The document provides information about using heat pumps and photovoltaics (PV) to achieve net zero heating in homes. It discusses why heat pumps are well-suited for net zero goals when paired with PV, and outlines the basics of heat pump and PV systems. Mini-split heat pumps are highlighted as a good option, and performance data on efficiency and operating costs is presented. The design process for heat pump systems is also overviewed.
Building Energy 2014: PV and Heat Pumps by Fortunat Muellerfortunatmueller
Presentation on the possibilities for Net Zero building using a combination of Grid Tied PV and Ductless Mini Split heat pumps. from Building Energy 2014 Tuesday seminar
An Introduction to Air to water, Air Source, Heat Pump SystemsSpaceAir
Space Air is delighted to provide an overview of its latest RIBA accessed CPD seminar. Covering the basic principles and systems available. Developed by people with years
For download link head to http://solarreference.com/solar-cooling-training-presentation/
Also available from SOLAIR website.
A presentation from the SOLAIR project on sizing of solar air conditioners. their website has a lot of details information. For similar useful resources visit us on http://solarreference.com
Research lead discusses how new generation air source heat pumps perform in Minnesota’s colder climate, how to best integrate air source heat pumps into utility efficiency programs, and how this new technology has the potential to create new business opportunities in the building and design world.
Building Energy 2014: PV and Heat Pumps by Fortunat Muellerfortunatmueller
Presentation on the possibilities for Net Zero building using a combination of Grid Tied PV and Ductless Mini Split heat pumps. from Building Energy 2014 Tuesday seminar
An Introduction to Air to water, Air Source, Heat Pump SystemsSpaceAir
Space Air is delighted to provide an overview of its latest RIBA accessed CPD seminar. Covering the basic principles and systems available. Developed by people with years
For download link head to http://solarreference.com/solar-cooling-training-presentation/
Also available from SOLAIR website.
A presentation from the SOLAIR project on sizing of solar air conditioners. their website has a lot of details information. For similar useful resources visit us on http://solarreference.com
Research lead discusses how new generation air source heat pumps perform in Minnesota’s colder climate, how to best integrate air source heat pumps into utility efficiency programs, and how this new technology has the potential to create new business opportunities in the building and design world.
In case you missed it !! NuTech gave a presentation at the recent Gas Networks Ireland (GNI) Conference for BER Assessors. The presentation deals mainly with how the NuTech Solar Enhanced Heating and Hot Water system can be used together with a simple and reliable gas boiler system can be used to comply with Part L & achieve an A Rated House. The presentation also gives information on the NuTech Solar Enhanced Ventilation and Hot Water system can be used to satisfy Part L.
A short presentation that gives a unique insight into the rapidly evolving technology of heat pumps as they are become more environmentally friendly by using natural refrigerants and are designed to be applied to more novel applications such as desalination and district cooling.
Senior Research Engineer Ben Schoenbauer covers findings from his recent study and app development, explaining how heat pump water heaters affect homes from a whole house perspective.
Challenges implementing Green Initiatives in Tall BuildingsTejwant Navalkar
We take a look at challenges in implementing Renewable Energy to meet Green Building Requirements in Tall buildings. This paper also suggests possible solutions to meet these challenges through a case study and makes a case to review the existing Green Building guidelines with respect to Renewable Energy to make to effective and socially relevant.
Thermal Efficiency of Buildings - Stefan Huber - Paul Heat Recovery ScotlandEuro Energy Services
At Euro Energy Services Renewable Energy in Scotland Open Day on October 23rd Stefan Huber talked about how the thermal efficiency of buildings and why well designed ventilation is vital to buildings.
Performance Improvement of Solar PV Cells using Various Cooling Methods: A Re...rahulmonikasharma
the operating surface is a key operational factor to take into consideration to achieve higher efficiency when operating solar photovoltaic system. Proper cooling can improve the electric efficiency and decrease the rate of cell degradation with time, resulting in maximization of the life span of photovoltaic modules. The excessive heat removed by the cooling system used in domestic, commercial or industrial applications. Various cooling methods available for PV cells Such as Active and Passive cooling system. In this paper use various cooling methods for PV panel. Just like it heat pipe, floating, PCM used in back side of PV panel, evaporative cooling for PV panel.
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar/heat-pump-implementation-scenarios-until-2030
The webinar will present results of a study carried out by Ecofys for the European Heat Pump Association. The aim of the study was to quantify the potential of heat pumps to save CO2-eq emissions and energy and to increase the use of renewable energy in the EU’s building sector until 2030. The study assesses related impacts on investments and energy costs. The study gives an overview of eight European key markets (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom).
In case you missed it !! NuTech gave a presentation at the recent Gas Networks Ireland (GNI) Conference for BER Assessors. The presentation deals mainly with how the NuTech Solar Enhanced Heating and Hot Water system can be used together with a simple and reliable gas boiler system can be used to comply with Part L & achieve an A Rated House. The presentation also gives information on the NuTech Solar Enhanced Ventilation and Hot Water system can be used to satisfy Part L.
A short presentation that gives a unique insight into the rapidly evolving technology of heat pumps as they are become more environmentally friendly by using natural refrigerants and are designed to be applied to more novel applications such as desalination and district cooling.
Senior Research Engineer Ben Schoenbauer covers findings from his recent study and app development, explaining how heat pump water heaters affect homes from a whole house perspective.
Challenges implementing Green Initiatives in Tall BuildingsTejwant Navalkar
We take a look at challenges in implementing Renewable Energy to meet Green Building Requirements in Tall buildings. This paper also suggests possible solutions to meet these challenges through a case study and makes a case to review the existing Green Building guidelines with respect to Renewable Energy to make to effective and socially relevant.
Thermal Efficiency of Buildings - Stefan Huber - Paul Heat Recovery ScotlandEuro Energy Services
At Euro Energy Services Renewable Energy in Scotland Open Day on October 23rd Stefan Huber talked about how the thermal efficiency of buildings and why well designed ventilation is vital to buildings.
Performance Improvement of Solar PV Cells using Various Cooling Methods: A Re...rahulmonikasharma
the operating surface is a key operational factor to take into consideration to achieve higher efficiency when operating solar photovoltaic system. Proper cooling can improve the electric efficiency and decrease the rate of cell degradation with time, resulting in maximization of the life span of photovoltaic modules. The excessive heat removed by the cooling system used in domestic, commercial or industrial applications. Various cooling methods available for PV cells Such as Active and Passive cooling system. In this paper use various cooling methods for PV panel. Just like it heat pipe, floating, PCM used in back side of PV panel, evaporative cooling for PV panel.
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar/heat-pump-implementation-scenarios-until-2030
The webinar will present results of a study carried out by Ecofys for the European Heat Pump Association. The aim of the study was to quantify the potential of heat pumps to save CO2-eq emissions and energy and to increase the use of renewable energy in the EU’s building sector until 2030. The study assesses related impacts on investments and energy costs. The study gives an overview of eight European key markets (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom).
A heat pump is a device that provides heat energy from a source of heat to a destination called a "heat sink". Heat pumps are designed to move thermal energy opposite to the direction of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. A heat pump uses some amount of external power to accomplish the work of transferring energy from the heat source to the heat sink.
While air conditioners and freezers are familiar examples of heat pumps, the term "heat pump" is more general and applies to many HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) devices used for space heating or space cooling. When a heat pump is used for heating, it employs the same basic refrigeration-type cycle used by an air conditioner or a refrigerator, but in the opposite direction - releasing heat into the conditioned space rather than the surrounding environment. In this use, heat pumps generally draw heat from the cooler external air or from the ground.[1] In heating mode, heat pumps are three to four times more efficient in their use of electric power, than are simple electrical resistance heaters.
Canadian Solar Heat Pump - Introduction4smartheating
Canadian Solar Heat Pump Institute introduces 4th Gen Solar Heating using Solar PV & Solar Thermal, plus Waste Heat Recovery, and advancements on Ground & Air Source Heat Pumps as a breakthrough in economical space heating and domestic hot water. Economical $1/watt installed, all inclusive Levelized Cost Of Energy $0.04 kWht, under 5 year Payback, and 1 year 100% Return On Investment.
In this minute lecture, the main cost components of electricity are presented, demonstrating large variations in electricity cost across countries, and across market segments.
Holistic District Heating Grid Design with SimulationX & Green CitySimulationX
Buildings are central elements of future smart grids. Heating and cooling demand are predictable within reason, building mass as well as heating and hot water systems provide inherent storage capacity. Additionally, the fluctuation between peak and average power of a building is much more friendly to the grid than of other network nodes like wind power or electric mobility.
A local heating grid partially supplied by renewable solar heat is currently being built in a town in Bavaria. Heat pump systems provide additional storage capacity for electric grid surplus while they serve as wind energy dump for the local utility company. Cogeneration plants and peak-power boilers provide heat and power in times of low energy coverage. The low temperature heating grid supplies decentral heat pumps, which provide required heat at a much higher temperature level to each building.
The paper describes basic modeling aspects for district heating grids with SimulationX & Green City. An interesting solar-aided grid example helps to identify benefits of a new modeling approach.
Homeowners with natural gas water heaters have difficulty justifying the expense of a more efficient condensing heater. Combination space and domestic hot water systems bundle together the two loads, which saves energy and makes them more cost-effective. These systems also help eliminate combustion safety concerns.
Historically, mechanical contractors have custom engineered and pieced together combi systems in the field, paying little attention to efficiency and optimization. But condensing heating plants will only reach their energy saving potential when all components are designed and installed correctly.
One of our most popular webinar presentations on data center cooling: 2007 Data Center Cooling Study: Comparing Conventional Raised Floors with Close Coupled Cooling Technology.
If you're looking for a solution, it's simple physics: Water is 3,500 times more effective at cooling than air. But, liquid cooling carries a large stigma particularly because of the large price tag. And, if you're like other Data Center Managers, the words of Jerry McGuire may be ringing in your head "Show me the money!"
To view the recorded webinar presentation, please visit http://www.42u.com/data-center-liquid-cooling-webinar.htm
Sam Nutter delivered this conference presentation about integrating the new CSG Energy Performance Score into the Mass Save® program. Mass Save is a well established, long running residential retrofit program with existing systems and contractors. Integrating an Energy Performance Score into an existing program can be challenging (training; time; communication). A significant magnitude of data integration of a new system adds complexity. Home MPG leverages federal funding to experiment with unique delivery features including the EPS, widespread infrared imaging, and bonus incentives designed to encourage deeper retrofits and greater savings per home.
Turbine Inlet Air Cooling (TIAC) - Case Studies - Economics - Performance - C...Salman Haider
Efficiency Enhancement of a Gas Turbine in Hot climate conditions. Design strategies and technology varieties. Detailed Case Studies of TIAC equipped power plants, economic and performance analysis. Study of Climate effect on GT Performance in three different locations.
Similar to NESEA Building Energy 2015: PV and Heat Pumps (20)
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
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In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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1. Professional design, installation and service of renewable energy systems.
Building Energy 2015
PV and Heat Pumps: Net Zero Heating
Solutions
Fortunat Mueller PE
Co Owner
ReVision Energy
March, 2015
2. AGENDA
• Introduction
• Why Heat Pumps for Net Zero
• PV/ Heat Pump Basics
• Mini Split detail
• Data
• Design Process
• Working Example
3. Who is ReVision Energy?
Engineers: Brown, Dartmouth, MIT, UNH
In House Resources: Master Plumbers and Electricians
NABCEP: 8 Certifications
Projects: More than 4,000 solar energy systems
Locally Based: Exeter, Portland, & Liberty
Each of our 75 plus employees have a vested interest in the
workmanship and long term health of the company
4. Locations :
•Liberty, ME
•Portland, ME
•Exeter, NH
Serving all of Maine and
New Hampshire
Expertise:
•Solar Electric
•Solar Thermal
•High Efficiency Heating
5. What is a Net Zero Building?
A zero-energy building, also known as a zero
net energy (ZNE) building, net-zero energy
building (NZEB, or net zero building, is a
building with zero net energy consumption.
The total amount of energy used by the building
on an annual basis is equal to the amount of
renewable energy created on site
6. Motivation
• Environmental
– Reduce CO2 emissions
– Transition away from finite fossil fuels to sustainable, renewable
energy sources
• Energy Security/Geo-political
• Economics
– Save money
– Reduce future costs and uncertainty
• Comfort
7. How do you get there?
–High efficiency NG plus very large PV to
offset all source energy
–Biomass + PV (wood or wood pellets)
–Large solar Thermal combi system + PV
–Resistive Electric + PV
–Heat Pump + PV
12. Why Heat pumps
• Low(er) Cost?
– Gas by wire for those without access
• Path to net zero with PV
• No Combustion
• Air conditioning as a benefit
• Good fit for supplemental heat
13. Why Heat Pumps
• Part of a strategy to get off oil and lower
heating costs
– http://www.rmi.org/cms/Download.aspx?id=10410&file=2013-05_HeatPumps.pdf
14. An average ME/NH home burns 800 gallons of oil per year,
resulting in more than 13,300 lbs. of CO2 emissions annually.
15. Heat Pumps and Net Zero
• Allow you to heat/cool efficiently with electricity which is easily
produced renewably on site
• By taking advantage of net metering, you can easily ‘store’ the
electricity generated in the summer to use for heat in the winter.
16. Energy Security in Reach
• Consider a very well built new home with an annual heat
demand of 40 Million BTU’s per year
– 2,000 sf ; R40/R60 insulation; Triple Pane windows; HRV
• To provide 40 MMBTU with a Heat Pump at an average COP of 2.8
requires approximately 4,185 kw-hr of electricity.
• To generate that amount of electricity in Maine requires about a
3.3 kW GTPV system.
– ~200 sf of modules
– ~$7,000 Net cost (after incentives)
For that cost you are buying all the ‘fuel’ you’ll ever need to keep your
house warm for life! That is pretty awesome.
17. In one hour enough
solar energy strikes
the earth’s surface
to supply all energy
demand for a year
Net Zero home in
Lancaster, NH
18.
19. Boothbay Botanical Gardens; Bosarge Education Center
•Built 2010
•8,000 sq ft
•20/40/60 insulation ; 1.02 ACH50 air sealing
•R7 windows
•48 kW of PV (24kW on roof/ 24kW on ground)
•VRF heat pumps
21. Grid-tied Photovoltaics (PV)
Components
Photovoltaic modules
convert sunlight into Direct
Current (DC) electricity,
which flows through cable
to the inverter.
Inverters accept the DC electricity
produced by PV modules and convert
it into Alternating Current (AC), which
then feeds demand in the building or
if there excess, feeds the utility grid.
30. Heat Pump Basics
• A heat pump is a machine or device that moves heat from one location (the 'source') at a lower
temperature to another location (the 'sink' or 'heat sink') at a higher temperature using
mechanical work or a high-temperature heat source
32. Cold Climate Air Source Heat Pumps
• Multi Stage
• Made by:
– Hallowell (Acadia)
– Nyle
– Carrier
• Inverter Compressor (ductless mini split)
• Made by:
– Mitsubishi
– Daikin
– LG
– Fujitsu
33.
34. Ductless Mini Splits
• Driving high efficiency and low temperature
performance with:
– Inverter Driven Variable speed comprssr
– Scroll Compressors
– High efficiency ECM motors
– R410 A refrigerant
• Single or Multi Split options
• Various terminal unit options
More than 50% of the air conditioning and heat pump market worldwide is
mini splits. In North America is it 2%…but growing
37. Applications
• Supplemental Heat
– Whole house supplemental heating
– Bonus Room heating and cooling
• Central Heat
– Generally in New Construction
– Open Concept design (few rooms)
– What about backup?
38. Supplemental Heat
-Usually 1 or 2 units located centrally
->(1st
unit provides bulk of the savings)
-Keep existing heating system
-Sized for partial load
-Savings depend strongly on occupant behavior
-Indoor/outdoor units usually installed back to back
39. Central Heat
-Typically in homes with better than average envelope
-Usually 1 to 2 units located centrally (sometimes more)
-Usually no full backup heating system; System sized for full load at
low temperature
-Supplemental heat in remote spaces as needed
40. Heat Pump Performance: COP
• The coefficient of performance or COP of a heat pump is the ratio of the heat supplied divided by
the supplied electrical energy.
• By definition, a resistive electric heater has a COP = 1
• Higher COP results in lower electric usage for the same amount of heat generated
• COP depends on temperature of both source and sink
41. Mini Split Performance
• Low temperature Operation
– Heat pump keeps operating down to – 13 deg F including 100%
of rated power down to 5 deg F
• COP: = 4.1 @ 47 deg F
= 2.8 @ 17 deg F
=1.7 at -13 deg F
…and you get a super efficient air conditioner too
45. Heat Pump Performance:
HSPF: Heating Seasonal Performance Factor. (BTU/whr)
Effectively an attempt to annualize COP.
(HSPF * 0.293 = annual average COP)
Must be =/> 8 for Energy Star (tax credit)
Must be =/> 10.0 for EM HESP incentive
EER: Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/whr)
Cooling performance at one operating point (95 deg, 80 deg 50% RH)
SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/whr)
An attempt to annualize EER.
All new AC > 13
Energy Star > 14
Typical mini split: 20-26
49. Design and Install Considerations
• Sizing
• Wiring
• Refrigerant piping
• Condensate
• Noise
• Snow
• Need for Backup heat ?
• Need for Supplemental Heat?
50.
51.
52. System Design
After Sizing to the overall Design Day (Manual J) heat load:
How many indoor units (heads) do I need?
• One for each major space
• At least one per floor if you want A/C (downstairs
unit won’t effectively cool upstairs)
• Additional heads vs supplemental heat
Single split vs Multi?
• Line set length vs # of condensers
• Redundancy
• Aesthetics
53. Need for Backup Heat
Depends on system location and expected outdoor temperature range. Other
than extreme cold weather areas, many New England locations no longer need
backup heat with the newest generation of heat pumps
54. Need for Supplemental Heat
• Depends on layout of
building
• Heat loss = Heat Gain
• Rooms that have heat loss
(exterior surfaces) but no
heat source depend on dT
across interior walls for heat
gain
• dT can be uncomfortable
55.
56. Need for Supplemental Heat
Heat loss = Heat Gain
dT room to room
= (15/228) x (Room Temp-outdoor temp)
So for this small, very well insulted room, dT is generally below 5 degrees
which MAY be acceptable to some occupants depending on usage.
57. • Heat losses: ( 24 BTU/hr/degF)
• Ext Walls: 200 sq ft @ R30
• Ext Windows 24 sq ft @ R4
• Ceiling: 160 sq ft @ R40
• Inflitration: 6 cfm
58. Need for Supplemental Heat
Heat loss = Heat Gain
dT room to room
= (24/228) x (Room Temp-outdoor temp)
So for this small, still pretty well insulted room, dT is up to 8 degrees ,
which is pushing your luck for most customers
59. Always better to have it and not need it,
than to need it and not have it.
Electric resistive supplemental heat is fairly inexpensive and easy to
install (and very inexpensive to rough in for even if it is unlikely to be
needed. As a result, we recommend at least planning for it in virtually
every case.
62. Converting ‘Design Day’ load to annual heat load
If not in your modeling software, you can estimate it roughly by back calculating
based on the definition of each, along with definition of Heating Degree Day.
Design Day = Peak BTU/hr required to heat at lowest expect outdoor temp
Annual Heat Load = Total BTU required through the heating season
HDD = the number of degrees a days outdoor temp is below some base (65deg)
63. Heat Pump Lessons learned
ASHP are viable as primary heat in NNE with the right
attention to detail:
Design details:
•Outdoor unit location
• Not on the ground
• Not under drip edge
• Not on bedroom wall/ on concrete if possible
•Indoor unit location
• Where blowing air won’t be annoying
• Return HRV/ERV return air close to indoor units where possible
•Other
• Duct work adds substantial cost and is tough for more than
• Drain pan heater not really necessary in southern Maine south but may
be needed in very Northern ME, NH, VT
• Will need unit on 2nd
floor for AC if required
64. Heat Pump Lessons learned
Install details
•Trust gravity over pumps for condensate drains
•Follow best practice for leak check/comisioning which includes
high pressure test and triple evacuation.
•Check/Follow local codes to avoid costly rework
•Difficult to comission in very low ambient temperature
Operating details (owners training)
•Avoid using schedules/setback (set it and leave it alone)
•Ignore the temp shown on the remote and control for comfort
instead
•Inspect/Clean Filters regularly
•Keep outdoor unit clear
65. Example If Time Permits (Berry)
• Floor Plan
• Heat Loss
• Consider design (single vs multi) and unit
locations
• Consider backup
• Consider supplement)
• Calculate Annual Demd
• Add to plug/DHW loads
• Size PV
70. + H2O (PUZ-PW30)
- Space cooling or heating
& hot water operation
- Excellent low ambient
heating operation
Broaden the Scope Q1
2015
Image only
71. MVX Multi Position AHU
- Designed and manufactured by Mitsubishi
Electric
- Connectable with MXZ-C / MXZ H2i
- Multi position (up, down, right, left) available
- Can be used with existing ducts
- Ease of maintenance
Broaden the Scope Q1
2015
Image only
Product Highlight (tentative)
72. MVX Multi Position AHU
Specifications (tentative)
- Product Line-up: A12, 18, 24, 30 and 36
- Connectable with standard and H2i MXZ outdoor units
- External static pressure up to 0.8 In-WG
- 3 different fan speed (low-mid-high)
- Filter pre-installed
- Optional 2 stage heater
- Ability to connect with humidifier and ERV
73. Thanks for attending NESEA Building Energy 2015.
Questions or comments:
Fortunat Mueller
fortunat@revisionenergy.com
207-221-6342
www.revisionenergy.com
Editor's Notes
Started in Liberty back in 200x then expanded to portland in 2006. Now working on Portsmouth
First, why would you consider NZEB in the first place? There are lots of good reasons.
Passive house in Belfast. By GO Logic.
Photo of Hea tPump Plus PV
Particularly acute problem for New England for whom oil heat represents a $14Billion dollar annual economic drain
Problem with CO2 pollution is that it is invisible, so carbon visual helped us with this slide.
That is all exciting and everybody loves saving money but the reason I certainly wouldn’t be here talking about heat pumps if it were just a cheap way to heat a house. What makes us excited about mini splits is that it creates a viable path to carbon neutral or net zero homes, even for those folks not excited about burning wood.
You can make electricity off the roof. You can’t make propane off the roof.
Credit Keith, Kaplan Thompson, Alan Gibson. This is a carrier heat pump.
Also possible as a partial solution in retrofit
Photo of Hea tPump Plus PV
Commercial example; not typicall enough roof, so this is mostly ground mounted. BB Botanical Gardens is another one
Commercial example; BB Botanical Gardens is another one; Scott Simons Architect, Bensonwood.
PV Cell, Module (combination of cells), Panels (one or more fastened together), Array (one or more wired together for specific voltage), Charge Controller (regulates battery voltage), Battery (device that stores DC electrical energy), Inverter (changes DC to AC current, <5% loss), DC & AC loads
PV Cell (60 per panel at .5 volts each), wired in series to produce 30V, 7.8 Amps, approx 235 watts peak power – Array of 20 gives you a 4700 watt system or a 4.7 kw
Crystalline (mono or poly) silicon (one of earths most abundant resources)cell is a semi conductor (properties of an insulator and conductor) . Add impurities such as boron and phosphorous to create a permanent imbalance creating movement of electrons. Sunlights strikes a cell it knocks loosely held electrons from the negative layer.
Thin Film – Amporphous silicon. Inexpensive to manfacture, ½ efficiency, limited warranty, aesthetically pleasing
Photo of Hea tPump Plus PV
TIME CHECK: Should be about 1:15 in
This is the part of the presentation where I’ve typically talked about, the difference between temperature and heat, definitions of sensible and latent heat and the Clausies statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics but..
Actual photos from my presentation at BE2014 presentation last year
Refrigerator is really a type of Heat pump. If you took the door off your refrigerator and pushed it into the entry way of your house, it would be a really crappy heat pump. Notably most heat pumps are ‘reversible’ so the Evaporator becomes the Condensor and vice versa, turning a heating appliance into a cooling appliance and vice versa
These are the two main types you’ll see.
We hear a lot about the Nyle and Acadia because they come from Maine. They also got a lot of press (most recently some bad press).
I’m going to focus primarily on the inverter ductless mini split because they are the ones driving the state of the art
In one test at Mitsubishi, installing variable speed compressor s (and nothing else) in an existing system reduced energy consumption by up to 70%
The other nice thing about ductless is that they are so much easier to install in renovations or well insulated spaces where duct leakeage is always an issue
Indoor unit options
Half Way BREAK?
COP is really like efficiency. Unlike efficiency it can be >1. In fact it really should be otherwise what’s the point.
Note that if you are talking about an honest COP it needs to include ALL the power used for the system (often pumps are ignored or defrost cycles are ignored)
Air source heat pumps also use some of the refrigeration terms like HSPF and SEER and EER.
Acadia was making news when they said they were in pure hp operation to 10 or 15 deg F (and then call on strip heat). Now we’re 20 degrees cooler…
Cooling mode SEER 20.2 compared to a good window unit is about 10. (meaning half the elecrtrical cost for the same cooling)
But which COP matters?
Electric at 14 cents, Propane at 2.70 (which is probably too cheap)
This is actually the CM, not the H2i.
The flat propane curve is only correct to a first order
Most of the heating hours occur between 20 and 50 degrees ambient temperature
That is a bit deceptive because obviously the hours at low temp require more heat, but still.
So how is the performance of these systems at these typical operating temperatures
What about operating costs?
RLS3 SEER up to 33
Historically has not been a lot of data and a lot of data that we do have is anecdote (or electric bill based)
Bruce and Mark each have presented data from a home or two. They show the variation we expect, but those who monitor heat pump directly tend to find average annual COP in ME/NH/VT to be about 2.8-2.9. Southern NE can expect something a bit higher.
About 2 hr
Design Process for new consruction
Just a bit more critical to make sure you have the whole team together (builder, architect, homeowner, HVAC, solar, ventilation) early
Bangor Maine record temp
Note the 15,000 BTUHR RLS2 is still making 16,500 BTU/hr at -5 deg F
Bangor Maine record temp
Note the 15,000 BTUHR RLS2 is still making 16,500 BTU/hr at -5 deg F
We used to just waive our hands and say it should be fine, but we finally bucked up to do some math.
15 BTU /hr per deg F to outside
228 BTU/hr per deg F to inside
Plus any internal gains (not counted)
Con
For example in Maine we design around a 70 degree indoor temp and -5 deg outdoor temp (dT= 75) as design day.
So a full day at -5 degrees gives you: 70 heating degree days.
So take the DD load, multiply by 24 and divide by 70 to get BTU/HDD
Then multiply by HDD and fudge factor to get anuall