The main purpose of the study is to appraise the validity of research instruments, the appropriateness
of the research designs and the statistics used for data analyses in articles published in education journals in
Nigeria. Currently, higher institutions in Nigeria tend to prefer articles published in foreign/international
journals. Some researchers in the country also question the validity of some of the articles published in local
journals. Appropriate research designs, valid instrument and appropriate use of statisticals tools are some of
the indices that make research results credible and dependable. To assess these important variables, three
questions were posed. Journal articles published in Nigeria education Journals for last five years were selected
through accidental sampling technique. Then purposive sampling technique was used to select 132 empirical
studies. Empirical studies were selected because they are the studies that lend themselves to use of designs, data
collection with instruments and statistical analysis of data. Appraisal guides for instrument, design and
statistics were used to assess the articles. The results showed that 67% of the articles were carried out with
appropriate research designs, and in 78% of the articles, appropriate statistics were applied in data analyses.
However, only 36% of the instruments used for the study would generate data that can lead to valid
interpretation of the results. Programmes that will enhance knowledge and stills of researchers to improve the
quality of research based publications are recommended. Institutions of higher learning can help their staff in
this direction
This workshop is meant to be an introduction to the systematic review process. Further information about systematic reviews was available through a research guide. http://libguides.ucalgary.ca/content.php?pid=593664
This PPT covers basics of Research Methodology like;
1. Meaning of Research
2. Nature of Research
3. Objectives of Research
4. Advantages of Research
5. Limitations of Research
6. Criteria / Features of Good Research
7. Types of Research
8. Process of Research
Today research visibility is very important in an otherwise crowded digital environment. Here the concept of visibility generated and visibility earned is explained.
This workshop is meant to be an introduction to the systematic review process. Further information about systematic reviews was available through a research guide. http://libguides.ucalgary.ca/content.php?pid=593664
This PPT covers basics of Research Methodology like;
1. Meaning of Research
2. Nature of Research
3. Objectives of Research
4. Advantages of Research
5. Limitations of Research
6. Criteria / Features of Good Research
7. Types of Research
8. Process of Research
Today research visibility is very important in an otherwise crowded digital environment. Here the concept of visibility generated and visibility earned is explained.
Systematic review article and Meta-analysis: Main steps for Successful writin...Pubrica
A review article is a piece of writing that gives a complete and systematic summary of results available in a certain field while also allowing the reader to perceive the subject from a different viewpoint.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3m7OTqC
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
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Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
Systematic review article and meta analysis .main steps for successful writin...Pubrica
A review article is a piece of writing that gives a complete and systematic summary of results available in a certain field while also allowing the reader to perceive the subject from a different viewpoint.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3m7OTqC
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
This module was developed at the School of Public Health, University for the Western Cape for the Postgraduate Certificate in Public Health which was offered as a distance learning module between 2001 and 2008. Health Systems Research is an integral part of the vision for a quality, comprehensive, community-based, participatory and equitable system. This module aims to provide an introduction to the kinds of research conducted within a health system, the research designs and methods used, and how to develop a research protocol.
Author(s): Mickey Chopra, John Coveney
Institution(s): University of the Western Cape
This resource is part of the African Health Open Educational Resources Network: http://www.oerafrica.org/healthoer. The original resource is also available from the authoring institution at http://freecourseware.uwc.ac.za/
Creative Commons license: Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0
For a School of Information class on medical librarianship, this presentation was created to provide a very basic introduction and overview of the concepts, expectations, and experience of the librarian portion of working in a systematic review team.
slides will make you understand current issues of nursing research and envisioning future scope or you say journey from nursing research to nurse scientist
A well recognised form of research is called systematic reviews on specific point. Why do we need them and How they can be done?? this talk is trying to answer these questions in a simple way
Systematic review article and Meta-analysis: Main steps for Successful writin...Pubrica
A review article is a piece of writing that gives a complete and systematic summary of results available in a certain field while also allowing the reader to perceive the subject from a different viewpoint.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3m7OTqC
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
Systematic review article and meta analysis .main steps for successful writin...Pubrica
A review article is a piece of writing that gives a complete and systematic summary of results available in a certain field while also allowing the reader to perceive the subject from a different viewpoint.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3m7OTqC
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
This module was developed at the School of Public Health, University for the Western Cape for the Postgraduate Certificate in Public Health which was offered as a distance learning module between 2001 and 2008. Health Systems Research is an integral part of the vision for a quality, comprehensive, community-based, participatory and equitable system. This module aims to provide an introduction to the kinds of research conducted within a health system, the research designs and methods used, and how to develop a research protocol.
Author(s): Mickey Chopra, John Coveney
Institution(s): University of the Western Cape
This resource is part of the African Health Open Educational Resources Network: http://www.oerafrica.org/healthoer. The original resource is also available from the authoring institution at http://freecourseware.uwc.ac.za/
Creative Commons license: Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0
For a School of Information class on medical librarianship, this presentation was created to provide a very basic introduction and overview of the concepts, expectations, and experience of the librarian portion of working in a systematic review team.
slides will make you understand current issues of nursing research and envisioning future scope or you say journey from nursing research to nurse scientist
A well recognised form of research is called systematic reviews on specific point. Why do we need them and How they can be done?? this talk is trying to answer these questions in a simple way
Contextualizing Scientific Research Methodologiesiosrjce
This article dissects the various research instruments currently employed, against the backdrop of
the research design, methodology, population, sampling, and sample size. It highlights quantitative and
qualitative research, data collection methods, as well as the validity and reliability of the investigations. The
article adopted a qualitative research design that utilized documentation analyses to evaluate conventional
approaches to research methods. The study concludes by recommending both qualitative and quantitative
analyses in adding depth to an empirical scientific study
Research in Nursing: A Guide to Understanding Research Designs and TechniquesAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Nurses like any other professionals are expected to participate in research studies since nursing
is a science that is fast evolving. Research in nursing paves the way for high quality, evidence-based nursing
care. Findings from research highly informs quality nursing practice. Nursing practice needs to be research
based; hence, it is worth commending that all nurses understand research techniques and designs and be
involved in research. However, some bedside nurses are not aware of the relationship between research and the
quality of care provided to patients. Such nurses need to be aware of the importance of research in nursing and
get on board. There are different types of research designs and methods, and the type of design employed for a
particular study will determine the methods to be used for that study. Generally, the different types of study
designs include experimental and non-experimental research designs which can be used according to the need to
answer many questions in the field of nursing. Thus, this paper gives an overview of research designs and
methods in order to provide novice nurses with the basics of research methodology. This istoensure that nurses
have an understanding of the research process and participate in research activities. This will in turn ensure that
quality care which is evidenced-based is rendered to all patients.
Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study.
It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge.
Methodology is useful to guide and help in order to obtain the objectives of a research project.
This consists of the purpose, assumptions, limitations, philosophy, strategy, data collection method, sampling method, scaling, data analysis, validity and reliability of the research.
The methodological choices reported give guidelines for the way which should collect necessary information for this study investigation and analyzing matters.
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
How to write chapter three of your research projectEtieneIma123
Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part in the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data and how you collected it.
This chapter explains the different methods to be used in the research project. Here you mention the procedures and strategies you will employ in the study such as research design, research area (area of the study), the population of the study, etc.
You also tell the reader why you chose a particular method, how you planned to analyze your data. Your methodology should be written in a simple language such that other researchers can follow the method and arrive at the same conclusion or findings.
How to write chapter three of your research projectEtieneIma123
Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part of the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data and how you collected it.
Research design and methodology | Research design and methodology | Research ...Pubrica
A scientific approach in research refers to a systematic review and objective methodology employed to investigate phenomena, gather data, and derive conclusions. It involves the application of rigorous scientific research methods and principles to ensure the findings' validity, reliability, and replicability.
Know more @ https://pubrica.com/insights/experimental-methodology/scientific-approach-in-research/
Visit us @ https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/
Though there are similarities concerning qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, both have distinguishing
fundamental ontological and epistemological perspectives that are unique to their respective research design. When contemplating a
methodological approach in order to answer a research question, qualitative and quantitative methodologies are not mutually
exclusive. Though the characteristics of each methodology are distinct, their corresponding qualities add to their rigor, and both
methodologies have the capacity to inform one another in order to generate, test, and confirm theory. To illustrate this, a qualitative
collective case study and a quantitative survey research method are examined. The application of each design is considered to the
extent of their usefulness in attaining a comprehensive understanding of complex phenomena. Finally, implications for future
research are also offered.
Qualitative Research Evaluation Essay
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An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
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Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
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Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
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A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Validity of Instruments, Appropriateness of Designs and Statistics in Articles in Nigerian Education Journals
1. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME)
e-ISSN: 2320–7388,p-ISSN: 2320–737X Volume 5, Issue 3 Ver. II (May - Jun. 2015), PP 01-04
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05320104 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Validity of Instruments, Appropriateness of Designs and Statistics
in Articles in Nigerian Education Journals
Prof. Nkechi Patricia-Mary Esomonu 1,
Dr. Christopher Amobi Nwankwo 2,
Dr. Bakky Ngozi Adirika 3.
1,3
Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra
State, Nigeria.
2,
Department of Guidance and Counselling, Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra
State, Nigeria
Abstract: The main purpose of the study is to appraise the validity of research instruments, the appropriateness
of the research designs and the statistics used for data analyses in articles published in education journals in
Nigeria. Currently, higher institutions in Nigeria tend to prefer articles published in foreign/international
journals. Some researchers in the country also question the validity of some of the articles published in local
journals. Appropriate research designs, valid instrument and appropriate use of statisticals tools are some of
the indices that make research results credible and dependable. To assess these important variables, three
questions were posed. Journal articles published in Nigeria education Journals for last five years were selected
through accidental sampling technique. Then purposive sampling technique was used to select 132 empirical
studies. Empirical studies were selected because they are the studies that lend themselves to use of designs, data
collection with instruments and statistical analysis of data. Appraisal guides for instrument, design and
statistics were used to assess the articles. The results showed that 67% of the articles were carried out with
appropriate research designs, and in 78% of the articles, appropriate statistics were applied in data analyses.
However, only 36% of the instruments used for the study would generate data that can lead to valid
interpretation of the results. Programmes that will enhance knowledge and stills of researchers to improve the
quality of research based publications are recommended. Institutions of higher learning can help their staff in
this direction.
Keywords: Validity, Instrument, Research Design and Statistical Analysis.
I. Introduction
The traditional key concepts in classical test theory, validity and reliability have remained central in
judging the credibility of research works and results that accrue from the research endevour. A valid measure is
measuring what it is supposed to measure. In practical terms, it is the extent to which subjects‟ responses to the
instrument actually correspond to the quality of behaviour in which one is directly interested. In a more current
understanding, validity is the extent to which scores on a test enable one to make meaningful and appropriate
interpretation (Ary, Jacob & Scrensen, 2012)
As contained in standard for educational and psychological tests by American Educational Research
Association, American psychological Association and National Council on measurement in Education, validity
is defined as the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores entailed by
proposed uses of tests (Ary, Jacob & Sorenson, 2012).
The tasks of improving the validity and reliability of instruments and interpretation of the results have
been handled by experts through the traditional techniques of factor analysis, multidimensional scaling and data
clustering. The more recent techniques include structural equation modeling and path analysis. With the
advancement in computer application, measurement experts have developed several models for the latent trait
theory. In practice, the problem of validity and reliability of instruments still remains with every researcher. The
extent to which a researcher uses instrument to obtain data that lend themselves to valid and reliable
interpretations to that extent the results of the research is credible and dependable. These are also predicated on
the use of appropriate research designs and good statistical tools among others.
2. Validity Of Instruments, Appropriateness Of Designs And Statistics In Articles In Nigerian…
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05320104 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
Choosing appropriate research designs is essential in research activity. A good research design is a
master plan for conducing research and a blueprint for measurement, collection and analysis of data. Through
appropriate design a researcher can logically rule out the effect of an outcome of anything, other than that of the
treatment provided (Fitz- Gribbon in Esomonu, 2013) Design ensures the validity and reliability of the research
results.
The statistics conclusion validity otherwise referred to as the appropriate use of statistics to infer
whether a relationship is a true cause-effect relationship or chance factors is equally vital. Any inappropriate use
of statistics is a threat because it can lead to error in conclusion.
Observably, some scholars in Nigeria have in recent time questioned the quality of some research
studies and publications made from them. The problem is not delimited to Nigeria. For instance, Ioannidis
(2005) stated that researchers who conduct scientific studies are often motivated by external factors such as the
desire to get published, advance their careers, receive funding, or seek certain results. In Nigeria the
proliferation of journals to some extent was a response to “publish or perish” syndrome in institutions of higher
learning. Some institutions tend to emphasize articles published in foreign journals during promotion. However,
some scholars on the other hand feel that these articles in local journals are of good quality, but lack of empirical
evidence to justify these feelings is a handicap. This study is set out to assess some of the essential components
of research work. To this end the study was guided by the questions: to what extent are articles published in
Nigeria education journals carried out with valid instruments, to what extent are research designs and statistics
used in the articles appropriate?
II. Methodology
The study is a survey carried out in Nigeria. The journals included in the study were those published in
the last five years. The journals were selected through accidental sampling technique and the articles reviewed
were selected through purposive sampling technique. Only empirical studies were selected because they are the
studies that lend themselves to design, data collection with instruments and statistical analysis of data.
Each article was reviewed with respect to the three variables of concern by three experts with a good
background in education measurement and evaluation, and research. In reviewing the article indicators relating
to the three variables were used. Indicators of valid instrument include focus command for constructs,
application of test blueprint, instrument‟s ability to collect relevant data, adequate content coverage and so on.
Appraisal guide for design includes indication for randomization, manipulation and control in different
experimental designs, use of appropriate sampling techniques in surveys, proper data generation in associations
for correlations. Appropriate statistics will depend on the type of data to be analyzed e.g. ratio, interval; the
number of groups or data sets involved in the study, whether numerical data are normally distributed,
compliance with statistical assumptions, type of research questions and so on.
In reviewing the articles, an instrument, design or statistics are regarded as valid or appropriate if at
least two out of the three experts categorized it as such.
III. Results
The total number of articles reviewed was 132.
Table1: Analysis of Articles with Respect to Availability of Instrument, Research Design and Statistical
Methods.
Table 2: Instrument
3. Validity Of Instruments, Appropriateness Of Designs And Statistics In Articles In Nigerian…
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05320104 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
Table 3: Research Design
Table 4: Statistical Method
IV. Discussion
Only 38 which in 29% of 132 articles reviewed had the instrument for data collection available, 14
(36%) of these instruments were considered valid while 24 (64%) were not valid. Availability of only few
(29%) of the instruments used for data collections for the articles reviewed is a limitation to the work. However,
the finding that only 36% of the available instruments are valid is an indication of the level of carelessness of
researchers. This is also an indication that many researchers are no longer ready to subject themselves to the
rigor of research work. When a research instrument does not yield data that can lend to valid interpretation of
results, that research findings cannot be trustworthy. Ioannidis (2005) in his article „why most published
findings are false‟ declared that much of what biomedical researchers conclude in published studies are
misleading, exaggerated and often flat out wrong. He charged that as much as 90% of the published medical
information that doctors rely on is flawed. If one of the important functions of educational research is to identify
the best practices to improve educational environment (Gal, Gall & Borg, 2003), then research should be seen as
a serious business.
Out of 132 articles reviewed 87 had research design clearly stated out of which 67% were appropriate.
This result showed that a good number of articles used appropriate research design. In 96 out of 132 articles
reviewed the statistics used were clearly understood. 78% of this statistical tools used were appropriate. This
result also showed that a good percentage of articles used appropriate statistical tools to analysis their data.
V. Conclusion and Recommendations
From the findings one can conclude that in many of the articles reviewed the researchers used
appropriate research designs and apply appropriate statistical methods. However, it does appear that many of the
researchers did not validate their instruments properly before use. It is important to note that educational
research must meet certain standards otherwise the suggestions from its findings will be ineffective or possibly
impair the learning process (Korb, 2010). Hence according to Esomonu, (2005), every invalid instrument yields
unreliable data and any decision made based on the data is decision made on false information and this may
have a far resolving implications on the education system and the society at large.
It is recommended therefore that instrumentation, with emphasis as validity and reliability should be
given special attention in research studies.
There should be training and retraining of researchers and lecturers in higher institution to improve
their research knowledge and skills. Institutions of higher learning in Nigeria should develop special programme
for their lecturers in research capacity building Sponsorship to conferences, seminar and workshops are needed
to expose researchers and lecturers to practical sessions.
References
[1]. Ary, D. Jacobs, L.C. & Sorensen, C. (2012). Introduction to research in education 8th
Edition Canada: Wadsworth Cengage
Learning.
[2]. Esomonu, N.P.M. (2013) Prospective of educational measurement and evaluation Awka: Marpat Educational Research and
Publication.
[3]. Esomonu, N.P.M. (2005). Reflecting on educational evaluation. The charm of the psychometricans. Inaugural lecturer servs
No. 1, Federal College of Education (Technical), Umuna, Anambra State, Nigeria Awka: Marpart Educational Research and
Publication.
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[4]. Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2005). Why most published findings are false. PLOS Med 2(8): Retrived in 11-4-15 from http:// journals.
plos./plosmedicine /article?id = 10. 1371.pmed.0020124
[5]. Gall, M.D., Gall J.P., & Borg W.R. (2003). Educational research: An introduction Boston: Allyn and Bason.
[6]. Korb, K.A. (2010) Learning disabilities as educational research disabilities setting educational research standard. The
Nigerian Educational Psychologist 8 19-26.
[7]. Nayak, B.K. & Hazra A (2011). How to choose the right statistical test? Indian Journal of Ophthalmol. 59(2) 85-86 Retrieved on
11-4-15 from http: // www. ncbi. nlm.nih.gov /pmc/articles /pmc3116565;