Essay On Qualitative Research

Essay On Qualitative Research
BASIC CONCEPTS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (An Essay) By Deborah Sitorus One of the ways to gain knowledge is by carrying out some
research. As what Zacharia (2012) stated that in daily life most people conduct research to gain knowledge. A research can be carried out
qualitatively or quantitatively depends on the research purposes and needs and the type of information the researcher is seeking. My concern in this
essay is to briefly share my understandings about basic concepts of qualitative research that I gained from my readings on some books on qualitative
research methods as well as from the class discussion with lecturer and colleagues on qualitative research course at the university. The basic concepts of
qualitative research that will...show more content...
In quantitative research, the researcher relies on statistical analysis (mathematical analysis) of the data, which is typically in numeric form. In
qualitative research, statistics are not used to analyze the data; instead, the inquirer analyzes words (e.g., transcriptions from interviews) or images (e.g.,
photographs). Rather than relying on statistical procedures, the qualitative researcher analyzes the words to group them into larger meanings of
understanding, such as codes, categories, or themes (Creswell, 2012). In addition, both qualitative and quantitative researchers are concerned with the
individuals' point of view. However, qualitative researchers think they can get closer to the actor's perspective through detailed–interviewing and
observation. They argue that quantitative researchers are seldom able to capture their subjects perspective because they have to rely on more remote,
inferential empirical methods and materials (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000). Despite all these differences, one of the strengths of qualitative research
design is that it often allows for far greater (theoretically informed) flexibility than in most quantitative research designs (Silverman, 2005). The allure
of qualitative research also enables the researcher to conduct in–depth studies about a broad array of topics, including the favorites, in plain and
everyday terms (Yin, 2011). Furthermore, qualitative research designs tend to work
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Essay on Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Qualitative and Quantitative study designs both can be beneficial in research design. They both provide valuable options for researchers in the field.
These techniques can either be used separately in a research study or they can be combined to achieve maximum information. This paper will define the
terms qualitative and quantitative; describe the similarities and differences between each; discuss how qualitative and/or quantitative research designs or
techniques could be used in the evaluation of my proposed research; and discuss why linking analysis to study design is important. Quantitative studies
are primarily numbers based. They deal with large cohort groups as well as analyze large amounts of data. "A quantitative...show more content...
When both research designs are used together, more information can be gathered. Mixed methodology uses the numerical portion of the quantitative
study design in combination with the descriptive aspect of the qualitative study. There are many similarities between these two designs, which make
them compatible with each other. "Whilst quantitative research may be mostly used for testing theory it can also be used for exploring an area and
generating hypotheses and theory. Similarly qualitative research can be used for testing hypotheses and theories even though it is mostly used for theory
generation" (Hughes, 2006). Both of these designs may be similar with testing theory, they are also similar in the tools that they use and how the data is
analyzed. "Qualitative data often includes quantification (eg statements such as more than, less than, most as well as specific numbers). Quantitative
(ie questionnaire) approaches can collect qualitative data through open ended questions" (Hughes, 2006). These similarities are what make these two
study designs compatible for each other. There are also some differences between these study designs, which may cause some problems for the
inexperienced researcher. "Quantitative research is objective; qualitative research is subjective. Quantitative research seeks explanatory laws;
qualitative research aims at

Qualitative Research Strategy
Research Strategy.
Case study was research strategy adopted for this study. It is one of the types of qualitative research study (Creswell, 1998). According to Rubin and
Babbie (2013) which view case study as a particular examination of phenomenon. In this study case study explore the influence e–resources has on the
professional development and classroom practices of beginner teachers and providing a detailed information through multiple source of data collection
methods such as semi–structured interview, observation, data analysis and research journal.However,Creswell,2007 highlighted that case study is a
qualitative approach that explore bounded system of phenomenon over time. More so, Yin (2009) validates that case study is an empirical...show more
content...
The use of these 4 data collection methods in this study was for triangulation purpose and to create an opportunity to fid the correlation of the data
during the process of collection. In the school semi–structured interview was conducted first followed by the observation as well as document analysis.
Documents were sourced from the internet after acquiring the particular source used by each participant.
The sequence of data was used so that in=dept information are able to be retrieved from the participants and also be able to confirm or disapprove
some of the claim retrieved from the first method used. Interview creates an opportunity to collect data on the view of beginner teachers on their
experiences on their practices in the classroom. Observation and document analysis was on the actual classroom practices. Each school was visited 4
times where the first visit focused n the introduction of the study to the school.
Semi structured

Qualitative Research Essay
Qualitative Research in Nursing
Date of last revision : January 28, 2011 "Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts" –Albert Einstein
INTRODUCTION
Qualitative research methods have become increasingly important as ways of developing nursing knowledge for evidence–based nursing practice.
Qualitative research answers a wide variety of questions related to nursing's concern with human responses to actual or potential health problems.
(Ploeg J, 1999)
Qualitative research is a type of scientific research which has its roots in philosophy and human sciences.
Qualitative research plays an important part in providing evidence for practice in nursing, and is gaining greater...show more content...
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The key difference between quantitative and qualitative methods is their flexibility.
In qualitative methods, the relationship between the researcher and the participant is often less formal than in quantitative research Quantitative
Research Qualitative Research
General framework Seek to confirm hypotheses
Postivist paradigm Seek to explore phenomena
Naturalistic paradigm
ObjectivesTo predict & controlTo understand (what, how, & why)
ToolsHighly structured methods: questionnaires, surveys, and structured observation Use semi–structured methods: in–depth interviews, focus groups,
and participant observation
DesignRigid design
Controlled & experimentalEmergent design
FocusPrediction
Outcomes
GeneralisabilityRich "thick" description
Similarities & contrasts
Process & context
Nature of data analysisStatisticalNon–statistical

SamplingRelatively large samples using often random sampling Small samples using purposive, convenient or snaw ball sampling technique.
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA
Obtrusive
Semi structured interviews
In–depth interviews
Focus Group Discussions
Ethnography
Participatory Action Research
Narrative and Life History
Participant observation
Unobtrusive methods
Simple observation
Document analysis (written records)
Audio–visual
Text analysis / Discourse analysis

Qualitative Research Evaluation Essay
EVALUATION DATA RESEARCH
Qualitative research seeks to answer the "why" and not the "how" of the research project that is being conducted, this is done through a complex
system of analyzing unstructured information such as survey's , questionnaires, interviews, interview transcripts, open end survey's, focus groups,
observations, emails, notes, video's, feed back forms and photo's; most of the time a qualitative report won't depend on statistical evidence alone it
must be accompanied by detailed facts and proven facts and not hypotheses or in accurate data, this can lead to misunderstanding of data findings and
can through the whole aim of the research project off and waste valuable time.
A qualitative research project is mainly used...show more content...
According to (Bamberger, et, al, 2006) the purpose of the interview is to elicit information about and from the stakeholders experience, perceptions, and
meanings, this is critical in a qualitative research project it helps to understand what is being asked of the stakeholder. Interview data also incorporates
the stakeholders personal perspective, and gives confirmation of the data through direct observation, or from other stakeholders involved in the
research project; by eliciting the input of observation data this helps to confirm to the researcher the intent of the stakeholder, it also shows their
behavior, and their personal meaning. Documentary and artifactual data includes texts, photos, and other tangible items from the site that they are
being collected from, analyzed and reviewed. By reviewing the documents artifacts and materials of a culture provides the researcher with an
unobtrusive method of gaining information and may offer other forms of information that's unavailable from any other data source. According to
(Bamberger, et, al, 2006) journals, artifacts, photo's and artwork may provide information of occurrences that have happened before the evaluators
arrival. As in all research projects documents and artifacts include the perspective and the biases of their human creator, therefore each item must be
considered

Qualitative Exploratory Essay
This study was a qualitative descriptive exploratory study, which Grove, Burns and Gray (2013, p. 27) define as being of use when researchers seek to
understand a problem by describing it and promoting further understanding. Qualitative research aims to investigate a phenomenon or analyse
perspectives, this method often utilises a smaller study population but yields data rich in human experience (Schira, 2009, p.77–78). An example of this
qualitative paradigm is the researcher's use of interviews as a data collection method, and smaller sample size. Interviews were utilised for the data
collection, as Addo (2013, p. 197) says that these can aid researchers in exploring the participant's experience with the phenomenon of interest. The
researchers...show more content...
In the article the researchers acknowledge their results may not be generalisable to due to sample size and state they feel that further research is
required in order to draw stronger thematic conclusions. However, Esterman, Warland & Deuter (2010, p. 35) say that the lens that qualitative
researchers see through does not seek to develop universal answers. The author's willingness to divulge their limitations is an important aspect that
develops the strength of this

Qualitative Research Methods
Howley: Discussion Board #4: Qualitative Research
Qualitative Inquiry is a type of research that evolves as the researcher learns new aspects about the subject they are studying (Polit & Beck, 2017).
Interviewing the subjects of the study about their individual experiences and outcomes leads the researcher to a conclusion or further investigation.
This discussion board assesses qualitative research and if it is feasible for the topic chosen for burnout and staffing levels in the emergency department.
Qualitative Research as it pertains to Burnout and Staffing Levels
Polit and Beck (2017) explain that one way to frame research questions is to utilize either the population, intervention, outcome (PIO) template or the
population, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) template. The following PICO question; What is the impact of...show more content...
Understanding the human factor of any topic is very valuable, and there are trusted methods to gather this data. Knowledge if staffing levels have an
effect on burnout with emergency room nurses has many subjective components that would be best ascertained by qualitative methods. Interviews,
focus groups, and observation could lead to valuable insight into this topic.
References
Curry, L. (2015). Fundamentals of Qualitative Research Methods []. Available from Yale Global Health Leadership Institute.
GГіmez–Urquiza, J., De la Fuente–Solana, E., AlbendГn–GarcГa, L., Vargas–Pecino, C., Ortega–Campos, E., & CaГ±adas–De la Fuente, G. (2017,
Oct.). Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in Emergency Nurses: A Meta–Analysis. Critical Care Nurse, 37(5), e1–e9. Retrieved from http:/
/web.b.ebscohost.com.fscproxy.framingham.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/
pdfviewer?vid=13&sid=64badbc3–b651–43bc–ac1f–9e4072834556%40sessionmgr101
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolter

Qualitative research aims at taking a great understanding of a particular firm or activity, instead of taking a large survey of a population. Moreover,
qualitative study provides researchers the real feedbacks of participants, who have a real impression about the product that they have tested. There are
many debates argue that qualitative research has several weaknesses due to the different opinions about the product or the service that participants have
tested. The different opinions and ideas may create for researchers different outcomes and judgments, which create some confusion in terms of
conclusion about their products, or services. Qualitative research has been using in several industries such as, financials, medical treatments, high tech
sectors, and retails. Researchers of these professions have reached their objectives by implement this method to see the results of their products or
services in order to distribute them effectively in the market. According to Hall and Rist (1999), using multiple qualitative research methods will enrich
researchers a great capability to expand their studies in different ways. In fact, drug makers always expand their research in multiple studies to get the
effective outcomes based on the complementary report. Likewise, pharmaceutical industry is one of the most essential sectors to develop, manufacture,
and distribute new types of medicines in the market. In order to make the effective medicines, companies need to conduct

Qualitative Research Essay
BASIC CONCEPTS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
(An Essay)
By Deborah Sitorus
One of the ways to gain knowledge is by carrying out some research. As what Zacharia (2012) stated that in daily life most people conduct research to
gain knowledge. A research can be carried out qualitatively or quantitatively depends on the research purposes and needs and the type of information
the researcher is seeking.
My concern in this essay is to briefly share my understandings about basic concepts of qualitative research that I gained from my readings on some
books on qualitative research methods as well as from the class discussion with lecturer and colleagues on qualitative research course at the university.
The basic concepts of qualitative research that...show more content...
Though there are various definitions of interpretivism, for brevity I like Walsham's (1993) description, which posits that
Interpretive methods of research start from the position that our knowledge of reality, including the domain of human action, is a social construction
by human actors and that this applies equally to researchers. Thus there is no objective reality which can be discovered by researchers and replicated
by others, in contrast to the assumptions of positivist science. (p. 5)
In line with this, Geertz (1973) also states
To look at the symbolic dimensions of social action–art, religion, ideology, science, law, morality, common sense–is not to turn away from the
existential dilemmas of life for some empyrean realm of deemotionalized forms; it is to plunge into the midst of them. The essential vocation of
interpretive anthropology is not to answer our deepest questions, but to make available to us answers that others, guarding other sheep in other valleys,
have given, and thus to include them in the consultable record of what man has said. (p. 29)
As such, an interpretive perspective is based on the idea that qualitative research efforts should be concerned with revealing multiple realities as
opposed to searching for one objective reality. In Denzin's words, "Objective reality will never be captured. In

Importance Of Qualitative Research
1. Session: Introduction to Qualitative Research in Psychology
Qualitative research not only refers to the techniques used to collect and analyse certain data but also to a field of research in itself. The different
philosophical positions have in turn informed the varied approaches to qualitative research.
As an exploratory type of research, it seeks to gather the in–depth understanding of the behaviour of a sample group. The personal opinion, values and
experiences of them. It affords the opportunity to observe the participants behaviour as well as allowing the researcher to delve into the participants
beliefs and really probe to obtain a greater detailed understanding of the issue.
Qualitative research techniques are flexible and normally conducted in naturalistic settings using semi structured data collection methods as this
accommodates the deviation to obtain that greater depth of answer. There are different types of analysis used for example, Interpretive
Phenomenological Analysis, grounded theory, narrative, thematic and pattern based discourse analysis.
Unlike quantitative research that use numbers as data and statistics, qualitative methods rely on words and meaning. It seeks to understand the problem
rather than quantifying it placing more emphasis on subjectivity rather than objectivity.
Qualitative methods tend to use smaller sample sizes due to the personal form of research putting the persons perspective at the centre of the work. The
results are

The Goal Of Qualitative Research Essay
According to my notes taken from a recorded lecture by Dr. Worley (Spring, 2016), the goal of Qualitative Research is to explore, describe and explain
human behavior. This method of research involves close listening and observation and gives insights that other research methods cannot. Qualitative
data is not numerical; words are used for presenting results and qualitative research is thematic in nature. Qualitative research usually involves fewer
participants' due to the observation methods utilized. Results are unique and individual. There are various methods used to perform qualitative research
such as:
Ethnography or human social behavior or cultures which is achieved through participant observations or fieldwork
Interviews which are usually one on one
Focus Groups of 6–10 people; summarize answers to group questions for research
Open–ended questionnaires
The goal of Quantitative Research is to predict and generalize human behavior. Qualitative Research also begins with observation. Quantitative data is
numerical; researcher is more concerned with numbers and statistics. Quantitative research involves summarizing large amounts of data. There are
various methods used to perform quantitative research such as:
Surveys
Experimental
Correlations
Causal–Comparison
2. Based on the problems I perceive in the case study my research questions would be: Quantitative RQ: What percentage of men and women resort to
some type of aggression in the workplace due to job

Qualitative Research
COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
The quantitative and qualitative research traditions can be thought of as distinct cultures marked by different values, beliefs, and norms. Qualitative
research methods are complex meaningful analyses characterized by processes and meanings that are not measured in terms of mathematical
measurements. Quantitative research however, relies and builds on mathematical procedures and methods, such as frequency, quality, amount and
statistical procedure. There are unique characteristics which distinguish one research process from the other.
In the simplest terms, it 's about the nature of the data you collect and analyze. Quantitative research uses data that are...show more content...
This is not too much of a problem if we remember that we are not trying to create objective knowledge. Our knowledge is much softer. We cannot be
certain that practical work will always make learning easier. We cannot prove that a pupil will respond positively to using a word processor. Yet we
can have a pretty good idea that these maybe helpful to us in certain situations. More importantly we endeavour to 'build ' theory from the ground of
experience or practice. For qualitative researchers the context in which practice takes place has an important bearing upon that practice and research
should be rooted accordingly.
Another major difference between qualitative and quantitative research is the underlying assumptions about the role of the researcher. In quantitative
research, the researcher is ideally an objective observer that neither participates in nor influences what is being studied. In qualitative research, however,
it is thought that the researcher can learn the most about a situation by participating and/or being immersed in it. These basic underlying assumptions
of both methodologies guide and sequence the types of data collection methods employed.
Hamersley [op. cit.] accepts that qualitative researchers seek to articulate the views of people studied but adds that qualitative researchers often analyse
the data in ways that are likely to be alien to those studied. He also asserts that much quantitative research

Qualitative Research Questions
3.1 Case study: There are several research methodologies such as survey or questionnaires, case studies, grounded theory and ethnography notably used
in the field of social sciences, education, arts and psychology. For this dissertation, research methodologies selected are qualitative research methods by
interviews and case study approach.
According to (Yin 2003) a case study allows investigators to focus on a case and retain a holistic and real word perspective with (Simons 2009)
adding that its primary purpose is to generate in depth understanding of a specific topic. To put it differently, (Stake 1995) states "a case study is both
a process of inquiry about the case and the product of that enquiry. The case study selected for this dissertation...show more content...
For this dissertation, a semi structured interview is conducted as (Galletta and Cross 2013) suggested, a semi structured interview is sufficiently
structured to address specific topics related to the phenomenon of study, while leaving participants to offer new meanings to the study focus. The
interview questions are open ended to ensure more in depth response's from participants without restriction. The interview comprises of 16 questions.
The responses or answers received will be analyzed and brought forward to answer the research questions as in chapter one. The interview questions
emerged from understanding the literature and formulation of the research questions. This interview questions will be asked to subject matter experts
working in medical device industry irrespective of the size of the organization and to medical device consultants who are also subject matter experts in
quality regulations for medical device. The selection or recruitment of the aforementioned is to ensure appropriate understanding of the subject and the
validity of their response during the interview which will subsequently influence the data

What Is The Generic Qualitative Approach? Essay
PART A
1. What is the 'generic qualitative approach'?
There are various research methodologies in qualitative research. However researches sometimes do not find one particular methodology to fit the all
types of research. When researches face this kind of challenging situation, they tend to accept 'generic qualitative approach'.
Generic qualitative approach is not guided by an explicit and set of philosophic assumptions in the form of one established qualitative method. Generic
qualitative method is sub divided into genres of interpretative description and descriptive qualitative research.
Generic qualitative method gives an avenue for researchers to play with these boundaries, utilize tools that the established methodologies offer and
engineer designs that fit their epistemological position, discipline and particular research questions.
2. Discuss the difference between 'qualitative description' and 'qualitative interpretation'.
According to Sandelowski (2000), Qualitative Description is defined as research design to produce a low–interference description of phenomenon.
This low interferences made in order to remain "closer" to the original data.
Researchers conducting "Qualitative Description" method seek for descriptive validity and accuracy. Epistemologically, Sandelowski (2000) has
implied a constructivist epistemology which gives researcher to fully interpret research participants' experience interpretation. It is a less theory driven
methodology.
Data

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Essay
Qualitative and quantitative research methods take different approaches to gathering and analysing information. Whether it is a qualitative or
quantitative study, the research study begins with a question or series of questions. Both use rigorously designed studies to get the most accurate,
detailed and complete results. Qualitative studies common methods are interviews, surveys and observation. A qualitative study aims to provide a
detailed description of the study results, often using pictures and written descriptions to describe what the research revealed. A qualitative study looks at
the big picture, helping researchers to narrow in on points of interest that then can be followed up on in a quantitative study. While a quantitative...show
more content...
Research may lead to improving services and conditions for children but not necessarily benefiting the participants. Research may be child–led through
focus groups; dilemmas such as adults acting in a tokenistic manner may lead to a study not actually being directed by children. Ultimately the control
may retain in the adults hands but it may be argued such a complex task from planning to dissemination may require this. Distinctions may be needed
between children and young children to allow correct participation, access, techniques, consent, legal rights, protection and addressing ethnical issues.
(EK310, Audio, Band 1) All three professionals featured in the discussion had different interests and backgrounds but whichever methodology is used,
to ensure they are effective and appropriate.
Coates qualitative pilot study about children's drawings stemmed from her professional background and her observations of children. She found links
between language and drawing and wanted to analysis this further. Her methodological approach was both reflexive and participant–led. She was the
collector of data through note taking, qualitative observations and the actual pictures drawn. Therefore the study had to acknowledge her role and any
effects this may have on the findings. Having read her commentary it outlined what the goal was and how she went about achieving it. But it was
reliant on

Qualitative Reflection
When you look in the mirror what do you see? Everybody asked this question responds with a similar answer, you see yourself, of course. But
individually, you are so much more than that. You study your reflection wondering what people think of you, what traits you possess, what are your
strengths and weakness, and other components that make you, you. This study takes a closer look at those traits and characteristics to analyze how you
are perceived through the eyes of another.
Statement of Purpose
The research project conducted uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data, analyze, then interpret how an individual is
perceived in society. To evaluate the qualitative research the addition of a literature review...show more content...
By collecting people's judgements of me, I am able to evaluate my strengths and weakness as an individual and as a professional. In order to be a
successful individual in society one must gain greater understanding into one's own traits, behavior, and actions that affects people's overall judgements
of that individual. A self– analysis will provide me with adequate findings to realize was facets of myself need to be developed, altered, or even reduced.
Even if this project furthers my character development, implications of this study are still possible. This research could hurt my self–esteem, make me
question my actions, or even harm my self– perception. By finding out this information it could lead me to feel insecure about my appearance, actions,
and traits so far in life that would be enough to contribute to me devaluating my self–worth. This information could also give me overconfidence I do
not necessarily need. Finding out over positive information could harm my attitude, making me arrogant, selfish, and conceited.
Order of Key Points
The order of key points moves from the abstract to the conclusion of the self–analysis study. Key points include the establishment of the research
question and hypothesis, the five questions used for in–depth analysis, three distinct concepts evaluated in the literature review related to my research,
methods and procures to replicate the study, and the discussion of my findings. The discussion section included

Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is a generic term for investigative methodologies described as ethnographic, naturalistic, anthropological, field, or participant
observer research. It emphasizes the importance of looking at variables in the natural setting in which they are found. Interaction between variables is
important. Detailed data is gathered through open ended questions. The interviewer is an integral part of the investigation (Jacob 1988). This differs
from quantitative research which attempts to gather data by objective methods to provide information about relations, comparisons, and predictions and
attempts to remove the investigator from the investigation (Smith 1983). Characteristics Purpose: Understanding – Seeks to...show more content...
Keeps detailed records of what occurs, including those things characteristically taken for granted. Periodically detaches self from the situation to
review records from the neutral position of a social scientist. Constantly monitors observations and records for evidence of personal bias or prejudice.
Five Types of Participant Observation 1.External Participation constitutes the lowest degree of involvement in observation. This type of observation
can be done by observing situations on television or videotape. 2.Passive Participation means the researcher is present at the scene of action but does
not interact or participate. The researcher finds an observation post and assumes the role of a bystander or spectator. 3.Balanced Participation means
that the researcher maintains a balance between being an insider and being an outsider. The researcher observes and participates in some activities, but
does not participate fully in all activities. 4.Active Participation means that the researcher generally does what others in the setting do. While beginning
with observation to learn the rules, as they are learned the researcher becomes actively engaged in the activities of the setting. 5.Total Participation
means the researcher is a natural participant. This is the highest level of involvement and usually comes about when the researcher studies something in
which he or she is already a natural participant. Interviewing

Introduction
The qualitative and quantitative research methods are typically applied in the field of social research. There has been a lot of debate on the relative
advantages between the two designs among researchers almost more than on any other issue of methodology. The quantitative research design
encompasses methods which focus on numbers, that is, quantities. The data collected in this design is usually in numbers which are then analyzed
using statistical and mechanical methods. This design is highly associated with the field of science such as in practical done in a laboratory (Gall et al
2003). On the other hand, qualitative design normally uses words to explain wider concepts that cannot be captured mathematically such as...show more
content...
This research method seeks to experiment on certain issues upon which it seeks to come up with universal generalizations (Timmons 2005).
Qualitative Method
Unlike in the previous method, this research method involves collecting, interpreting and analyzing information by observing and listening to people.
This method normally looks for meanings of concepts. It attempts to seek description and characteristic of things including feelings, attitudes, symbols
and signs (Schostac 2006). This method is generally subjective and normally employs purposeful sampling where specific respondents are targeted. The
questions in this method are generally open and the respondent is not limited to the kind of information that he can give. To obtain relevant
information, in depth interviews are normally conducted. The information obtained in this method is assumed to reflect a reality on the ground since
the method usually expresses results based on the actual response generated by respondents.
Differences
One common difference between the two is that quantitative method is objective while qualitative is subjective. This implies that the quantitative
method attempts to come up with specific conclusions based on their data finding. For instance, a study on abuse of drugs among 16 year olds in the
US may be concluded to say that 2 out of every 5 under 16's are exposed tom alcohol before they join high school (Timmons, 2005). On the other hand,

Methodology Qualitative And Qualitative Research
Methodology qualitative(300/5)(382/ )
In research the two main used approaches are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research represents the study of perceptions, emotions and
experiences in the direction of understanding the human behaviour therefore from a subjective perspective ( R). On the other side the quantitative
research is expressed numerical, measurable, appropriate for statistics defined as being objective and can be used for general public (R). Another
difference, according to Moule (2015) is that qualitative approach is usually using a smaller sampling size for the study than the quantitative approach.
As the qualitative research is inductive, the process is orientated and using a holistic view, allows the researcher...show more content...
Validity suggests the ability and degree of the method to measure the concept. More specific for the qualitative study, the criteria refers to credibility
and trustworthiness. Credibility is a principle of trustworthiness and indicates the ability to answer the study question due to the quality of the research
undertaken and reflecting the participants ' perceptions rather than the researcher own opinion and that the findings are trustworthy (Lincoln & Guba
1985, cited in Corbin & Strauss 2015).
Research design/methods/data collection(100/1)(143/3)
Focus group was the chosen data collection design by the PBL group. Polit & Beck (2017) argued that he benefits of this data collection include:
cost–effective and time–effective; the participants feel empowered which encourage them to express freely their emotions and opinions therefore is
enhanced the collection of rich data. The limitations associated with focus groups indicates to bias potential; the level of confidence of some of the
participants to express themselves in front of others or the possibility to adopt the "group think" or the most powerful and vocal participant rather than
expressing own perception (Ellis 2016). Neuman (2014) believes that mixing the participants with different status may impact on the study ' outcome as
participants are more confident if they are sharing a similar background. Therefore, it was decided that the participants will be split in two focus
groups: students

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