and more countries world-wide are targeting high shares of wind and solar photovoltaics in their electricity mix. To integrate high shares of these variable renewable energy sources, the electricity system needs to become more flexible in order to balance supply and demand at all times. The webinar will discuss key design features of future electricity markets, including incentives for more flexible fossil-fuel based and renewable-based power generation, modifications to the design of electricity markets, incentives for more flexible demand, and storage options.
Future electricity markets: key pillars with high shares of wind and PVLeonardo ENERGY
This session is part of the Clean Energy Regulators Initiative Webinar Programme.
Theme 4 - Integration and Issues for Renewables
Module 3: Key pillars of electricity markets with high shares of wind and PV
More and more countries world-wide are targeting high shares of wind and solar photovoltaics in their electricity mix. To integrate high shares of these variable renewable energy sources, the electricity system needs to become more flexible in order to balance supply and demand at all times. The webinar will discuss key design features of future electricity markets, including incentives for more flexible fossil-fuel based and renewable-based power generation, modifications to the design of electricity markets, incentives for more flexible demand, and storage options.
ICTs to Reduce Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions.pptssuseradc0be1
This document discusses using information and communication technologies (ICTs) to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Egypt. It outlines opportunities for applying ICTs in the built environment in Egypt to identify their role in energy efficiency and GHG reduction, study applicable energy efficiency measures in buildings, and assess the role of ICTs for smart grids and demand-side management. Energy demand in Egypt could outstrip fossil fuel production by 2050 if no changes are made, and ICTs can have the greatest impact in areas like smart grids, smart buildings, transportation, and smart cities.
This document discusses using information and communication technologies (ICTs) to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Egypt. It outlines opportunities for applying ICTs in the built environment in Egypt to identify their role in energy efficiency and GHG reduction, study applicable energy efficiency measures in buildings, and assess the role of ICTs for smart grids and demand-side management. Energy demand in Egypt could outstrip fossil fuel production by 2050 if no changes are made, and ICTs can have the greatest impact in areas like smart grids, smart buildings, transportation, and smart cities.
Webinaire : Innovation et infrastructure - Moteurs de la transition energetiq...Cluster TWEED
Découvrez les opportunités liées aux innovations technologiques et nouvelles infrastructures durables initiées par la transition énergétique, par le biais des présentations du directeur du Innovation & Technology Center de l'Agence internationale pour les énergies renouvelables, et du coordinateur du programme Sustainable Cities and Settlements de la division Energy Systems and Infrastructure de l'UNIDO.
Presentation: Energy system needs to change - but how? at Wind Finland seminar 10 Oct 2018 by Karoliina Auvinen, Aalto University / Smart Energy Transition project
Heat in the City | Bruxelles - 10 décembre 2019Cluster TWEED
Le 10 décembre dernier, EDORA et ODE, les fédérations des énergies renouvelables de Wallonie, de Bruxelles et de Flandre, se sont associés au Danish Trade Council et au Danish Board of District Heating, pour apporter des réponses aux défis de la décarbonation des systèmes de chauffage et de la production d’eau chaude sanitaire. Découvrez l'ensemble des présentations de l'événement dès à présent.
The document discusses transitioning to a new energy system backbone in Northwest Europe. It summarizes that current energy systems rely heavily on fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, but renewable resources like solar and wind are growing. It also notes uncertainties around managing variability from renewables as coal and nuclear capacity closes. The role of natural gas in providing flexibility is discussed. Finally, it outlines how hydrogen could play an increasing role in the future, transitioning from grey hydrogen today to blue hydrogen using carbon capture and eventually green hydrogen from renewable electricity.
Industrial Value Chains - A Bridge Towards a climate neutral EuropeTomas Wyns
This document discusses the role of energy intensive industries (EIIs) in achieving a carbon neutral Europe. It profiles EIIs and their contributions to emissions reductions. It outlines various technological solutions and business models being developed. It also discusses the framework conditions needed, including investment challenges, infrastructure needs, and regulatory barriers. Finally, it calls for a new industrial strategy with missions for research and demonstration, alignment of energy and industry policies, financing mechanisms, infrastructure planning, and smart regulations to support the transition to low-carbon industries.
Future possibilities for utilization of solar energy serc 2009 05-20Stefan Larsson
This is a presentation about the growing field of solar fuels and the balanced carbon cycle concept (B3C) that I made during my research in how we save the climate of planet earth within the economic boundaries we have in the current energy system.
This document outlines an energy management case study for TenCate Thiolon. It includes an analysis of TenCate's current energy use through a SWOT analysis and baseline data collection. Several technical energy saving options are proposed, including installing a cogeneration unit and optimizing the cooling
Similar to Europe’s Future Energy System: Local, Smart & 100% Renewable (20)
Keynote by Hans van Steen, Principal Advisor, European Commission, Directorate General for Energy, Smart Energy Systems Conference, Copenhagen, September 2023
Smart Energy Systems Conference, Copenhagen, September 2023, Keynote by Assoc. Prof. Goran Krajačić, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture
Klima-, Energi- og Forsyningsudvalget
Foretræde 18. nov. 2021 om en Klimaneutral Varmeforsyning
Brian Vad Mathiesen, Henrik Lund, Steffen Nielsen, Peter Sorknæs og Jakob Z. Thellufsen, Aalborg Universitet
Dansk Fjernvarme, Landsmøde 2021, 28. okt. 2021,
Brian Vad Mathiesen, Henrik Lund, Steffen Nielsen, Peter Sorknæs og Jakob Z. Thellufsen, Aalborg Universitet
This document summarizes a study on the feasibility of using direct hydrogen in renewable energy systems. The study models a 100% renewable energy system for Europe using hydrogen in various energy sectors and finds that direct hydrogen increases total system costs in all scenarios. While hydrogen transmission costs are minimal, distribution and fueling infrastructure costs are significant. The study concludes that hydrogen is not practical and that electrons and liquid/gaseous electrofuels may be more suitable vectors for renewable energy than direct hydrogen.
This document discusses the transition to 4th generation district heating in Vaarst Vestervang, Denmark. It describes how the installation of instantaneous heat exchangers and smart meters decreased return temperatures from 40-50°C to 30°C while maintaining low supply temperatures of 60-65°C. This demonstrates the feasibility of near 4G district heating. A motivation tariff successfully reduced return temperatures but its fairness is questioned as consumers cannot yet benefit from the lower 60°C supply temperatures until the system is upgraded.
Integrating renewable energy resources in district heating and cooling Webinar Workshop by IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency and CREEI, China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute.
Associate Professor Jakob Zinck Thellufsen, Aalborg University, 9 March 2021, online
Integrating renewable energy resources in district heating and cooling Webinar Workshop by IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency and CREEI, China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute.
Søren Djørup, Norce Research, 9 March 2021, online
Integrating renewable energy resources in district heating and cooling Webinar Workshop by IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency and CREEI, China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute.
Nis Bertelsen, PhD Fellow, Aalborg University, 9 March 2021, online
Integrating renewable energy resources in district heating and cooling Webinar Workshop by IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency and CREEI, China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute.
Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University, 9 March 2021, online
Susana Paardekooper, PhD Fellow, Aalborg University
Workshop: Integrating low-temperature renewable energy sources in District Energy Systems: Focus on Belarus
IRENA - The International Renewable Energy Agency, February 4th, 2021
Webinar om klimamål og grøn vækst
Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg Universitet - med Business Esbjerg og Borgmester Jesper Frost Pedersen
Online, 1. december 2020
This document summarizes a virtual conference on smart energy systems that took place from October 6-7, 2020 with over 240 participants from 22 countries. It thanks the organizers, presenters, sponsors, and participants. It highlights advantages of the online format like increased time efficiency, reduced costs and emissions from travel, flexibility to watch presentations on one's own schedule, ability to view all presentations, and reduced stress compared to a traditional multi-day in-person conference. The document also announces plans to keep the discussion forum open and make the conference platform accessible until next year's event in Copenhagen from September 21-22, 2021.
Brian Vad Mathiesen & Christian Bundgaard
Sustainable Energy Planning research group, Aalborg University
Presentation for 6th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems,6-7 October 2020
Meng Yuan, Ph.D. Fellow, China University of Petroleum (Beijing)
Visiting researcher, Sustainable Energy Planning group, Aalborg University
Presentation at the 6th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, 6-7 October 2020, Aalborg
David Maya-Drysdale, Ph.D., Sustainable Energy Planning Research Group, Aalborg University
Presentation for the #SESAAU2020 Conference, October 6-7, 2020
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Europe’s Future Energy System: Local, Smart & 100% Renewable
1. Smart Energy System:
Europas fremtidige energisystem: lokalt, smart og 100% fornybart
Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg Universitet - 21. maj 2019, Oslo
@BrianVad
Energiforskningskonferansen 2019
3. Targets and challenges in Europe
`Long-term target (2011)
• 80-95% reduction of CO emissions in
the energy sector
Short term in the energy union (2015)
• Security of supply (el and gas)
• An integrated marked
• Energy efficiency
• Lower CO2 emissions
• Research and innovation
• New directives (RED, EPBD, ED etc.)
4. www.heatroadmap.eu
@HeatRoadmapEU
Positives
• A large variety of
scenarios
• Two net zero
emission scenario
• More details within
buildings and
industry
Scenario problems
• Very high ambition in
all scenarios with
regards to energy
efficiency in
buildings
• No district heating
implemented
• Politically driven
scenarios for gas
• Claim to make
”optimal systems”
Tool problems
• 5 year time steps
• partial equilibrium
modelling system
that simulates an
energy market
• Investment
optimisation (with
limits e.g. wind and
nuclear)
• No clear distinction
between
private/business
economy and socio-
economy.
New scenarios: Target of net zero emissions in Europe?
5. Energy System Challenges and opportunities Questions and strategic decisions
- Electricity demands the smallest of the demands
- Both transport & heating/cooling demands larger
- Electricity grids are much more expensive than thermal
grids/gas grids (pr. capacity)
- Energy storages have different costs in different sectors and
different scales
- What are the role of the grids in the future
- How can energy storage be used across sectors to transform
all demands to renewable energy cost-effectively?
- How important are energy savings in the future and what is
the balance between electricity or heat savings compared to
renewable energy?
Cost of Heat
Savings
(€/kWh)
Amount of Savings (TWh)
Cost of Supplying
Heat
30-50%
Source: Mapping and
analyses of the current and
future heating-cooling fuel
deployment, DG Energy,
2016
6. www.heatroadmap.eu
@HeatRoadmapEU
Buildings in the Energy Union in 2050
Highlights
• Gas for heating
dominates
• Stagnating district
heating
• High ambition on EE in
buildings due to tool)
• Higher costs than today
TWh
Total heat
demand
Heat
demand
heat pumps
Total
electricity
demand
Baseline 2207,1 863,1 1537,3
COMBO 1789,1 883,7 1271,4
1,5 TECH 1620,7 806,2 1127,7
1,5 LIFE 1488,2 712,3 1101,7
7. Energy System Challenges and opportunities Questions and strategic decisions
- Lower and lower Renewable Energy investment costs
(Electricity especially)
- Batteries are falling in price
- Electricity prices are falling (sign of system design failure) and
cannot merit investments in new capacity
- Power plants for back-up is closing down (lower operation
hours)
- How should we use and balance (energy storage) more
electricity from renewable energy?
- How should we re-design the energy system and how much
renewable energy is needed?
(sources: EnergyPLAN cost database)
8.
9.
10. Solutions on the table
1. Interconnectors and trading (infrastructure investments)
2. Flexible electricity demands and smart grids (batteries and single
string supply)
3. Integrated efficient Smart Energy Systems
11. STATE-OF-THE-ART-KNOWLEDGE ON
100% RENEWABLE ENERGY IN 2050
Savings in Energy
Denmand
Efficiency
improvements in
energy
production
Renewable
energy sources
(RES)
F L E X I B L E
T E C H N O L O G I E S
I N T E G R A T E D
E N E R G Y
S Y S T E M S
13. Unit Investment Costs for
Energy Storage
Electricity Thermal
€125/kWh
€300/kWh
€1/kWh
€90/kWh
1. Thermal Cheaper at All Scales
14. Unit Investment Costs for
Energy Storage
Electricity Thermal
€125/kWh
€300/kWh
€1/kWh
€90/kWh
1. Thermal Cheaper at All Scales
2. Bigger is
Better i.e.
Cheaper
15. Pump Hydro Storage
175 €/kWh
(Source: Electricity Energy Storage
Technology Options: A White Paper
Primer on Applications, Costs, and
Benefits. Electric Power Research
Institute, 2010)
Natural Gas Underground Storage
0.05 €/kWh
(Source: Current State Of and Issues
Concerning Underground Natural Gas
Storage. Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission, 2004)
Oil Tank
0.02 €/kWh
(Source: Dahl KH, Oil tanking
Copenhagen A/S, 2013: Oil Storage
Tank. 2013)
Thermal Storage
1-4 €/kWh
(Source: Danish Technology
Catalogue, 2012)
17. Tre fokusområder i bygninger
Nye energikilder
- nye lagrings
muligheder
Bygningers
energimæssige
ydeevne
Bygningsdrift
og brugeradfærd
Download rapport:
www.EnergyPLAN.eu/buildings
18. Vi skal bruge
langt mere
(vind)el i
fremtiden!
Download rapporter:
www.energyplan.eu/IDA
www.energyplan.eu/PV
El fra vindmøller skal
prioriteres og suppleres af
solceller og kraftværker
19. Elforbruget stiger til mere end
det dobbelte
Vi skal bruge
langt mere
(vind)el i
fremtiden!
20. Heat Roadmap Europe Methodology
Data profliing and mapping Energy System analyses
21. Heat synergies map in PETA4 - Netherlands
• Heat demands: 296 PJ/y
• Excess heat: 560 PJ/y
• District heating share: 6%
• Renewable energy in
heating: 3%
• Not a Technical barrier to
improve energy efficiency?
22. Case Study: Middlesbrough,
UK (350,000 People)
Heat Demand
Suitable for DH
10 PJ/Year
Excess Heat
35 PJ/Year
WP2: Pan-European Thermal Atlas: www.heatroadmap.eu
10 km
23. Today’s Heat Demand from Peta 4.2 (www.heatroadmap.eu)
London
<5% DH
København
>90% DH
Rom
<5% DH
Bukarest
~75% DH
Heat Demand
Densities 2015
24. Anbefalede fjernvarmeandele inkl kraftige
energibesparelser i boliger i Europa
0
20
40
60
80
100
AT BE CZ DE ES FI FR HU IT NL PL RO SE UK HRE
14
%ofheatdemandsuppliedby
DH
ꓕꓔ Interval of feasible DH share in HRE 2050 Baseline 2015
This project has received funding from the European
Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No. 695989.
www.heatroadmap.eu
@HeatRoadmapEU
France: total
energy system
costs (M€/year)
Residential sector space heating savings (additional to
a 30% reduction already in the Baseline)
0 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Percentageofmarketshare
coveredbyDH
0% 175532 175582 175266 175452 175883 175978
5% 175219 175263 174932 175104 175529 175608
11% 174875 174898 174548 174699 175099 175162
18% 174566 174570 174197 174329 174706 174752
26% 174327 174317 173922 174037 174394 174418
34% 174197 174168 173752 173852 174191 174200
42% 174190 174142 173709 173789 174107 174101
51% 174400 174334 173878 173940 174240 174216
59% 175121 175038 174562 174604 174885 174844
68% 176559 176454 175961 175986 176246 176185
79% 185911 185790 185275 185282 185524 185443
25. Heat pump & district heating shares of heat market
• Building HPs
• Increase in share from 1% to about half of the heat market
mainly in rural areas
• DH supply
• Increase from 12% to cover the other half of the heat market
mainly in urban areas
• Individuel fuel boilers and electric heating for heating
should be limited as far as possible
• All natural gas boilers are phased out
26. www.heatroadmap.eu
@HeatRoadmapEU
This project has received funding
from the European Union's Horizon
2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement
Heat Roadmaps for transitions
• Decarbonise in line with
Paris Agreement
• Technically possible,
socio-economically
feasible
• Consider local nature of
heating and cooling
• Consider the wider
energy system
Everywhere
Deep energy
savings
Combine savings
and supply
~30-50% demand
reduction
Urban
areas
District energy
networks
High demand
density areas
Supply ~half of
energy demand
Rural areas
Mainly heat
pumps
Low demand
density areas
Remaining ~half
of the energy
demand
30. Mere vind i
Danmark og hos
vores naboer
Udfordring for
forsyningssikkerhed og
omkostningseffektivitet
31. • 100% is possible technically and
feasible
• Future need to focus on
transmission between the sectors
instead of only between countries
• A flexible system is robust with
regards to costs and biomass
consumption. It uses storages
intelligently
• It provides more jobs and lower
health costs than fossil fuel
systems
Coherent 2050 analyses
33. W W W . E N E R G Y P L A N . E U
W W W . H E A T R O A D M A P . E U
W W W . S M A R T E N E R G Y S Y S T E M S . E U
W W W . 4 D H . D K
W W W . R E I N V E S T P R O J E C T . E U
State of GreenState of Green
Editor's Notes
From a group with 28 members. I coordinate research. Many areas. Other pople than Engineers..
Presentation of partners – kort om baggrund
We will make meetings mainly at partners and not at AAU or AU
We have already atracted a lot of attention (media coverage)
The wind and sun is there at the same time
Trading is only relevant if there are differences
Trading should be among “unequals”
Savings are important
Bioenergy - low
So, how do we do this?
Using the data on the demands in the built environment and industry, we develop an understanding of what the heat and cold demands are to understand to what extent, and at what cost, it is possible to reduce these in the future. For this we mainly use the outputs developed in the FORECAST model.
Using the geographical mapping of the demands and resources available to us, we can investigate the potentials of heating and cooling infrastructures; particularly district heating. This comes from Peta, which Bernd will discuss today. Based on this, we can consider the impact of the urban and rural fabrics, and the cost of collective technologies for heating and cooling.
These are related in an overall perspective of what the energy system, including industry, power, and transport need, and what overall resources are available for this.
By combining all these, we can make an overall assessment of what the best mix is between saving energy, and supplying it sustainably, and individual supply technologies like heat pumps and biomass boilers vis a vis district heating.
The scenarios that we develop through this, we can compare with baseline evolutions. We can look at the hourly operation of these Heat Roadmap scenarios, and compare their primary energy supply, cost, decarbonisation, and the level at which they allow for the use of renewables. By developing these scenarios, we can start to look at the barriers that exist today, have market dialogues, and start developing business models to implement them.
By combining all these elements, we aim to create the integrated strategies that are necessary to empower the transition to decarbonised heating and cooling systems – and, in extension, low-carbon and renewable energy systems in Europe in the future.
Going to a more local scale – Peta can be used.
Areas for district heating based on heat density.
Prague: From Jiri Vecka - Teplarenske sdruzeni CR <vecka@tscr.cz>
Hello David,
I made quick consultation with major DH company in Prague - Prague district heating company.
This company alone covers around 40% of the heat demand. But there are several other smaller DH companies, these companies deliver according to expert estimates around 5% in addition.
So in total around 45% heat demand in Prague is covered by DH.
But we have other cities (like Ostrava city - analysed in STRATEGO project) where the DH share is much higher.
Kind regards
Jiri
ADH CR
Jiří Vecka
Association for District Heating of the Czech Republic
Partyzánská 1/7
170 00 Prague 7
Czech Republic
TEL: +420 266 751 206
GSM: +420 607 825 270
WEB: www.tscr.cz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zagreb: From Tomislav Novosel <tomislav.novosel@fsb.hr>
From: Tomislav Novosel [mailto:pumpica@gmail.com] On Behalf Of Tomislav NovoselSent: 23 February 2016 20:35To: David Connolly <david@plan.aau.dk>; goran.krajacic@fsb.hr; neven.duic@fsb.hrSubject: Re: Zagreb DH Share
Hi David,the director confirmed that the 33% should be correct.Best regards,Tomislav
------------
Dear David,according to the cities SEAP, 33% of the heating energy in the residential sector is being covered by DH. The numbers vary for other sectors with the biggest exceptions being healthcare with almost 50 and culture with almost none, but since the residential sector is the biggest consumer by far I would say that an estimate of 30-40%, depending on the year, is reasonable. This might change a bit if the individual metering scheme proves successful but the data for that won't be available for some time.I will also contact the DH plant director to confirm these values.Best regards,Tomislav
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Bucharest: From bogdan.anton@tractebel.engie.com
Hello David,
In Bucharest, according to official data, the supply with heat and hot water by using district heating system, was 76% last year.
My best regards,
Bogdan
Bogdan ANTONDirector - Energy Efficiency
bogdan.anton@tractebel.engie.com
T +40 31 2248 160F +40 31 2248 201
M +40 745 207 429
tractebel-engie.com