Vascular plants include clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms like conifers, and angiosperms. They have specialized tissues called xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and phloem transports food. Lycophytes are the oldest division of vascular plants, developing 410 million years ago. They reproduce using spores, not seeds, and alternate between sporophyte and gametophyte generations. Club mosses are examples. Monilophytes, or ferns, developed 360 million years ago. They resemble lycophytes but have true leaves. Gymnosperms like conifers and cycads bear naked seeds in cones

2. VASCULAR PLANTS
• They also have a specialized non-lignified tissue (the phloem) to conduct products of photosynthesis.
Vascular plants include the clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms(including conifers)
and angiosperms (flowering plants).

3. VASCULAR VESSELS
The vascular vessels are divided into two types based on what they transport. The phloem are vessels on
the outer layer of the stem that transport food materials such as sugars from the leaves, where they are
produced, or from storage tissues, to the rest of the plant. If a tree is cut, you can often see sap seep out of
the tree, and this is the contents of the phloem. If you have ever had maple syrup, it is the processed form
of the sap that is found in the phloem of maple trees. The second type of vascular vessel is the xylem;
these are the vessels that transport water throughout the plant. The xylem vessels carry water from the
roots up the plant and to the leaves.

5. LYCOPHYTES
• The division Lycopodiophta is the oldest living division of vascular plants. In fact, the division developed
nearly 410 million years ago! Consequently, of the nearly 1,200 species of lycophytes in existence today,
many of them have remained relatively unchanged since then and are some of the most primitive forms
of vascular plants.
• Lycophytes reproduce using spores, not seeds, and feature alternation of generations. This means that
when one generation of a lycophyte is asporophyte, the next will be agametophyte, and then the next
will be a sporophyte, and so on.
• An example of a lycophyte is the club moss, not to be confused with non-vascular moss.

6. LYCOPHYTES

7. MONILOPHYTES
• Monilophytes, more commonly known as ferns, are members of the division Polypodiophyta.
Polypodiophyta first appeared nearly 360 million years ago during the Carboniferous period and, like
the Lycopodiophyta, are some of the most primitive vascular plants out there.
• What distinguished monilophytes from lycophytes, however, is the fact that they have true leaves.
Otherwise, they reproduce in a very similar manner -- using spores and alteration of generations.

9. GYMNOSPERMS
• Gymnosperms are seed bearing plants in the aptly named division of Pinophyta. The division name is
very easy to remember for gymnosperms because they're basically just pine trees (conifers, cycads,
Gingko, etc.). The name gynosperm refers to the fact that their seeds are "naked." The seeds of
gymnosperms are not enclosed and are often times exposed as a part of a cone.

10. GYMNOSPERMS

11. ANGIOSPERMS

12. ANGIOSPERMS
• Angiosperms are flowering plants that feature seeds that are enclosed within a fruit of some sort. The
flowers of angiosperms are the reproductive organs of the plant and feature stamens which produce
pollen and prevent self-fertilization (this results in a more diverse population).
• Members of the Magnoliophyta division include fruit bearing trees, flowers, and cacti.

14. THANK YOU FOR WATCHING !!!!! 
• By KENT JOHN NOMOS
• VIII-BANABA STE