Vernalization
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This document discusses vernalization, which is the process by which flowering is promoted in plants through a period of cold treatment. It defines vernalization and notes that dry seeds do not respond to it. The document then provides a brief history of vernalization research and outlines the temperature ranges and conditions required for effective vernalization. It discusses two proposed mechanisms - the phasic development theory and hormonal theories involving a hormone called vernalin. Practical applications of vernalization are also mentioned, including cutting the vegetative period short to induce early flowering.
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This document discusses the process of vernalization in plants. It defines vernalization as the induction of flowering through exposure to cold temperatures, allowing plants to reach maturity before reproducing. There are two main types of vernalization - obligate, where cold exposure is required for flowering, and facultative, where cold exposure induces earlier flowering. The document explores two main theories for the mechanism of vernalization - the phasic development theory involving temperature-dependent growth stages, and hormonal theories involving a floral hormone called vernalin. Examples are given of plants like cabbage and carrots that require vernalization as biennials. Factors influencing vernalization and its significance for agriculture are also summarized.
Vernalization
Vernalization is the induction of flowering in plants by exposure to prolonged cold temperatures. It allows plants to flower after winter to take advantage of spring and summer conditions. Key points:
- Vernalization was first observed in winter wheat in 1857 and the term was coined in 1938.
- The shoot apex is the site where low temperatures are perceived to initiate flowering.
- There are two main hypotheses for the mechanism: involvement of hormones like vernalin that promote flowering, and a phase change model where cold temperatures induce a photoperiod sensitive phase.
- Factors like temperature, oxygen, and photoperiod affect vernalization. Practical applications include earlier flowering and increased disease resistance for some
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This document discusses the process of vernalization in plants. It defines vernalization as the induction of flowering through exposure to cold temperatures, allowing plants to reach maturity before reproducing. There are two main types of vernalization - obligate, where cold exposure is required for flowering, and facultative, where cold exposure induces earlier flowering. The document explores two main theories for the mechanism of vernalization - the phasic development theory involving temperature-dependent growth stages, and hormonal theories involving a floral hormone called vernalin. Examples are given of plants like cabbage and carrots that require vernalization as biennials. Factors influencing vernalization and its significance for agriculture are also summarized.
Vernalization
Vernalization is the induction of flowering in plants by exposure to prolonged cold temperatures. It allows plants to flower after winter to take advantage of spring and summer conditions. Key points:
- Vernalization was first observed in winter wheat in 1857 and the term was coined in 1938.
- The shoot apex is the site where low temperatures are perceived to initiate flowering.
- There are two main hypotheses for the mechanism: involvement of hormones like vernalin that promote flowering, and a phase change model where cold temperatures induce a photoperiod sensitive phase.
- Factors like temperature, oxygen, and photoperiod affect vernalization. Practical applications include earlier flowering and increased disease resistance for some
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Initiation of flowering -Genetic & Molecular aspects is an important domain in the field of reproductive biology of angiosperms.The different genes along with the role of vernalization & homeotic genes has been explored here with diagram diagram.
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Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a cold treatment given to hydrated seeds or growing plants. Cold exposure cuts short the vegetative period, resulting in early flowering. Two main theories explain vernalization's mechanism: the phasic development theory proposes cold exposure accelerates plant development phases, while hormonal theories suggest cold induces a floral hormone called vernalin. Epigenetic changes in gene expression from cold exposure may also play a role, stably altering flowering gene expression even after the cold is removed. Vernalization has practical applications in agriculture by promoting early flowering, increasing disease resistance, and aiding crop improvement.
Florigen concept
1. Florigen is the systemic signal that initiates flowering in plants. It was discovered in 1936 by Mikhail Chailakhyan and its protein nature was revealed in 2007, encoded by the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene.
2. Florigen is transported through the phloem, is graft transmissible, and acts as a quantitative and nearly universal signal. It is produced in leaves in response to photoperiod, transported to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) where it forms a complex with FD to activate downstream genes controlling flowering.
3. At the SAM, meristem identity genes and floral organ identity genes are expressed to determine floral structure based on
Vernalization
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Brassinosteroids
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Physiology of Senescence and Abscission
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Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati
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B.Sc. III (Sem - V)
BOTANY : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,Amravati
Vernalization (Revernalization, Devernalization) gene
Vernalization is a process by which flowering of certain plant species is induced or accelerated by exposure to cold temperatures. It prepares plants for flowering by altering the plant's genetic expression. There are two types of strains in cereals - winter strains that require vernalization to flower, and spring strains that do not. Vernalization is reversible through devernalization by exposure to high temperatures. The molecular mechanism involves epigenetic repression of flowering repressor genes like FLC after cold exposure, allowing flowering genes like FT and SOC1 to promote flowering.
Vernalisation
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Mechanism of stomatal regulation
Stomata are tiny pores on plant leaves that open and close to regulate gas exchange. They are bordered by a pair of guard cells that swell and contract to control the opening width. During the day, photosynthesis in guard cells produces sugar, increasing their turgor pressure and causing stomata to open. At night, the lack of photosynthesis allows starch to accumulate, decreasing turgor pressure and prompting stomatal closure. Potassium ion transport is also important - influx of K+ into guard cells during the day increases their solute content and turgor, while efflux at night decreases turgor. Together, these mechanisms allow plants to control gas exchange through stomatal openings in response to light
Seed dormancy (Plant Physiology)
Seed dormancy is defined as a state in which seeds are prevented from germinating even under environmental conditions normally favorable for germination.
These conditions are a complex combination of water, light, temperature, gasses, mechanical restrictions, seed coats, and hormone structures.Seed is a ripe and fertilized ovule that encloses an embryo
It is the connecting link between parents and progeny.
Structurally seeds have four major components,
Seed coat or a protective envelope
Embryo
Reserve food and minerals which provide nourishment
Enzymes and hormones for the digestion of food and formation of new tissues during germination
Photoperiodism
Photoperiodism refers to the physiological changes in plants in response to day and night lengths. Depending on the duration of daylight, plants are classified as short day plants, long day plants, or day neutral plants. Short day plants flower in response to short daylight periods of 8-10 hours while long day plants require longer 14-16 hour periods. Day neutral plants will flower regardless of day length. The pigment phytochrome mediates the effects of light on flowering through conversion between its red and far-red absorbing forms.
Phytochrome
1. The document discusses phytochrome, a photoreceptor found in plants and some bacteria and fungi that is sensitive to red and far-red light in the visible spectrum.
2. Phytochrome regulates various plant responses including flowering, seed germination, stem and leaf growth, and chlorophyll synthesis. It is found in plant leaves.
3. Phytochrome exists in two forms - an inactive Pr form that absorbs red light, and an active Pfr form absorbed far-red light, which initiates biological responses in plants. Conversion between the two forms is triggered by red and far-red light.
Photoperiodism
Everything about photoperiodism from scratch to smart, from the oldest models to the latest models as well as proposed one, exclusive and elusive illustrations and models for proper understanding
Gibberellins
This document discusses gibberellins, a class of plant hormones. It was first discovered in 1928 by a Japanese scientist who observed rice plants infected by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi showed excessive stem elongation. There are over 70 known forms of gibberellins that regulate various plant developmental processes such as stem elongation, germination, flowering, and fruit development. Gibberellins are widely distributed in plants and are involved in many physiological roles including stem elongation, bolting, seed germination, breaking bud and tuber dormancy, parthenocarpy, and flowering.
Abscission
Abscission is the process by which plant organs such as leaves, flowers, and fruits become detached from the plant in a controlled manner. It occurs through the formation of an abscission zone, a layer of weak-walled cells located at the base of the petiole or other structure. Abscission is controlled by the plant hormones auxin and ethylene, with decreasing auxin and increasing ethylene levels initiating cell wall degradation in the abscission zone. This allows separation of plant organs through a combination of enzymatic breakdown and mechanical forces. Abscission aids in shedding organs no longer needed by the plant and occurs in response to environmental and developmental signals.
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Senescence refers to the deterioration of plants with age and the final stages of life. There are several types of senescence like top, deciduous, overall, and progressive senescence. Retarding senescence can delay degradation and increase plant life and yields. Several factors can retard senescence including plant hormones like cytokinins and auxins, nutrients like calcium and nitrogen, temperature, and light exposure. Experiments show that auto-regulated production of cytokinin, ascorbic acid, polyamines, and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis can effectively retard leaf senescence in plants. Subtoxic levels of photosynthesis inhibitors like bromacil and atrazine also retard senescence in ma
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This document discusses the physiological processes involved in the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants, known as the flowering process. It covers two broad phases: floral induction, where stimuli cause flower primordia to form, and floral development. Floral induction is regulated by endogenous and environmental signals that program shoot meristems to produce flowers at appropriate times. Floral development then occurs in four steps as flowering time, meristem identity, and organ identity genes are activated to specify the formation of floral organs. The document explores various floral inductive pathways and genes that integrate environmental and internal signals to control the timing of flowering.
Photoperiodism
PHOTOPERIODISM IN PLANTS
• The concept of photoperiodism was given by W.W. Garner & H.A. Allard of the U.S Department of Agriculture, studied flowering in Maryland's mammoth variety of Tobacco plant in 1920.
• ‘PHOTOPERIODISM':-derived from 2 Greek words i.e.,'photos' (light) & periods (length of time).
• With a few exceptions, virtually all organisms (plant & animals) need exposure to light for a given number of hours per day for a variety of growth and reproductive functions. This day length is called PHOTOPERIOD & the phenomenon is called PHOTOPERIODISM.
• The flowering plant comprises 2 phases i.e, vegetative & reproductive.
• Under an appropriate photoperiod, plant switches from vegetative to reproductive phase, responding to the synthesis of flowering hormones & its subsequent translocation to buds. (Bartholomew,1977)
• The effect of daily duration of light hours(& dark periods) on the growth & development of plants, especially flowering is called photoperiodism.
CRITICAL DAY LENGTH
• Critical day length is the photoperiod required to induce flowering.
• It varies from species to species.
• e.g-Xanthium (SDP) requires a critical day length of 15.5hrs (15.5 light/8.5 dark).
• Critical photoperiod mustn't be exceeded in short-day plants & should always be exceeded in long-day plants.
• A single photoperiodic cycle that induces flowering-Inductive cycle & its effect is called Photoperiodic induction.
Depending upon the duration of the photoperiod, plants are classified into 3 categories:
1. Short Day Plants (SDP):
These plants require a relatively short daylight period (usually 8-10 hours) and a continuous dark period of about 14-16 hours for subsequent flowering.E.g.:-Strawberry, coffee, pineapple, etc.
o These plants are also known as long-night-plants.
2. Long day plants (LDP):
These plants require a longer daylight period (usually 14-16 hours) in a 24 hours cycle for subsequent flowering.
o Also called as short night plants.
E.g.:-Apple, passion fruit, etc..
3. A day-neutral plant (DNP):
This plants flower in all photoperiods ranging from 5 hrs to
24 hrs of continuous exposure.
e.g.:- Banana, guava, tomato, brinjal, etc…
-Dual Day Length Plants
Long Short Day Plants(LSDP):
These are short-day plants but must be exposed to long days during early periods of growth for subsequent flowering.
e.g.:- species of Bryophyllum, night jasmine, etc..
Short-Long Day Plants(SLDP):
These are long-day plants but must be exposed to short days during early periods of growth for subsequent flowering.
e.g.:- Wheat (Triticum), Rye (Secale), etc.
-MECHANISM OF PHOTOPERIODISM
-Florigen concept
-Phytochrome concept
-IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOPERIODISM
Vernalization
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a period of cold temperature exposure. It involves the perception of cold, which results in the formation of a floral hormone called vernalin. Vernalization requires specific conditions like the age of the plant, duration and temperature of cold exposure, oxygen, sugar, and water. There are two main theories that explain its mechanism - the phasic development theory which proposes vernalization accelerates a developmental phase, and the hormonal theory which suggests it converts a precursor into the flowering hormone vernalin. Vernalization is significant for crop improvement by converting winter varieties to spring varieties and inducing early flowering.
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Vernalization
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a cold treatment given to hydrated seeds or growing plants. Cold exposure cuts short the vegetative period, resulting in early flowering. Two main theories explain vernalization's mechanism: the phasic development theory proposes cold exposure accelerates plant development phases, while hormonal theories suggest cold induces a floral hormone called vernalin. Epigenetic changes in gene expression from cold exposure may also play a role, stably altering flowering gene expression even after the cold is removed. Vernalization has practical applications in agriculture by promoting early flowering, increasing disease resistance, and aiding crop improvement.
Florigen concept
1. Florigen is the systemic signal that initiates flowering in plants. It was discovered in 1936 by Mikhail Chailakhyan and its protein nature was revealed in 2007, encoded by the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene.
2. Florigen is transported through the phloem, is graft transmissible, and acts as a quantitative and nearly universal signal. It is produced in leaves in response to photoperiod, transported to the shoot apical meristem (SAM) where it forms a complex with FD to activate downstream genes controlling flowering.
3. At the SAM, meristem identity genes and floral organ identity genes are expressed to determine floral structure based on
Vernalization
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Brassinosteroids
Brassinosteroids are a class of plant steroid hormones that were first discovered in rapeseed pollen in the 1960s. They influence many developmental processes similar to auxins. The most common brassinosteroid is brassinolide, which was first isolated from rapeseed in 1979. Brassinosteroids regulate processes like cell elongation, flowering, vascular development, photomorphogenesis, and stress tolerance. They are perceived by membrane receptors and signal through a phosphorylation cascade to regulate gene expression.
Physiology of Senescence and Abscission
By -
Avinash Darsimbe
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati
Physiology of Senescence and Abscission
B.Sc. III (Sem - V)
BOTANY : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University,Amravati
Vernalization (Revernalization, Devernalization) gene
Vernalization is a process by which flowering of certain plant species is induced or accelerated by exposure to cold temperatures. It prepares plants for flowering by altering the plant's genetic expression. There are two types of strains in cereals - winter strains that require vernalization to flower, and spring strains that do not. Vernalization is reversible through devernalization by exposure to high temperatures. The molecular mechanism involves epigenetic repression of flowering repressor genes like FLC after cold exposure, allowing flowering genes like FT and SOC1 to promote flowering.
Vernalisation
the flowering process is the combined effect of environmental factors like light and temperature. vernalisation is the epigenetic memory that leads to genetic regulation of the process
Mechanism of stomatal regulation
Stomata are tiny pores on plant leaves that open and close to regulate gas exchange. They are bordered by a pair of guard cells that swell and contract to control the opening width. During the day, photosynthesis in guard cells produces sugar, increasing their turgor pressure and causing stomata to open. At night, the lack of photosynthesis allows starch to accumulate, decreasing turgor pressure and prompting stomatal closure. Potassium ion transport is also important - influx of K+ into guard cells during the day increases their solute content and turgor, while efflux at night decreases turgor. Together, these mechanisms allow plants to control gas exchange through stomatal openings in response to light
Seed dormancy (Plant Physiology)
Seed dormancy is defined as a state in which seeds are prevented from germinating even under environmental conditions normally favorable for germination.
These conditions are a complex combination of water, light, temperature, gasses, mechanical restrictions, seed coats, and hormone structures.Seed is a ripe and fertilized ovule that encloses an embryo
It is the connecting link between parents and progeny.
Structurally seeds have four major components,
Seed coat or a protective envelope
Embryo
Reserve food and minerals which provide nourishment
Enzymes and hormones for the digestion of food and formation of new tissues during germination
Photoperiodism
Photoperiodism refers to the physiological changes in plants in response to day and night lengths. Depending on the duration of daylight, plants are classified as short day plants, long day plants, or day neutral plants. Short day plants flower in response to short daylight periods of 8-10 hours while long day plants require longer 14-16 hour periods. Day neutral plants will flower regardless of day length. The pigment phytochrome mediates the effects of light on flowering through conversion between its red and far-red absorbing forms.
Phytochrome
1. The document discusses phytochrome, a photoreceptor found in plants and some bacteria and fungi that is sensitive to red and far-red light in the visible spectrum.
2. Phytochrome regulates various plant responses including flowering, seed germination, stem and leaf growth, and chlorophyll synthesis. It is found in plant leaves.
3. Phytochrome exists in two forms - an inactive Pr form that absorbs red light, and an active Pfr form absorbed far-red light, which initiates biological responses in plants. Conversion between the two forms is triggered by red and far-red light.
Photoperiodism
Everything about photoperiodism from scratch to smart, from the oldest models to the latest models as well as proposed one, exclusive and elusive illustrations and models for proper understanding
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This document discusses gibberellins, a class of plant hormones. It was first discovered in 1928 by a Japanese scientist who observed rice plants infected by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi showed excessive stem elongation. There are over 70 known forms of gibberellins that regulate various plant developmental processes such as stem elongation, germination, flowering, and fruit development. Gibberellins are widely distributed in plants and are involved in many physiological roles including stem elongation, bolting, seed germination, breaking bud and tuber dormancy, parthenocarpy, and flowering.
Abscission
Abscission is the process by which plant organs such as leaves, flowers, and fruits become detached from the plant in a controlled manner. It occurs through the formation of an abscission zone, a layer of weak-walled cells located at the base of the petiole or other structure. Abscission is controlled by the plant hormones auxin and ethylene, with decreasing auxin and increasing ethylene levels initiating cell wall degradation in the abscission zone. This allows separation of plant organs through a combination of enzymatic breakdown and mechanical forces. Abscission aids in shedding organs no longer needed by the plant and occurs in response to environmental and developmental signals.
Mechanism of flowering
FLOWERING MECHANISM
HOW IT IS INDUCED
ABC MODEL
HOMEOTIC GENE
MAD DOMAIN
ABCDE MODEL
FLC
LEAFY
Senescence
Senescence refers to the deterioration of plants with age and the final stages of life. There are several types of senescence like top, deciduous, overall, and progressive senescence. Retarding senescence can delay degradation and increase plant life and yields. Several factors can retard senescence including plant hormones like cytokinins and auxins, nutrients like calcium and nitrogen, temperature, and light exposure. Experiments show that auto-regulated production of cytokinin, ascorbic acid, polyamines, and inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis can effectively retard leaf senescence in plants. Subtoxic levels of photosynthesis inhibitors like bromacil and atrazine also retard senescence in ma
Seed dormancy
Seed dormancy is fully explained in this ppt. it includes causes ( dormancy due to hard seed coat, dormancy due to condition of embryo, dormancy due to absence of light, dormancy due to low temperature etc. ) of seed dormancy, types of seed dormancy, various methods to remove seed dormancy like impaction, stratification, scarification, exposure of seed to light
Pytochrome
intro-hostory and discovery-characteristics of phytochrome-chemical nature of phytochrome-mode of action-mechanism-phytochrome mediated physiological responses-phytochrome is a pigment system:some evidences-role of phytochrome
Flowering process
This document discusses the physiological processes involved in the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants, known as the flowering process. It covers two broad phases: floral induction, where stimuli cause flower primordia to form, and floral development. Floral induction is regulated by endogenous and environmental signals that program shoot meristems to produce flowers at appropriate times. Floral development then occurs in four steps as flowering time, meristem identity, and organ identity genes are activated to specify the formation of floral organs. The document explores various floral inductive pathways and genes that integrate environmental and internal signals to control the timing of flowering.
Photoperiodism
PHOTOPERIODISM IN PLANTS
• The concept of photoperiodism was given by W.W. Garner & H.A. Allard of the U.S Department of Agriculture, studied flowering in Maryland's mammoth variety of Tobacco plant in 1920.
• ‘PHOTOPERIODISM':-derived from 2 Greek words i.e.,'photos' (light) & periods (length of time).
• With a few exceptions, virtually all organisms (plant & animals) need exposure to light for a given number of hours per day for a variety of growth and reproductive functions. This day length is called PHOTOPERIOD & the phenomenon is called PHOTOPERIODISM.
• The flowering plant comprises 2 phases i.e, vegetative & reproductive.
• Under an appropriate photoperiod, plant switches from vegetative to reproductive phase, responding to the synthesis of flowering hormones & its subsequent translocation to buds. (Bartholomew,1977)
• The effect of daily duration of light hours(& dark periods) on the growth & development of plants, especially flowering is called photoperiodism.
CRITICAL DAY LENGTH
• Critical day length is the photoperiod required to induce flowering.
• It varies from species to species.
• e.g-Xanthium (SDP) requires a critical day length of 15.5hrs (15.5 light/8.5 dark).
• Critical photoperiod mustn't be exceeded in short-day plants & should always be exceeded in long-day plants.
• A single photoperiodic cycle that induces flowering-Inductive cycle & its effect is called Photoperiodic induction.
Depending upon the duration of the photoperiod, plants are classified into 3 categories:
1. Short Day Plants (SDP):
These plants require a relatively short daylight period (usually 8-10 hours) and a continuous dark period of about 14-16 hours for subsequent flowering.E.g.:-Strawberry, coffee, pineapple, etc.
o These plants are also known as long-night-plants.
2. Long day plants (LDP):
These plants require a longer daylight period (usually 14-16 hours) in a 24 hours cycle for subsequent flowering.
o Also called as short night plants.
E.g.:-Apple, passion fruit, etc..
3. A day-neutral plant (DNP):
This plants flower in all photoperiods ranging from 5 hrs to
24 hrs of continuous exposure.
e.g.:- Banana, guava, tomato, brinjal, etc…
-Dual Day Length Plants
Long Short Day Plants(LSDP):
These are short-day plants but must be exposed to long days during early periods of growth for subsequent flowering.
e.g.:- species of Bryophyllum, night jasmine, etc..
Short-Long Day Plants(SLDP):
These are long-day plants but must be exposed to short days during early periods of growth for subsequent flowering.
e.g.:- Wheat (Triticum), Rye (Secale), etc.
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Vernalization (Revernalization, Devernalization) gene
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Similar to Vernalization
Vernalization
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a period of cold temperature exposure. It involves the perception of cold, which results in the formation of a floral hormone called vernalin. Vernalization requires specific conditions like the age of the plant, duration and temperature of cold exposure, oxygen, sugar, and water. There are two main theories that explain its mechanism - the phasic development theory which proposes vernalization accelerates a developmental phase, and the hormonal theory which suggests it converts a precursor into the flowering hormone vernalin. Vernalization is significant for crop improvement by converting winter varieties to spring varieties and inducing early flowering.
ubaid afzal
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a cold treatment given to seeds or growing plants. It prepares plants for flowering by cutting short their vegetative period. Many plants, like biennials, will not flower unless exposed to prolonged cold temperatures through winter. Vernalization induces the plant to produce a hormone called vernaline that promotes flowering. There are theories that it involves phasic development stages stimulated by temperature or the formation of vernaline in response to cold treatment.
vernalization-190224045241 (1).pdf
Vernalization is the induction of flowering in plants by exposure to prolonged cold temperatures of winter. It allows plants to flower after winter to maximize reproductive success. There are two main hypotheses for the mechanism of vernalization - one involving hormonal changes and the other involving developmental phases. Vernalization stimulus can be transmitted between grafted plants. It requires sufficient water, oxygen, and temperatures between 3-12°C for the correct duration depending on species. Vernalization cuts the vegetative period short and increases disease resistance and cold tolerance. It is used in horticulture and crop improvement to induce early flowering.
Vernalization in Plants.pptx
Introduction:
Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is promoted by a cold treatment given to a fully hydrated seed or to a growing plant.
Dry seeds do not respond to the cold treatment.
Due to vernalization, the vegetative period of the plant is cut short resulting in an early flowering.
Also called yarovization.
Without the cold treatment, plants that require vernalization show delayed flowering or remain vegetative.
In many cases, these plants grow as rosettes with no elongation of the stem.
History:
Klippart,1857- first noticed the low-temperature requirement for flowering while working with winter wheat and spring wheat.
Lysenko,1938-used the term vernalization for a low-temperature promotion of flowering in plants.
Chourad ,1960- defined vernaliZation as “acquisition or acceleration of the ability to flower by a chilling treatment”.
Vernalization
For vernalization the seeds are allowed to germinate for some time and then are given cold treatment from 0 ̊C to 5 ̊C.
The period of cold treatment, varies from few days to many weeks.
After the cold treatment the seedlings are allowed to dry for some time and then sown.
Vernalization prepares the plant for flowering.
The cold stimulus usually perceived by the apical meristems. But in some species, all dividing cells of roots and leaves may be the potential sites of vernalization eg. Leennario biennis.
Vernalization induces the plant to produce a hormone called vernalin. It was discovered by Melcher(1936).
The vernalization stimulus can be transmitted from one plant to another through grafting.
The age of the plant is an important factor in determining the responsiveness of the plant to the cold stimulus and it differs in different species.
The suitable temperatures for vernalization ranges between 1 to 6 ̊c.
At higher temperature from 7 ̊c onwards response of the plant is decreased.
A temperature of about 12 to 14 ̊c is most ineffective in vernalizing the plant.
The vernalization is an aerobic process and requires metabolic energy.
In the absence of oxygen cold treatment becomes completely inefficient.
A sufficient amount of water is also essential.
Vernalization of dry seeds is not possible.
Factors affecting Vernalization:
Site of vernalization
Age of plants
Appropriate low temperature
Duration of exposure
Mechanism of vernalization:
Two theories..
1. Phasic development theory
2. Hormonal theories.
Epigenetic Changes in Gene Expression:
Vernalization May Involve Epigenetic Changes in Gene Expression.
Changes in gene expression that are stable even after the signal that induced the change (in this case cold) is removed are known as epigenetic regulation.
One model for how vernalization affects flowering is that there are stable changes in the pattern of gene expression in the meristem after cold treatment.
The involvement of epigenetic regulation in the vernalization process has been confirmed in the LDP Arabidopsis.
24.pdf
Vernalization is the process where some plant species require a period of cold temperatures to induce flowering. It is most effective between 1-7°C. There are two main theories that explain the mechanisms of vernalization - the phase development theory and hormone theory. The phase development theory states that low temperatures accelerate the completion of the thermo phase to induce early flowering. The hormone theory suggests that low temperatures produce a flowering stimulus called vernalin, which interacts with gibberellins and florigen to induce flowering under correct photoperiod conditions. Vernalization is most effective at specific developmental stages of the plant and can be reversed by high temperatures through a process called devernalization.
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Vernalization is the process by which flowering is induced by prolonged exposure to cold. It was first explained by Lysenko in 1928, who showed that exposing young biennial plants to low temperatures allowed them to flower in one growing season. Vernalization treatments are effective only when the embryo is supplied with carbohydrates and oxygen. Experiments have shown that low temperatures, actively dividing cells, water, aerobic respiration, and proper nourishment are required for vernalization to occur. The stimulus produced by vernalization, called vernalin, induces vegetative meristems to switch to reproductive development and initiate the process of flower differentiation under appropriate photoperiod conditions. Vernalization can help shorten the juvenile period, induce
Vernalization (Plant Physiology)
Annual plants is influenced by temperature for flowering is secondary to that of light.
Biennials and perennials remain vegetative during first growing season
After prolonged exposure to cold temperature of winter flowering occurs during following season.
Without cold exposure majority plants remain vegetative
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- 3. Introduction Mohsin Rafique Roll No 24 Bs. Botany 7th Semester university of Sargodha sub campus Bhakkar
- 5. Definition • Vernalization is the process in which low temperature given as a result plant show flowering. or • Is the process whereby flowering is promoted by a cold treatment given to a fully hydrated seeds or to a growing plant.
- 6. • Dry seed do not respond to the cold treatment. • Due to vernalization the vegetative period of the plant is cut short resulting in early flowering. • Without the cold treatment, plants that require vernalization show delayed flowering.
- 8. History • Klippart,1857 – first notice that low temperature requirement for flowering while working with winter or spring wheat. • Lysenko,1938- used term vernalization for a low temperature promotion of flowering in plants.
- 9. Vernalization • Seeds are allowed to germinate for some time given cold temperature 0 c to 5 c. • The period of treatment varies from few days to many weeks. • Vernalization prepares the plants for flowering • Vernalization induces the plant to produce a hormone called vernalin.discovered by Melcher 1936.
- 10. • The suitable temp for vernalization ranges between 10 to 60 c. • At high temp from 70 c onward response of plant is decreased. • At temp of about 120 to 140 is most ineffective in vernalizing the plant. • It is aerobic process and require metabolic energy.
- 11. • In the absence of oxygen cold treatment becomes completely inefficient. • Sufficient amount of water is also essential. • Dry seeds is not possible
- 12. Mechanism of vernalization • Two theories • 1. Phasic development theory • 2. Hormonal theories
- 13. Phasic development theory • Proposed by Lysenko in 1934 • According to this theory there is a series of phases in the development of plant. • Each phase is stimulated by an environmental factor such as temperature and light etc.
- 14. There are two phases • Thermophase • Photophase • Thermophase depends on temperature . • Thermophase should be fallowed by photophase which require light
- 15. Hormonal theories • Melcher 1939 • He proposed that chilling treatment induce the formation of new floral hormone called vernaline. • The hormone is transmitted to other parts of the plant. • The univernalized plant also initiates flowering.
- 16. Devernalization • The reversion of vernalization by high temp treatment is called devernalizaztion. • It is effected by treating the vernalized seed or buds with high temp.
- 17. Practical applications • Due to vernalization the vegetative period of the plant is cut short resulting in an early flowering. • It increased the resistance of plant to fungal disease. • It increased the cold resistance of plant. • It also helps in crop improvement.