Research in Nursing: A Guide to Understanding Research Designs and TechniquesAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Nurses like any other professionals are expected to participate in research studies since nursing
is a science that is fast evolving. Research in nursing paves the way for high quality, evidence-based nursing
care. Findings from research highly informs quality nursing practice. Nursing practice needs to be research
based; hence, it is worth commending that all nurses understand research techniques and designs and be
involved in research. However, some bedside nurses are not aware of the relationship between research and the
quality of care provided to patients. Such nurses need to be aware of the importance of research in nursing and
get on board. There are different types of research designs and methods, and the type of design employed for a
particular study will determine the methods to be used for that study. Generally, the different types of study
designs include experimental and non-experimental research designs which can be used according to the need to
answer many questions in the field of nursing. Thus, this paper gives an overview of research designs and
methods in order to provide novice nurses with the basics of research methodology. This istoensure that nurses
have an understanding of the research process and participate in research activities. This will in turn ensure that
quality care which is evidenced-based is rendered to all patients.
How to handle discrepancies while you collect data for systemic review – pubricaPubrica
1. Population specification error:
2. Sample error:
3. Selection error:
4. Non- response error:
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/36i7iYo
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
Research in Nursing: A Guide to Understanding Research Designs and TechniquesAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Nurses like any other professionals are expected to participate in research studies since nursing
is a science that is fast evolving. Research in nursing paves the way for high quality, evidence-based nursing
care. Findings from research highly informs quality nursing practice. Nursing practice needs to be research
based; hence, it is worth commending that all nurses understand research techniques and designs and be
involved in research. However, some bedside nurses are not aware of the relationship between research and the
quality of care provided to patients. Such nurses need to be aware of the importance of research in nursing and
get on board. There are different types of research designs and methods, and the type of design employed for a
particular study will determine the methods to be used for that study. Generally, the different types of study
designs include experimental and non-experimental research designs which can be used according to the need to
answer many questions in the field of nursing. Thus, this paper gives an overview of research designs and
methods in order to provide novice nurses with the basics of research methodology. This istoensure that nurses
have an understanding of the research process and participate in research activities. This will in turn ensure that
quality care which is evidenced-based is rendered to all patients.
How to handle discrepancies while you collect data for systemic review – pubricaPubrica
1. Population specification error:
2. Sample error:
3. Selection error:
4. Non- response error:
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/36i7iYo
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
CRIS LUTHER's RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES COMPILATIONcrisluther
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
by Cris Luther, B.S.N.,R.N.
This material is a compilation of various information on generally acceptable knowledge, concepts, principles, theories and practices in RESEARCH. It adapts contents from various publicly acknowledged publications, authors, theorists, authorities and practitioners whose works are commonly utilized in the academe and practice, and are frequently-tested competencies locally and abroad.
The works of these authors, theorists, authorities and practitioners are indispensable in learning research methodologies as they are indispensable in the completeness of this compilation.
Care has been taken to confirm accuracy of the information presented and describes generally accepted practices. However the student who prepared this material is not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this compilation.
The primary goal of the student is to familiarize concepts in the subject RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES based on the COURSE OUTLINE provided by his Graduate School Professor DR. HELEN B. AGGABAO. It is not intended for commercial publication and resources were acquired legally.
It is his great pleasure that this compilation be reproduced for reference of other students aiming to thoroughly understand RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES.
Running head PLANNING STAGE 2-(DESIGN PHASE) OF A RESEARCH PROJEC.docxjeanettehully
Running head: PLANNING STAGE 2-(DESIGN PHASE) OF A RESEARCH PROJECT 1
PLANNING STAGE 2- (DESIGN PHASE) OF A RESEARCH PROJECT 8
Planning Stage 2- (Design Phase) of a Research Project
Student name
Florida National University
Planning Stage 2- (Design Phase) of a Research Project
Heart failure is one of the most common types of chronic conditions among the elderly, which results into increased readmissions globally. This statistic is attributable to poor coordination and communication in the transition care settings. The various care settings include skilled nursing facilities, acute-care hospitals, long-standing care facilities and ambulatory stay (Naylor et al., 2017). This research paper is aimed at investigating the reason for poor continuity of care in transition care facilities. A detailed literature review was performed regarding the standard of care in such settings for patients with heart failure. The research methodologies used include case study methods, interviews, and administration of questionnaires. Probability and non-probability methods including stratified sampling and convenience sampling were used as the sampling methodologies. The necessary tools for data collection include questionnaires, interviews, schedules and observation techniques. In addition, an algorithm was created during this design phase. Thus, an insight into the design phase is sought and discussed herein.
Literature Review
Heart failure is a prolonged condition that has been highlighted as one of the top causes of public health complications in the world. The American Journal of Accountable care provides detailed information on heart failure as a public health problem. According to this journal, there are numerous causes of readmission of patients undergoing the transition care model (A Literature Review of Heart Failure Transitional Care Interventions, 2019). The journal highlights various issues, such as early discharge, poor management of underlying problems, poor coordination among key stakeholders and early discharge of patients as the major causes of readmission. All such issues can, however, be prevented and thus this research will discuss some of the coping methods. In addition, the US medical beneficiaries discuss the quality and safety in the transition care model (Teno et al. , 2018). Some of the beneficiaries state their experiences following being admitted into the transition care model. This article complements the previous article by adding real life case study analysis of patients who have been previously admitted to the transition care. Further, interviews of clinicians working in the transition care model are highlighted with an explanation of failure to conduct follow up visits of particular patients.
The American Journal of Public Health explores the affordability of the transition care and the quality of care that some patients can be able to afford. The article has explored the ...
Pubrica has extensive experience in conducting meta-analysis a quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research.
184 Deutsches Ärzteblatt International⏐⏐Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009.docxhyacinthshackley2629
184 Deutsches Ärzteblatt International⏐⏐Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106(11): 184–9
M E D I C I N E
M edical research studies can be split into fivephases—planning, performance, documenta-
tion, analysis, and publication (1, 2). Aside from finan-
cial, organizational, logistical and personnel questions,
scientific study design is the most important aspect of
study planning. The significance of study design for
subsequent quality, the relability of the conclusions,
and the ability to publish a study are often underestimated
(1). Long before the volunteers are recruited, the study
design has set the points for fulfilling the study objec-
tives. In contrast to errors in the statistical evaluation,
errors in design cannot be corrected after the study has
been completed. This is why the study design must be
laid down carefully before starting and specified in the
study protocol.
The term "study design" is not used consistently in
the scientific literature. The term is often restricted to
the use of a suitable type of study. However, the term
can also mean the overall plan for all procedures in-
volved in the study. If a study is properly planned, the
factors which distort or bias the result of a test procedure
can be minimized (3, 4). We will use the term in a
comprehensive sense in the present article. This will
deal with the following six aspects of study design:
the question to be answered, the study population, the
type of study, the unit of analysis, the measuring tech-
nique, and the calculation of sample size—, on the
basis of selected articles from the international litera-
ture and our own expertise. This is intended to help
the reader to classify and evaluate the results in publi-
cations. Those who plan to perform their own studies
must occupy themselves intensively with the issue of
study design.
Question to be answered
The question to be answered by the research is of
decisive importance for study planning. The research
worker must be clear about the objectives. He must
think very carefully about the question(s) to be
answered by the study. This question must be opera-
tionalized, meaning that it must be converted into a
measurable and evaluable form. This demands an
adequate design and suitable measurement parameters.
A distinction must be made between the main questions
to be answered and secondary questions. The result of
the study should be that open questions are answered
R E V I E W A RT I C L E
Study Design in Medical Research
Part 2 of a Series on the Evaluation of Scientific Publications
Bernd Röhrig, Jean-Baptist du Prel, Maria Blettner
SUMMARY
Background: The scientific value and informativeness of
a medical study are determined to a major extent by the
study design. Errors in study design cannot be corrected
afterwards. Various aspects of study design are discussed
in this article.
Methods: Six essential considerations in the planning and
evaluation of medical research studies are presented and
discussed in the light.
Reply to my peersBegin reviewing and replying to peer postings.docxchris293
Reply to my peers
Begin reviewing and replying to peer postings/responses early in the week to enhance peer discussion. See the rubric for participation points. Participate in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing viewpoints with a rationale, challenging aspects of the discussion, or indicating relationships between two or more lines of reasoning in the discussion. Always use constructive language, even in criticism, to work toward the
goal of of positive progress.
As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format. You may use this
APA Citation Helper
as a convenient reference for properly citing resources or connect to the APA Style website through the APA icon below
Include references with peer responses
Question
Read the process for data collection employed in the study.
Identify the method used in the study.
Provide a list of the tasks performed as part of data collection in the study, add comments as needed.
Draw conclusions about the data collection process.
Peer #1
Study 1
:
Course content related to chronic wounds in nursing degree programs in Spain.
Brief Description of Method Employed:
This study was conducted to determine the amount of material being taught in nursing degree programs in Spain that was related to chronic wounds using a quantitative cross-sectional design. “Chronic wounds are a major factor in morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.” (Romero-Collado, Raurell-Torreda, Zabaleta-Del-Olmo, Homs-Romero, & Bertran-Noguer, 2015).
Data Collection Steps (add more steps if needed)
Study – describe the process of how data were collected
Comments about the data collection
Step 1
Analysis/Identified problem: Analyze the material related to chronic wounds being taught in nursing degree programs in Spain.
This study identifies if nurses were adequately educated about the prevention and treatment of chronic wounds.
Step 2
Identify the source of data collection
The source of the data collection includes identifying the colleges, universities, and education centers that offered nursing education.
Step 3
Method of data collection
The data was collected by analyzing the required courses that were either exclusively about chronic wounds or included information about chronic wounds. The information used in this study also had this information available online to the public by publishing the course description.
Step 4
Data collection
Data was collected by gathering the course descriptions online that were available from June and July of 2012 from the 114 centers in Spain that offer a nursing degree.
Step 5
Findings
Of the 114 centers with nursing degree programs, 95 post course content online which make it possible to analyze 2,258 courses. In 60 of these centers none of the courses included the concept of pressure ulcer prevention, and the course content posted by 36 centers made no m.
Contextualizing Scientific Research Methodologiesiosrjce
This article dissects the various research instruments currently employed, against the backdrop of
the research design, methodology, population, sampling, and sample size. It highlights quantitative and
qualitative research, data collection methods, as well as the validity and reliability of the investigations. The
article adopted a qualitative research design that utilized documentation analyses to evaluate conventional
approaches to research methods. The study concludes by recommending both qualitative and quantitative
analyses in adding depth to an empirical scientific study
Research methodologies that result in data collecting from the patient medica...Pubrica
Developing a precise data collection instrument, implementing a coding manual, and continual communication with research personnel are all tactics for collecting accurate patient medical records.
Learn More : https://bit.ly/3x9r0Va
Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/medical-data-collection/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Bio statistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
CRIS LUTHER's RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES COMPILATIONcrisluther
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
by Cris Luther, B.S.N.,R.N.
This material is a compilation of various information on generally acceptable knowledge, concepts, principles, theories and practices in RESEARCH. It adapts contents from various publicly acknowledged publications, authors, theorists, authorities and practitioners whose works are commonly utilized in the academe and practice, and are frequently-tested competencies locally and abroad.
The works of these authors, theorists, authorities and practitioners are indispensable in learning research methodologies as they are indispensable in the completeness of this compilation.
Care has been taken to confirm accuracy of the information presented and describes generally accepted practices. However the student who prepared this material is not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this compilation.
The primary goal of the student is to familiarize concepts in the subject RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES based on the COURSE OUTLINE provided by his Graduate School Professor DR. HELEN B. AGGABAO. It is not intended for commercial publication and resources were acquired legally.
It is his great pleasure that this compilation be reproduced for reference of other students aiming to thoroughly understand RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES.
Running head PLANNING STAGE 2-(DESIGN PHASE) OF A RESEARCH PROJEC.docxjeanettehully
Running head: PLANNING STAGE 2-(DESIGN PHASE) OF A RESEARCH PROJECT 1
PLANNING STAGE 2- (DESIGN PHASE) OF A RESEARCH PROJECT 8
Planning Stage 2- (Design Phase) of a Research Project
Student name
Florida National University
Planning Stage 2- (Design Phase) of a Research Project
Heart failure is one of the most common types of chronic conditions among the elderly, which results into increased readmissions globally. This statistic is attributable to poor coordination and communication in the transition care settings. The various care settings include skilled nursing facilities, acute-care hospitals, long-standing care facilities and ambulatory stay (Naylor et al., 2017). This research paper is aimed at investigating the reason for poor continuity of care in transition care facilities. A detailed literature review was performed regarding the standard of care in such settings for patients with heart failure. The research methodologies used include case study methods, interviews, and administration of questionnaires. Probability and non-probability methods including stratified sampling and convenience sampling were used as the sampling methodologies. The necessary tools for data collection include questionnaires, interviews, schedules and observation techniques. In addition, an algorithm was created during this design phase. Thus, an insight into the design phase is sought and discussed herein.
Literature Review
Heart failure is a prolonged condition that has been highlighted as one of the top causes of public health complications in the world. The American Journal of Accountable care provides detailed information on heart failure as a public health problem. According to this journal, there are numerous causes of readmission of patients undergoing the transition care model (A Literature Review of Heart Failure Transitional Care Interventions, 2019). The journal highlights various issues, such as early discharge, poor management of underlying problems, poor coordination among key stakeholders and early discharge of patients as the major causes of readmission. All such issues can, however, be prevented and thus this research will discuss some of the coping methods. In addition, the US medical beneficiaries discuss the quality and safety in the transition care model (Teno et al. , 2018). Some of the beneficiaries state their experiences following being admitted into the transition care model. This article complements the previous article by adding real life case study analysis of patients who have been previously admitted to the transition care. Further, interviews of clinicians working in the transition care model are highlighted with an explanation of failure to conduct follow up visits of particular patients.
The American Journal of Public Health explores the affordability of the transition care and the quality of care that some patients can be able to afford. The article has explored the ...
Pubrica has extensive experience in conducting meta-analysis a quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research.
184 Deutsches Ärzteblatt International⏐⏐Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009.docxhyacinthshackley2629
184 Deutsches Ärzteblatt International⏐⏐Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106(11): 184–9
M E D I C I N E
M edical research studies can be split into fivephases—planning, performance, documenta-
tion, analysis, and publication (1, 2). Aside from finan-
cial, organizational, logistical and personnel questions,
scientific study design is the most important aspect of
study planning. The significance of study design for
subsequent quality, the relability of the conclusions,
and the ability to publish a study are often underestimated
(1). Long before the volunteers are recruited, the study
design has set the points for fulfilling the study objec-
tives. In contrast to errors in the statistical evaluation,
errors in design cannot be corrected after the study has
been completed. This is why the study design must be
laid down carefully before starting and specified in the
study protocol.
The term "study design" is not used consistently in
the scientific literature. The term is often restricted to
the use of a suitable type of study. However, the term
can also mean the overall plan for all procedures in-
volved in the study. If a study is properly planned, the
factors which distort or bias the result of a test procedure
can be minimized (3, 4). We will use the term in a
comprehensive sense in the present article. This will
deal with the following six aspects of study design:
the question to be answered, the study population, the
type of study, the unit of analysis, the measuring tech-
nique, and the calculation of sample size—, on the
basis of selected articles from the international litera-
ture and our own expertise. This is intended to help
the reader to classify and evaluate the results in publi-
cations. Those who plan to perform their own studies
must occupy themselves intensively with the issue of
study design.
Question to be answered
The question to be answered by the research is of
decisive importance for study planning. The research
worker must be clear about the objectives. He must
think very carefully about the question(s) to be
answered by the study. This question must be opera-
tionalized, meaning that it must be converted into a
measurable and evaluable form. This demands an
adequate design and suitable measurement parameters.
A distinction must be made between the main questions
to be answered and secondary questions. The result of
the study should be that open questions are answered
R E V I E W A RT I C L E
Study Design in Medical Research
Part 2 of a Series on the Evaluation of Scientific Publications
Bernd Röhrig, Jean-Baptist du Prel, Maria Blettner
SUMMARY
Background: The scientific value and informativeness of
a medical study are determined to a major extent by the
study design. Errors in study design cannot be corrected
afterwards. Various aspects of study design are discussed
in this article.
Methods: Six essential considerations in the planning and
evaluation of medical research studies are presented and
discussed in the light.
Reply to my peersBegin reviewing and replying to peer postings.docxchris293
Reply to my peers
Begin reviewing and replying to peer postings/responses early in the week to enhance peer discussion. See the rubric for participation points. Participate in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing viewpoints with a rationale, challenging aspects of the discussion, or indicating relationships between two or more lines of reasoning in the discussion. Always use constructive language, even in criticism, to work toward the
goal of of positive progress.
As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format. You may use this
APA Citation Helper
as a convenient reference for properly citing resources or connect to the APA Style website through the APA icon below
Include references with peer responses
Question
Read the process for data collection employed in the study.
Identify the method used in the study.
Provide a list of the tasks performed as part of data collection in the study, add comments as needed.
Draw conclusions about the data collection process.
Peer #1
Study 1
:
Course content related to chronic wounds in nursing degree programs in Spain.
Brief Description of Method Employed:
This study was conducted to determine the amount of material being taught in nursing degree programs in Spain that was related to chronic wounds using a quantitative cross-sectional design. “Chronic wounds are a major factor in morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.” (Romero-Collado, Raurell-Torreda, Zabaleta-Del-Olmo, Homs-Romero, & Bertran-Noguer, 2015).
Data Collection Steps (add more steps if needed)
Study – describe the process of how data were collected
Comments about the data collection
Step 1
Analysis/Identified problem: Analyze the material related to chronic wounds being taught in nursing degree programs in Spain.
This study identifies if nurses were adequately educated about the prevention and treatment of chronic wounds.
Step 2
Identify the source of data collection
The source of the data collection includes identifying the colleges, universities, and education centers that offered nursing education.
Step 3
Method of data collection
The data was collected by analyzing the required courses that were either exclusively about chronic wounds or included information about chronic wounds. The information used in this study also had this information available online to the public by publishing the course description.
Step 4
Data collection
Data was collected by gathering the course descriptions online that were available from June and July of 2012 from the 114 centers in Spain that offer a nursing degree.
Step 5
Findings
Of the 114 centers with nursing degree programs, 95 post course content online which make it possible to analyze 2,258 courses. In 60 of these centers none of the courses included the concept of pressure ulcer prevention, and the course content posted by 36 centers made no m.
Contextualizing Scientific Research Methodologiesiosrjce
This article dissects the various research instruments currently employed, against the backdrop of
the research design, methodology, population, sampling, and sample size. It highlights quantitative and
qualitative research, data collection methods, as well as the validity and reliability of the investigations. The
article adopted a qualitative research design that utilized documentation analyses to evaluate conventional
approaches to research methods. The study concludes by recommending both qualitative and quantitative
analyses in adding depth to an empirical scientific study
Research methodologies that result in data collecting from the patient medica...Pubrica
Developing a precise data collection instrument, implementing a coding manual, and continual communication with research personnel are all tactics for collecting accurate patient medical records.
Learn More : https://bit.ly/3x9r0Va
Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/medical-data-collection/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Bio statistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Pandemic Preparedness Results and Recommendations.pdf
1. Discussion: Pandemic Preparedness Results and Recommendations
Discussion: Pandemic Preparedness Results and Recommendations ON Discussion:
Pandemic Preparedness Results and RecommendationsChapter 4 – Findings and
Recommendation This chapter does not include discussing other research literature or the
implications of your findings. Usually you begin by outlining any descriptive or
exploratory/confirmatory analyses (e.g., reliability tests, factor analysis) that were
conducted. Next, address the results of the tests of hypotheses, then discuss any ex post
facto analysis. Tables and/or figures should be used to illustrate and summarize all numeric
information.For qualitative or historical projects, this chapter usually is organized by the
themes or categories uncovered in your research. If you have conducted focus groups or
interviews, it is often appropriate to provide a brief descriptive (e.g., demographic) profile
of the participants first. Direct quotation and paraphrasing of data from focus groups,
interviews, or historical artifacts then are used to the recommendations made. In some
cases, this analysis also includes information from field notes or other interpretative data
e.g., life history information).Discussion of FindingsData analysis, limitations of project
design, conclusions drawn should be included. Discuss limitations of size or sampling. Share
what your reviewers/participants said in the evaluation tool. Share actual quotes and how
you coded the material. What conclusion can you draw from the data? Did it confirm or
contradict research found in your literature review?RecommendationsWhat are you going
to do in the future with this project? Now that you finished the project, what are you going
to do with this information and/or project?This section should be about 6-8 pages and
content should be separated with APA first and second level headings.Discussion: Pandemic
Preparedness Results and
Recommendationsattachment_1attachment_2attachment_3attachment_4attachment_5Unfo
rmatted Attachment PreviewMETHOD 1 Capstone Method Mariann England Aspen
University Nursing Capstone Dr. Julie Kolde July 13, 2020 METHOD 2 METHOD Procedure
This study uses a cohort study design to establish the cause of the ailment and identify links
between risk factors. Local hospitals with an operational intensive care unit and emergency
department will be recognized and contacted via telephone to help identify the emergency
management coordinators in charge of emergency management, planning, and operations.
A structured questionnaire was prepared based on an existing pandemic management plan.
The survey has its main sections as facility planning data, workforce glitches and structure,
and surge capacity. The questionnaire was piloted using a representative number of
individuals. Data was collected and computed for univariate and bivariate analysis. A
2. qualitative approach is then used for text responses (Edwards & Brannelly, 2017). The
cohort study method is applicable in this research as a non-experimental study where the
participants included in the study are selected based on the interests in the research
outcome. The study uses the study design to assess the level of preparedness in a pandemic
in the acute health care setting. The cohort study involves local hospitals designed to handle
intensive care to patients affected by a pandemic. Subjects and participants The research
focused on local hospitals with intensive healthcare facilities and emergency departments
contacted on the research via telephone. The selected hospitals were subjected to the
research. The management in the emergency department and the management in intensive
care will be required to fill a pre-prepared questionnaire. These are the most important
sources of information on how their health facilities are prepared to fight against a
pandemic. The research METHOD 3 design requires that the participants be subjected to
training on how the response should be made (MacKay et al., 2020). Collection of Data
Primary and secondary data were collected in the research in which the participants
provided the primary source of data. In contrast, the qualitative approach on review of past
research works on pandemic preparedness was used. Discussion: Pandemic Preparedness
Results and RecommendationsThe primary data involved the use of a prepared
questionnaire based on past research work on pandemic preparedness.. In addition,
interviews were also good sources of information on how acute healthcare facilities are
prepared in the management of the pandemic. The interviews involved 20 healthcare
professionals in the emergency and intensive care unit based on their roles in the health
care facilities. A qualitative case study was used to collect secondary data on the
preparedness of the health care facilities in the fight and management of the pandemic in
the acute health care setting. There was a need to prevent biases, and therefore, the
information was sourced from two independent sources: the information provided by the
ministry of health and the internet which provided reviewed articles on the readiness of the
acute health care setting in containing a pandemic. The internet database provided such
materials from Google Scholar and included search terms such as pandemic readiness in the
acute health care setting, and how are health care prepared in the fight against the next
pandemic? Information provided by healthcare facilities included their procedures in
handling the infected patients at the emergency department and the intensive care unit
(Edwards & Brannelly, 2017). In the qualitative research methods, the case study approach
was more effective in collecting data through a literature review of previous studies on the
same topic. This provided important information required in the research on the
preparedness in the event of a pandemic. METHOD 4 Advantage of the data collection
strategy The strategy used in collecting data has its advantages over the other methods in
the study and therefore considered the most appropriate research method for the study.
This is because the cohort study method provides an opportunity to have clarity of the
temporal sequence, which determines whether the exposure preceded the expected
outcomes. The cohort study method clearly indicates the temporal sequence in the outcome
and the exposure. The study also provides an opportunity for the calculation of incidences
of the likelihood of a disease, which can be grouped as absolute risk, relative risk,
attributable proportion, and risk difference. The multiple outcomes of the study can also be
3. determined simultaneously. Qualitative data collection is also important in research given
that the researcher can be more speculative on the interest areas of research and how the
investigation is to be done. The research is also more targeted in the whole process, which
improves data collection process while minimizing the cost of the data collection process.
Limitations Despite the advantages of the cohort study strategy, some limitations may make
the research process a challenge. For instance, a researcher is expected to conduct a follow
up of a large subject over a long period, the study method may be expensive and also
consumes a lot of time, may introduce bias as a result of differential loss of participants
follow up, data may be of poor quality if the data used was not designed for this type of
study (Sedgwick, 2013). In qualitative analysis, the limitation of the study method is that the
strategy may be timeconsuming, which remains a major drawback in a research method.
The interpretation of the data may also be limited. This is because; qualitative methods may
take between weeks and months METHOD 5 and given that the collection of data may
deviate from the main study question. Discussion: Pandemic Preparedness Results and
RecommendationsThe process is also labor-intensive due to the analysis process, such as
recording and categorization and requires a very experienced researcher to obtain the
required information. Finally, the research strategy is not representative statistically. This is
because the strategy is based on perspectives, and the responses given are not measured.
Also, the research may result in comparison, which may lead to duplication. Therefore,
there is a need to cross-examine the data collected to avoid duplication (Sedgwick, 2013).
Ethical Issues on Collection Upon the participants Ethical consideration that was considered
in the research study includes informed consent, voluntary participation, confidentiality
and anonymity. Information consent ensures that the participants in the research are fully
aware of the project. In this regard, the participants were briefed on the study’s
expectations to make an informed decision on their participation. Participation in the
research was voluntary, and they were allowed to withdraw from the research without
discriminations. Finally, the participants’ confidentiality was maintained, and their
information was to be confidential only to the program coordinator, and therefore no use of
names was done. This ensures that participants remain anonymous (Velip, 2018). Data
Analysis The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis, which included collecting
the data, analysis, interpretation and modeling. The analysis involved a descriptive analysis
of a set of collected samples and data. The analysis involved statistical tools in computing
the data collected from the participants. METHOD 6 References Edwards, R., & Brannelly, T.
(2017). Approaches to democratizing qualitative research methods. Qualitative Research,
17(3), 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794117706869 Velip, P. (2018). Ethical
Issues in Research Writing. International Journal Of Trend In Scientific Research And
Development, Volume-2(Issue-5), 2429-2432. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18329
MacKay, D., Jecker, N., Pitisuttithum, P., & Saylor, K. (2020). Selecting participants fairly for
controlled human infection studies. Bioethics. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12778
Sedgwick, P. (2013). Prospective cohort studies: advantages and disadvantages. BMJ,
347(nov08 1), f6726-f6726. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f6726 Running head:
LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Literature Review Mariann England Aspen University Nursing
Capstone Dr. Julie Kolde July 6, 2020 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Analysis of literature In the
4. event of a pandemic, most of the population is exposed to the high rate of the pandemic,
which remains at 40-60 % of the affected population. However, the lack of the necessary
guidelines and standards in the fight against the pandemic can be the most important
failure in the acute health care setting. Therefore, it is important for the healthcare setting
to be ready and well prepared with measures and strategies in place to counter the effects
of a pandemic. The world has witnessed different incidences of pandemics that remain a
major health burden to many different countries. One kind of pandemic is Influenza, which
affects a large population of different countries. Due to the growth of urbanization and
global transportation, it is evident that, in the case of a pandemic, it is likely to spread
rapidly across the world. Therefore, Pandemic readiness in the acute health care setting
remains an important factor in the successful containment of these pandemics through
proper planning. Preparedness is essential in minimizing the pandemic’s growth and
spread, reducing the cases and incidences of a pandemic, preserving essential services,
reducing hospitalization and deaths, and preventing the incidences of economic crisis. The
management has a great role to play when it comes to the fight against a pandemic.
Research indicates that with poor planning, the effects of an infectious pandemic can be
vital. Currently, most acute health care settings have inadequate accounting and interaction
procedures, poor training on health care providers, poor programs on disaster
preparedness, and inadequate essential preventive equipment such as ventilators and other
essential health care equipment, including ventilators and hospital beds. Some of the plans
in place have not yet been tested for their effectiveness, which is a limitation in the fight
against a pandemic. Discussion: Pandemic Preparedness Results and
RecommendationsLITERATURE REVIEW 3 Description of a pandemic Preparedness A
pandemic is a global spread of a new ailment, one which traverses transnational borders
and eventually affects a large proportion of the population. A is an unforeseen and
unavoidable event, characterized by its indeterminate scope, length, and consequence.
Besides posing a high morbidity and mortality rate threat, pandemics can overwhelm
medical care structures and substantial societal and monetary disturbance (Bali et al.,
2017). Pandemics result from an antigenically new microbe’s surfacing for which there is no
erstwhile body resistance, usually with a reassortment of previously humanoid or animal
microbial genomes. Readiness to pandemics comprises planning and organization,
monitoring and evaluating circumstances, communication, continuity of medical care
delivery, and curbing the disease’s spread. Pandemics, and their resultant effects, may
persist for months to years. Therefore, a multi-disciplinary approach is imperative in the
disease response strategies, particularly at the state and sub-state levels. The threat of a
pandemic or contagious illness vastly spreading skulks inaudibly beneath the surface of
routine hospital operations and at the population in general. Instants of alarm instigate
waves of preparedness as novel microbes and transmutations pose evanescent threats.
Pandemic-preparedness should be founded on generic alacrity programs, resources,
mechanisms, and approaches for crisis and disaster management (Shearer et al., 2020).
Pandemic-preparedness is fundamental in ensuring that health and other indispensable
structures continue to function during a pandemic, thereby decreasing the economic and
social effects of the pandemic The objective of planning and organization efforts is to offer
5. direction and harmonization across all sectors involved in pandemics management. A
collapse in disaster-response lags LITERATURE REVIEW 4 national and local efforts
towards the control of a pandemic. As yet, exertions to boost testing has been directed on
operational matters: adequacy of the testing capacity, the pervasive scarcities and supply-
chain failures, and strategies to scale-up testing to the vast figures necessitated to ease the
pandemic (Madhav et al., 2017). Availing additional tests is not an approach in and of itself.
If sufficient tests were achieved, this question would still linger in our minds: What resolves
are the outcomes intended to inform? Testing has numerous rationales other than diagnosis
and ensuring safety for health care staff. Testing data is necessary for the management of all
the features of a pandemic. For example, this data is the keystone of pandemic extrapolative
models. That makes known the future demand for attention, the timing of surges, and the
scale of the necessary emergency amenities. Devoid of reliable testing data, analysts depend
on presumption and assumptions. The protocols of education in a pandemic aim at
shrinking the contact and transmission rates of the infectious disease (Schneider, 2020).
Educational strategies include encouraging respiratory propriety, basic hygiene, suitable
aeration, social distancing, and the dissemination of appropriate and accurate health
messages. Personal protective equipment, such as masks, gloves, and isolation gowns, help
reduce the risk of exposure to an infectious pathogen for health care providers. The hastily
flagging supply of such equipment, paired with the supply chain’s challenges, has triggered
a high alarm and could significantly encumber the capability to ensure the safety to the care
providers (WHO, 2020). Discussion: Pandemic Preparedness Results and
RecommendationsThis calls conservative approaches such as reducing access into the
isolation settings, reducing the demand for personal protective equipment by temporarily
doing away with elective surgical procedures and other unnecessary encounters, and
reusing the material, which encompasses LITERATURE REVIEW 5 prolonging their use,
decontamination with ultraviolet light and reusing some of the equipment up to several
times. Importance of pandemic preparedness The impact of a pandemic in a nation or
across the globe is severe and, therefore, the need to be well prepared in case it occurs.
Currently, most healthcare facilities are not well equipped, so the acute pandemic’s impact
is likely to strike hard. For instance, the current Covid19 pandemic, the infrastructures used
in the containment of the disease are the same infrastructures that were used in addressing
pandemic and seasonal Influenza over the decades. This is an indication of the
underfunding of the healthcare facilities that limit the ability to address pandemics.
Research indicates that acute healthcare settings are not prepared to address the outbreak
of pandemic or infectious diseases. There are outbreaks of acute pandemic almost every
year that claims thousands of life almost every year. Some of the acute pandemics have
similar symptoms and therefore making the containment and management process a
challenge. However, with proper management, the health care setting may have the
required infrastructure and machines to handle the pandemic. It is important for all the
stakeholders in the health sector to combine efforts in the fight against the pandemic that
continues to affect the world every year. According to Goodman (2020), there is the need to
have combined efforts in both the public and private sectors as a global partnership to
succeed in fighting against the pandemic. Having preventive measures and being prepared
6. will ensure that the global GDP is not severely affected by the pandemic as it has been the
case every year. For instance, the current pandemic has severely affected the world’s
economy, with the effect standing at 2% as of April in the United States alone (Goodman,
2020). LITERATURE REVIEW 6 The private sector can strengthen the health sector
infrastructures as an important part of fighting the pandemic. Also, the fight against the
pandemic requires the collaboration of all the sectors, communities, families and individual
efforts to develop important policies essential in fighting the pandemic. Development of
pandemic preparedness policies and strategies is important in the acute health setting
because it will help the health professionals have the required resources to fight the
pandemic. Therefore, the fight against the pandemic becomes effective, and the country can
save as many lives as possible. Nurses are mostly exposed to the dangers as they take care
of the patients. Therefore, with effective preparedness in the fight against a pandemic, there
are less exposed to the dangers as they handle the patients. Therefore, it is important to
have continuous pandemic preparedness training for the health care providers and
especially the nursing profession, to successfully counter the pandemic’s effects. This
ensures that the providers of essential services are not affected. Provision of necessary
equipment such as personal protective equipment and other training on how to provide
important services in the acute health care setting is essential as the professionals are
better equipped with the needed knowledge and skills in the fight against infectious
pandemics (Carbell & Christian, 2011). Studies recommend that preparedness acute health
care setting against a pandemic is an important part of a successful fight against pandemic
(Goodman, 2020). There is the need to have well-documented policies in disaster
preparedness at all levels of acute health care, which provides room for effective
containment of the pandemic. Combined efforts of all the stakeholders in the acute health
care setting play a vital role in the success of pandemic containment, which includes
measures to have all the essential procedures being up to date in pandemic preparedness.
LITERATURE REVIEW 7 Essential pandemic preparedness measures Health care providers
in the acute health care setting should be well prepared in the containment of acute
pandemics that strike the world every year. Most acute pandemics are infectious diseases
that spread from one person to another, and the rate of spreading is high. Given that it
requires much time to understand the epidemiology of any infectious disease, it is equally
important to have effective procedures and strategies to contain the disease. This involves
international and national level planning to take care of the high number of patients
expected to flood in the hospital in case of a pandemic (Stephen, 2019). Most healthcare
facilities have the inadequate infrastructure required in the containment of a pandemic with
hospitals operating at near or in full capacity (Stephen, 2019). The infrastructures currently
used are the same used in decades, limiting the effectiveness in the fight against a pandemic.
There is a shortage of health care providers, while emergency preparedness is always
crowded. Many health care facilities lack enough hospital beds while the emergency room is
not well equipped with required materials such as the ventilators, which are vital in
pandemic management. The healthcare workers are also at risk of being exposed to the
pandemic as they care for the patients due to the lack of enough personal protective
equipment. Therefore, there is the need to have all these issues being addressed to
7. successfully contain the pandemic (Carbell & Christian, 2011). The following are important
emergency preparedness requirements in a successful fight against the pandemic. •
Airborne isolation capabilities in acute health care There is the need to have enough
airborne isolation capabilities with all the required materials and equipment to address the
pandemic. This may include acute inpatient beds in national and LITERATURE REVIEW 8
regional hospitals. The prepaDiscussion: Pandemic Preparedness Results and
Recommendations