Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a cold treatment given to hydrated seeds or growing plants. Cold exposure cuts short the vegetative period, resulting in early flowering. Two main theories explain vernalization's mechanism: the phasic development theory proposes cold exposure accelerates plant development phases, while hormonal theories suggest cold induces a floral hormone called vernalin. Epigenetic changes in gene expression from cold exposure may also play a role, stably altering flowering gene expression even after the cold is removed. Vernalization has practical applications in agriculture by promoting early flowering, increasing disease resistance, and aiding crop improvement.
This document discusses vernalization, which is the process by which flowering is promoted in plants through a period of cold treatment. It defines vernalization and notes that dry seeds do not respond to it. The document then provides a brief history of vernalization research and outlines the temperature ranges and conditions required for effective vernalization. It discusses two proposed mechanisms - the phasic development theory and hormonal theories involving a hormone called vernalin. Practical applications of vernalization are also mentioned, including cutting the vegetative period short to induce early flowering.
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a cold treatment given to seeds or growing plants. It prepares plants for flowering by cutting short their vegetative period. Many plants, like biennials, will not flower unless exposed to prolonged cold temperatures through winter. Vernalization induces the plant to produce a hormone called vernaline that promotes flowering. There are theories that it involves phasic development stages stimulated by temperature or the formation of vernaline in response to cold treatment.
Introduction:
Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is promoted by a cold treatment given to a fully hydrated seed or to a growing plant.
Dry seeds do not respond to the cold treatment.
Due to vernalization, the vegetative period of the plant is cut short resulting in an early flowering.
Also called yarovization.
Without the cold treatment, plants that require vernalization show delayed flowering or remain vegetative.
In many cases, these plants grow as rosettes with no elongation of the stem.
History:
Klippart,1857- first noticed the low-temperature requirement for flowering while working with winter wheat and spring wheat.
Lysenko,1938-used the term vernalization for a low-temperature promotion of flowering in plants.
Chourad ,1960- defined vernaliZation as “acquisition or acceleration of the ability to flower by a chilling treatment”.
Vernalization
For vernalization the seeds are allowed to germinate for some time and then are given cold treatment from 0 ̊C to 5 ̊C.
The period of cold treatment, varies from few days to many weeks.
After the cold treatment the seedlings are allowed to dry for some time and then sown.
Vernalization prepares the plant for flowering.
The cold stimulus usually perceived by the apical meristems. But in some species, all dividing cells of roots and leaves may be the potential sites of vernalization eg. Leennario biennis.
Vernalization induces the plant to produce a hormone called vernalin. It was discovered by Melcher(1936).
The vernalization stimulus can be transmitted from one plant to another through grafting.
The age of the plant is an important factor in determining the responsiveness of the plant to the cold stimulus and it differs in different species.
The suitable temperatures for vernalization ranges between 1 to 6 ̊c.
At higher temperature from 7 ̊c onwards response of the plant is decreased.
A temperature of about 12 to 14 ̊c is most ineffective in vernalizing the plant.
The vernalization is an aerobic process and requires metabolic energy.
In the absence of oxygen cold treatment becomes completely inefficient.
A sufficient amount of water is also essential.
Vernalization of dry seeds is not possible.
Factors affecting Vernalization:
Site of vernalization
Age of plants
Appropriate low temperature
Duration of exposure
Mechanism of vernalization:
Two theories..
1. Phasic development theory
2. Hormonal theories.
Epigenetic Changes in Gene Expression:
Vernalization May Involve Epigenetic Changes in Gene Expression.
Changes in gene expression that are stable even after the signal that induced the change (in this case cold) is removed are known as epigenetic regulation.
One model for how vernalization affects flowering is that there are stable changes in the pattern of gene expression in the meristem after cold treatment.
The involvement of epigenetic regulation in the vernalization process has been confirmed in the LDP Arabidopsis.
Vernalization is the induction of flowering in plants by exposure to prolonged cold temperatures of winter. It allows plants to flower after winter to maximize reproductive success. There are two main hypotheses for the mechanism of vernalization - one involving hormonal changes and the other involving developmental phases. Vernalization stimulus can be transmitted between grafted plants. It requires sufficient water, oxygen, and temperatures between 3-12°C for the correct duration depending on species. Vernalization cuts the vegetative period short and increases disease resistance and cold tolerance. It is used in horticulture and crop improvement to induce early flowering.
Vernalization is the induction of flowering in plants by exposure to prolonged cold temperatures. It allows plants to flower after winter to take advantage of spring and summer conditions. Key points:
- Vernalization was first observed in winter wheat in 1857 and the term was coined in 1938.
- The shoot apex is the site where low temperatures are perceived to initiate flowering.
- There are two main hypotheses for the mechanism: involvement of hormones like vernalin that promote flowering, and a phase change model where cold temperatures induce a photoperiod sensitive phase.
- Factors like temperature, oxygen, and photoperiod affect vernalization. Practical applications include earlier flowering and increased disease resistance for some
This document discusses the process of vernalization in plants. It defines vernalization as the induction of flowering through exposure to cold temperatures, allowing plants to reach maturity before reproducing. There are two main types of vernalization - obligate, where cold exposure is required for flowering, and facultative, where cold exposure induces earlier flowering. The document explores two main theories for the mechanism of vernalization - the phasic development theory involving temperature-dependent growth stages, and hormonal theories involving a floral hormone called vernalin. Examples are given of plants like cabbage and carrots that require vernalization as biennials. Factors influencing vernalization and its significance for agriculture are also summarized.
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a period of cold temperature exposure. It involves the perception of cold, which results in the formation of a floral hormone called vernalin. Vernalization requires specific conditions like the age of the plant, duration and temperature of cold exposure, oxygen, sugar, and water. There are two main theories that explain its mechanism - the phasic development theory which proposes vernalization accelerates a developmental phase, and the hormonal theory which suggests it converts a precursor into the flowering hormone vernalin. Vernalization is significant for crop improvement by converting winter varieties to spring varieties and inducing early flowering.
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a cold treatment given to hydrated seeds or growing plants. Cold exposure cuts short the vegetative period, resulting in early flowering. Two main theories explain vernalization's mechanism: the phasic development theory proposes cold exposure accelerates plant development phases, while hormonal theories suggest cold induces a floral hormone called vernalin. Epigenetic changes in gene expression from cold exposure may also play a role, stably altering flowering gene expression even after the cold is removed. Vernalization has practical applications in agriculture by promoting early flowering, increasing disease resistance, and aiding crop improvement.
This document discusses vernalization, which is the process by which flowering is promoted in plants through a period of cold treatment. It defines vernalization and notes that dry seeds do not respond to it. The document then provides a brief history of vernalization research and outlines the temperature ranges and conditions required for effective vernalization. It discusses two proposed mechanisms - the phasic development theory and hormonal theories involving a hormone called vernalin. Practical applications of vernalization are also mentioned, including cutting the vegetative period short to induce early flowering.
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a cold treatment given to seeds or growing plants. It prepares plants for flowering by cutting short their vegetative period. Many plants, like biennials, will not flower unless exposed to prolonged cold temperatures through winter. Vernalization induces the plant to produce a hormone called vernaline that promotes flowering. There are theories that it involves phasic development stages stimulated by temperature or the formation of vernaline in response to cold treatment.
Introduction:
Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is promoted by a cold treatment given to a fully hydrated seed or to a growing plant.
Dry seeds do not respond to the cold treatment.
Due to vernalization, the vegetative period of the plant is cut short resulting in an early flowering.
Also called yarovization.
Without the cold treatment, plants that require vernalization show delayed flowering or remain vegetative.
In many cases, these plants grow as rosettes with no elongation of the stem.
History:
Klippart,1857- first noticed the low-temperature requirement for flowering while working with winter wheat and spring wheat.
Lysenko,1938-used the term vernalization for a low-temperature promotion of flowering in plants.
Chourad ,1960- defined vernaliZation as “acquisition or acceleration of the ability to flower by a chilling treatment”.
Vernalization
For vernalization the seeds are allowed to germinate for some time and then are given cold treatment from 0 ̊C to 5 ̊C.
The period of cold treatment, varies from few days to many weeks.
After the cold treatment the seedlings are allowed to dry for some time and then sown.
Vernalization prepares the plant for flowering.
The cold stimulus usually perceived by the apical meristems. But in some species, all dividing cells of roots and leaves may be the potential sites of vernalization eg. Leennario biennis.
Vernalization induces the plant to produce a hormone called vernalin. It was discovered by Melcher(1936).
The vernalization stimulus can be transmitted from one plant to another through grafting.
The age of the plant is an important factor in determining the responsiveness of the plant to the cold stimulus and it differs in different species.
The suitable temperatures for vernalization ranges between 1 to 6 ̊c.
At higher temperature from 7 ̊c onwards response of the plant is decreased.
A temperature of about 12 to 14 ̊c is most ineffective in vernalizing the plant.
The vernalization is an aerobic process and requires metabolic energy.
In the absence of oxygen cold treatment becomes completely inefficient.
A sufficient amount of water is also essential.
Vernalization of dry seeds is not possible.
Factors affecting Vernalization:
Site of vernalization
Age of plants
Appropriate low temperature
Duration of exposure
Mechanism of vernalization:
Two theories..
1. Phasic development theory
2. Hormonal theories.
Epigenetic Changes in Gene Expression:
Vernalization May Involve Epigenetic Changes in Gene Expression.
Changes in gene expression that are stable even after the signal that induced the change (in this case cold) is removed are known as epigenetic regulation.
One model for how vernalization affects flowering is that there are stable changes in the pattern of gene expression in the meristem after cold treatment.
The involvement of epigenetic regulation in the vernalization process has been confirmed in the LDP Arabidopsis.
Vernalization is the induction of flowering in plants by exposure to prolonged cold temperatures of winter. It allows plants to flower after winter to maximize reproductive success. There are two main hypotheses for the mechanism of vernalization - one involving hormonal changes and the other involving developmental phases. Vernalization stimulus can be transmitted between grafted plants. It requires sufficient water, oxygen, and temperatures between 3-12°C for the correct duration depending on species. Vernalization cuts the vegetative period short and increases disease resistance and cold tolerance. It is used in horticulture and crop improvement to induce early flowering.
Vernalization is the induction of flowering in plants by exposure to prolonged cold temperatures. It allows plants to flower after winter to take advantage of spring and summer conditions. Key points:
- Vernalization was first observed in winter wheat in 1857 and the term was coined in 1938.
- The shoot apex is the site where low temperatures are perceived to initiate flowering.
- There are two main hypotheses for the mechanism: involvement of hormones like vernalin that promote flowering, and a phase change model where cold temperatures induce a photoperiod sensitive phase.
- Factors like temperature, oxygen, and photoperiod affect vernalization. Practical applications include earlier flowering and increased disease resistance for some
This document discusses the process of vernalization in plants. It defines vernalization as the induction of flowering through exposure to cold temperatures, allowing plants to reach maturity before reproducing. There are two main types of vernalization - obligate, where cold exposure is required for flowering, and facultative, where cold exposure induces earlier flowering. The document explores two main theories for the mechanism of vernalization - the phasic development theory involving temperature-dependent growth stages, and hormonal theories involving a floral hormone called vernalin. Examples are given of plants like cabbage and carrots that require vernalization as biennials. Factors influencing vernalization and its significance for agriculture are also summarized.
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is promoted through a period of cold temperature exposure. It involves the perception of cold, which results in the formation of a floral hormone called vernalin. Vernalization requires specific conditions like the age of the plant, duration and temperature of cold exposure, oxygen, sugar, and water. There are two main theories that explain its mechanism - the phasic development theory which proposes vernalization accelerates a developmental phase, and the hormonal theory which suggests it converts a precursor into the flowering hormone vernalin. Vernalization is significant for crop improvement by converting winter varieties to spring varieties and inducing early flowering.
Annual plants is influenced by temperature for flowering is secondary to that of light.
Biennials and perennials remain vegetative during first growing season
After prolonged exposure to cold temperature of winter flowering occurs during following season.
Without cold exposure majority plants remain vegetative
the flowering process is the combined effect of environmental factors like light and temperature. vernalisation is the epigenetic memory that leads to genetic regulation of the process
Plant-movements and plant growth ug.pptxWorldLink5
1. Plant movement can include locomotion, curvature, and hygroscopic movements. Locomotion allows some plants like Euglena to move between locations, while curvature movements cause plant parts like leaves to bend in response to stimuli.
2. Seed germination begins with imbibition and involves processes like respiration and radical emergence to form a seedling. Germination can be epigeal or hypogeal and is affected by external factors like temperature and water as well as internal factors like dormancy.
3. Photoperiodism describes plants' responses to day length, with some flowering under short days and others under long days. Vernalization involves a cold treatment to fulfill temperature requirements and induce flowering. Senes
Lecture 2 from Pat Heslop-Harrison for BS1003 - Cell and Developmental Biology. The transition to flowering. How do plants decide to flower? How do they respond to daylength (photoperiod) and temperature? For information from light, phytochrome is the photoreceptor, but not the clock/time measuring process. Pfr (phytochrome far red) is always the active form of phytochrome, but the function is different in long day plants and short day plants. Pfr promotes flowering in LDPs but inhibits flowering in SDPs.
Vernalization is the process where some plant species require a period of cold temperatures to induce flowering. It is most effective between 1-7°C. There are two main theories that explain the mechanisms of vernalization - the phase development theory and hormone theory. The phase development theory states that low temperatures accelerate the completion of the thermo phase to induce early flowering. The hormone theory suggests that low temperatures produce a flowering stimulus called vernalin, which interacts with gibberellins and florigen to induce flowering under correct photoperiod conditions. Vernalization is most effective at specific developmental stages of the plant and can be reversed by high temperatures through a process called devernalization.
- Chilling stress occurs in plants when they are exposed to temperatures above freezing, between 0-15°C. It can cause physiological disorders and injury.
- Symptoms vary between plant species but include wilting, water soaked lesions, leaf curling/crinkling, and reduced growth or death. This is due to impacts on cell membranes and metabolism.
- Plants native to warm climates are most susceptible, while those from cooler regions can acclimate to develop chilling tolerance through changes to lipid composition and protective compounds. Proper management can also help plants withstand low temperatures.
Vernalization is a process by which flowering of certain plant species is induced or accelerated by exposure to cold temperatures. It prepares plants for flowering by altering the plant's genetic expression. There are two types of strains in cereals - winter strains that require vernalization to flower, and spring strains that do not. Vernalization is reversible through devernalization by exposure to high temperatures. The molecular mechanism involves epigenetic repression of flowering repressor genes like FLC after cold exposure, allowing flowering genes like FT and SOC1 to promote flowering.
Tuberization is a complex biological phenomenon of formation of tuber which is affected by genetic, environmental and nutritional factors.
This presentation is about tuberization of potato. Those who go through this, will definitely know about various aspects regarding tuberization of potato.
The document provides information about plant responses and adaptation to cold stress. It discusses chilling stress which occurs at low but non-freezing temperatures and can cause physiological disorders in plants. It describes the symptoms of chilling injury which includes reduced growth, lesions, and cellular changes like alterations to membranes and metabolism. Freezing stress that occurs below 0°C is also summarized, noting how ice formation can damage plant cells and tissues. The document outlines various strategies plants use to survive cold stress, including accumulating antifreeze proteins, osmoprotectants, and cold-regulated proteins. Signal transduction and transcription factor pathways that sense and respond to cold by regulating gene expression are summarized. Methods to artificially prevent chilling and freezing effects on plants
Seed germination begins when a seed absorbs water and swells. Enzymes are activated which break down stored food to provide energy for growth. The radicle emerges first, followed by the plumule. Germination requires favorable conditions like water, oxygen, temperature and sometimes light. There are two types of germination - epigeal where the seed leaves emerge above ground and hypogeal where they remain underground. Factors like water, temperature, light, soil conditions and the seed's maturity and dormancy affect whether and how quickly it will germinate.
- Storage life of fresh foods depends on storage conditions and handling before, during, and after storage. In general, cool storage helps retain quality for most fresh or preserved foods.
- The quality of harvested produce depends on growing conditions and post-harvest treatments. Storage length is affected by composition, resistance to microbes, and environmental temperature and gases.
- Respiration is the major process of concern during storage, as it causes produce to deteriorate over time through the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones like carbon dioxide and water. The rate of respiration depends on temperature and can be reduced through refrigeration.
The document discusses the flowering behavior of different types of Arabidopsis thaliana, noting that summer annual types flower rapidly without cold treatment, while winter annual types require vernalization or prolonged cold exposure to flower. It provides details on the process of vernalization, how it promotes flowering, its effects varying between species and varieties, and its role in demethylating DNA to activate genes necessary for flowering. The role of gibberellins in overcoming vernalization requirements and inducing flowering is also examined.
Seed deterioration is a cumulative process that increases a seed's vulnerability over time. It decreases a seed's ability to survive and is an undesirable aspect of agriculture. Seed deterioration is separate from seed development and germination. Several factors influence seed deterioration rates, making it difficult to critically evaluate. Moisture content and storage temperature greatly impact seed life, with lower levels extending life. Damage mechanisms differ depending on whether seeds are dry or wet.
Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugsJegan Nadar
Thus PPT covers Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugs. This ppt includes different methods of propagation, pest and pest control management, growth regulators, polyploidy, hybridization, collection of crude drugs and storage of crude drugs.
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is induced by prolonged exposure to cold. It was first explained by Lysenko in 1928, who showed that exposing young biennial plants to low temperatures allowed them to flower in one growing season. Vernalization treatments are effective only when the embryo is supplied with carbohydrates and oxygen. Experiments have shown that low temperatures, actively dividing cells, water, aerobic respiration, and proper nourishment are required for vernalization to occur. The stimulus produced by vernalization, called vernalin, induces vegetative meristems to switch to reproductive development and initiate the process of flower differentiation under appropriate photoperiod conditions. Vernalization can help shorten the juvenile period, induce
Annual plants is influenced by temperature for flowering is secondary to that of light.
Biennials and perennials remain vegetative during first growing season
After prolonged exposure to cold temperature of winter flowering occurs during following season.
Without cold exposure majority plants remain vegetative
the flowering process is the combined effect of environmental factors like light and temperature. vernalisation is the epigenetic memory that leads to genetic regulation of the process
Plant-movements and plant growth ug.pptxWorldLink5
1. Plant movement can include locomotion, curvature, and hygroscopic movements. Locomotion allows some plants like Euglena to move between locations, while curvature movements cause plant parts like leaves to bend in response to stimuli.
2. Seed germination begins with imbibition and involves processes like respiration and radical emergence to form a seedling. Germination can be epigeal or hypogeal and is affected by external factors like temperature and water as well as internal factors like dormancy.
3. Photoperiodism describes plants' responses to day length, with some flowering under short days and others under long days. Vernalization involves a cold treatment to fulfill temperature requirements and induce flowering. Senes
Lecture 2 from Pat Heslop-Harrison for BS1003 - Cell and Developmental Biology. The transition to flowering. How do plants decide to flower? How do they respond to daylength (photoperiod) and temperature? For information from light, phytochrome is the photoreceptor, but not the clock/time measuring process. Pfr (phytochrome far red) is always the active form of phytochrome, but the function is different in long day plants and short day plants. Pfr promotes flowering in LDPs but inhibits flowering in SDPs.
Vernalization is the process where some plant species require a period of cold temperatures to induce flowering. It is most effective between 1-7°C. There are two main theories that explain the mechanisms of vernalization - the phase development theory and hormone theory. The phase development theory states that low temperatures accelerate the completion of the thermo phase to induce early flowering. The hormone theory suggests that low temperatures produce a flowering stimulus called vernalin, which interacts with gibberellins and florigen to induce flowering under correct photoperiod conditions. Vernalization is most effective at specific developmental stages of the plant and can be reversed by high temperatures through a process called devernalization.
- Chilling stress occurs in plants when they are exposed to temperatures above freezing, between 0-15°C. It can cause physiological disorders and injury.
- Symptoms vary between plant species but include wilting, water soaked lesions, leaf curling/crinkling, and reduced growth or death. This is due to impacts on cell membranes and metabolism.
- Plants native to warm climates are most susceptible, while those from cooler regions can acclimate to develop chilling tolerance through changes to lipid composition and protective compounds. Proper management can also help plants withstand low temperatures.
Vernalization is a process by which flowering of certain plant species is induced or accelerated by exposure to cold temperatures. It prepares plants for flowering by altering the plant's genetic expression. There are two types of strains in cereals - winter strains that require vernalization to flower, and spring strains that do not. Vernalization is reversible through devernalization by exposure to high temperatures. The molecular mechanism involves epigenetic repression of flowering repressor genes like FLC after cold exposure, allowing flowering genes like FT and SOC1 to promote flowering.
Tuberization is a complex biological phenomenon of formation of tuber which is affected by genetic, environmental and nutritional factors.
This presentation is about tuberization of potato. Those who go through this, will definitely know about various aspects regarding tuberization of potato.
The document provides information about plant responses and adaptation to cold stress. It discusses chilling stress which occurs at low but non-freezing temperatures and can cause physiological disorders in plants. It describes the symptoms of chilling injury which includes reduced growth, lesions, and cellular changes like alterations to membranes and metabolism. Freezing stress that occurs below 0°C is also summarized, noting how ice formation can damage plant cells and tissues. The document outlines various strategies plants use to survive cold stress, including accumulating antifreeze proteins, osmoprotectants, and cold-regulated proteins. Signal transduction and transcription factor pathways that sense and respond to cold by regulating gene expression are summarized. Methods to artificially prevent chilling and freezing effects on plants
Seed germination begins when a seed absorbs water and swells. Enzymes are activated which break down stored food to provide energy for growth. The radicle emerges first, followed by the plumule. Germination requires favorable conditions like water, oxygen, temperature and sometimes light. There are two types of germination - epigeal where the seed leaves emerge above ground and hypogeal where they remain underground. Factors like water, temperature, light, soil conditions and the seed's maturity and dormancy affect whether and how quickly it will germinate.
- Storage life of fresh foods depends on storage conditions and handling before, during, and after storage. In general, cool storage helps retain quality for most fresh or preserved foods.
- The quality of harvested produce depends on growing conditions and post-harvest treatments. Storage length is affected by composition, resistance to microbes, and environmental temperature and gases.
- Respiration is the major process of concern during storage, as it causes produce to deteriorate over time through the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones like carbon dioxide and water. The rate of respiration depends on temperature and can be reduced through refrigeration.
The document discusses the flowering behavior of different types of Arabidopsis thaliana, noting that summer annual types flower rapidly without cold treatment, while winter annual types require vernalization or prolonged cold exposure to flower. It provides details on the process of vernalization, how it promotes flowering, its effects varying between species and varieties, and its role in demethylating DNA to activate genes necessary for flowering. The role of gibberellins in overcoming vernalization requirements and inducing flowering is also examined.
Seed deterioration is a cumulative process that increases a seed's vulnerability over time. It decreases a seed's ability to survive and is an undesirable aspect of agriculture. Seed deterioration is separate from seed development and germination. Several factors influence seed deterioration rates, making it difficult to critically evaluate. Moisture content and storage temperature greatly impact seed life, with lower levels extending life. Damage mechanisms differ depending on whether seeds are dry or wet.
Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugsJegan Nadar
Thus PPT covers Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugs. This ppt includes different methods of propagation, pest and pest control management, growth regulators, polyploidy, hybridization, collection of crude drugs and storage of crude drugs.
Vernalization is the process by which flowering is induced by prolonged exposure to cold. It was first explained by Lysenko in 1928, who showed that exposing young biennial plants to low temperatures allowed them to flower in one growing season. Vernalization treatments are effective only when the embryo is supplied with carbohydrates and oxygen. Experiments have shown that low temperatures, actively dividing cells, water, aerobic respiration, and proper nourishment are required for vernalization to occur. The stimulus produced by vernalization, called vernalin, induces vegetative meristems to switch to reproductive development and initiate the process of flower differentiation under appropriate photoperiod conditions. Vernalization can help shorten the juvenile period, induce
Ag-Ab-Reactions.pdf microbiology and botanyjyothisaisri
The document discusses antigen-antibody reactions, including the specific and reversible binding between antigens and antibodies. It describes the properties of antigen-antibody reactions, such as high specificity, non-covalent interactions, and reversibility. It also discusses the concepts of affinity, avidity, and cross-reactivity. Finally, it summarizes several types of antigen-antibody reactions: precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, and neutralization.
IR Spect.pptx stereochemistry pdf sem 4 notesjyothisaisri
Infrared spectroscopy analyzes molecular vibrations to determine chemical structure. When molecules absorb infrared light, their bonds vibrate at characteristic frequencies. Only vibrations that change the molecule's dipole moment are infrared active. There are two types of vibrations - stretching and bending. Stretching involves changes in bond lengths while bending involves changes in bond angles. Different functional groups, like alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids, have distinct infrared absorption regions that identify their presence in a sample.
fermentation media.ppt life sciences pptjyothisaisri
Crude media contains a variety of naturally available nutrients that are well-suited for fermentation processes. It provides high yields while containing undefined ingredients like inorganic salts, carbon sources, vitamins, and minerals. Common carbon sources in crude media include molasses, malt extract, sulfite waste liquor, whey, and corn steep liquor which are inexpensive byproducts of other industries and contain carbohydrates, proteins, and growth factors.
This document discusses various types of chromosomal aberrations:
1. Variations in chromosome number including euploidy (changes in whole sets), aneuploidy (changes in single chromosomes), and polyploidy (having multiple sets).
2. Variations in chromosome structure including deletions, duplications, translocations that occur within and between chromosomes. Specific examples of numerical variations like triploidy, tetraploidy, and structural aberrations like tandem duplications are provided.
Organometallic Compounds_Notes.pdf sem 4jyothisaisri
Organometallic compounds contain direct bonds between carbon atoms in organic groups and metal atoms. They can be classified based on bond type as ionic, covalent, or pi-bonded. Metal carbonyls contain carbon monoxide ligands bonded to a metal. The 18-electron rule states that metal complexes are most stable when the metal has 18 electrons in its valence shell through contributions from its own electrons and electrons donated by ligands. Metal carbonyls can be analyzed using this rule by counting electrons donated by each ligand type to the metal.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
2. • Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is promoted by a cold
treatment given to a fully hydrated seed or to a growing plant.
• Dry seeds do not respond to the cold treatment.
• Due to vernalization the vegetative period of the plant is cut short resulting in
an early flowering.
• Also called as yarovization.
• Without the cold treatment, plants that require vernalization show delayed
flowering or remain vegetative.
• In many cases these plants grow as rosettes with no elongation of the stem.
3.
4. History
• Klippart,1857- first noticed the low temperature requirement for
flowering while working with winter wheat and spring wheat.
• Lysenko,1938-used the term vernalization for a low temperature
promotion of flowering in plants.
• Chourad ,1960- defined vernaliation as “acquisition or acceleration of the
ability to flower by a chilling treatment”.
5. Vernalization
• For vernalization the seeds are allowed to germinate for some time and
then are given cold treatment 0 ̊C to 5 ̊C.
• The period of cold treatment varies from few days to many weeks.
• After the cold treatment the seedlings are allowed to dry for sometime
and then sown.
• Vernalization prepares the plant for flowering.
• The cold stimulus usually perceived by the apical meistems.but in some
species all dividing cells of roots and leaves may be the potential sites of
vernalization eg.Leennario biennis.
6. • Vernaliztion induces the plant to produce a hormone called vernalin.It was
discovered by Melcher(1936).
• The vernalization stimulus can be transmitted from one plant to another
through graphting.
• The age of the plant is an important factor in determining the responsiveness
of the plant to the cold stimulus and it differs in different species.
• The suitable temperature for vernalization ranges between 1 to 6 ̊c.
• At higher temperature from 7 ̊c onwards response of the plant is decreased.
• A temperature of about 12 to 14 ̊c is most ineffective in vernalizing th plant.
7. • The vernalization is an aerobic process and requires metabolic energy.
• In the absence of oxygen cold treatment becomes completely inefficient.
• Sufficient amount of water is also essential.
• Vernalization of dry seeds is not possible.
9. Phasic development theory
• Proposed by Lysenko in 1934.
• According to this theory there is a series of phases in the development of
a plant.
• Each phase is stimulated by an environmental factor such as
temperature,light,etc.
• Commencement of one phase will take place only after the completion of
the proceeding phase.
• There are two phases
• 1.Thermophase
• 2.Photophase
• Thermophase depends on temperature.vernalization accelerates
thermophase.
• Thermophase should be followed by photophase which requires light.
10. Hormonal theories
• Melcher (1939)
• He proposed that chlling treatment induces the formation of a new floral
hormone called vernalin.
• This hormone is transmitted to other parts of the plant.
• He graphted a vernalized plant with an unvernalized plant.
• The unvernalized plant also initiates flowering.
• The hormone,vrnalin diffuses from the vernalized plant to the
unvernalized plant and induces flowering.
11. Epigenetic Changes in Gene Expression
• Vernalization May Involve Epigenetic Changes in Gene Expression.
• Changes in gene expression that are stable even after the signal that induced the
change (in this case cold) is removed are known as epigenetic regulation.
• One model for how vernalization affects flowering is that there are stable
changes in the pattern of gene expression in the meristem after cold treatment.
• The involvement of epigenetic regulation in the vernalization process has been
confirmed in the LDP Arabidopsis.
• A gene that acts as a repressor of flowering has been identified: FLOWERING
LOCUS C (FLC). FLC is highly expressed in nonvernalized shoot apical meristems
(Michaels and Amasino 2000).
• After vernalization, this gene is epigenetically switched off by an unknown
mechanism for the remainder of the plant’s life cycle.
12.
13. Devernalization
• The reversion of vernalization by high temperature treatment is called
devernalization.
• Devernalization is effected by treating the vernalized seeds or buds with
high temperature.
• Lang et al (1957) demonstrated that application of gibberlins can replace
the cold treatment for vernalization in certain biennial plants.
14. Practical applications
• Due to vernalization the vegetative period of the plant is cut short resulting in
an early flowering.
• Vernalization increases the resistance of plants to fungal diseases.
• It increases the cold resistance of plants.
• In the biennials,vernalization induces early flowering and early fruit setting.
• Flowering can be induced by graphting and this feature is used in horticulture.
• It also helps in crop improvement.
