This document summarizes a research article that discusses qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. It provides an overview of the key differences between the two approaches, including their philosophical underpinnings and data collection and analysis processes. It then gives examples of specific methodologies, including a qualitative collective case study and quantitative survey research. The document emphasizes that while the approaches differ, they both aim to further scientific understanding and can inform one another when used sequentially or together in a mixed methods design.
Contextualizing Scientific Research Methodologiesiosrjce
This article dissects the various research instruments currently employed, against the backdrop of
the research design, methodology, population, sampling, and sample size. It highlights quantitative and
qualitative research, data collection methods, as well as the validity and reliability of the investigations. The
article adopted a qualitative research design that utilized documentation analyses to evaluate conventional
approaches to research methods. The study concludes by recommending both qualitative and quantitative
analyses in adding depth to an empirical scientific study
Fb11001 reliability and_validity_in_qualitative_research_summaryDr. Akshay S. Bhat
The document discusses reliability and validity in qualitative research. It begins by explaining quantitative research and how reliability and validity are defined and ensured in quantitative methods. It then explores how reliability and validity are approached differently in qualitative research since the goals of qualitative research are understanding rather than generalization. Specifically:
Reliability in qualitative research focuses on dependability and quality of explanation rather than replicability. Validity is more contingent on the research methodology and aims for understanding rather than truth. Researchers ensure validity in qualitative work through approaches like triangulation of data sources and analysis methods. Overall the document calls for refining definitions of reliability and validity for qualitative research.
The document discusses different approaches to mixing qualitative and quantitative research methods, specifically focusing on the concept of triangulation. It outlines some of the debates around combining methods, including arguments that the paradigms are incompatible and integrating them risks ignoring underlying assumptions. The document then describes various types of triangulation and mixed methods strategies, including how and when quantitative and qualitative data and findings can be integrated. Examples of sequential, concurrent and explanatory mixed methods designs are provided.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative and quantitative research techniques for humanitarian needs assessments. It discusses data sources, types of data including quantitative and qualitative information, data collection techniques, and key resources. The main points are:
- Both primary and secondary data from various sources are needed to understand the scale and nature of impact on affected populations.
- Quantitative data provides numeric information on magnitude and scale, while qualitative data helps explain how and why impacts occurred.
- During initial rapid assessments, most data comes from secondary sources due to limited field access, but primary data collection becomes more important over time.
This document discusses research design and provides an overview of different types of research designs including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It defines key aspects of research design such as causality, validity, and bias. It also explains different categories of designs like experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, correlational, and qualitative designs as well as features of each. The document provides examples of specific designs like randomized control trials, time series, case studies and tips for choosing an appropriate research design.
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods in information sciences and technologies. It discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods, noting that while traditionally seen as incompatible, they are actually complementary. Qualitative methods are increasingly used in fields like information systems and human-computer interaction due to the complex social and human factors involved. The document outlines some key aspects of quantitative and qualitative research approaches.
Qualitative Research Chapter 3 g11 Research Method and ProceduresGhail RC
This document outlines the key parts of chapter 3 in a research paper, which focuses on the research methodology. It discusses the importance of research design, identifying the qualitative designs of historical study, ethnography, phenomenology, case study and grounded theory. It also covers selecting a research locale, population and sampling techniques, methods of data gathering such as questionnaires, interviews and observations. The document concludes with discussing statistical treatment of data and approaches to qualitative data analysis.
Contextualizing Scientific Research Methodologiesiosrjce
This article dissects the various research instruments currently employed, against the backdrop of
the research design, methodology, population, sampling, and sample size. It highlights quantitative and
qualitative research, data collection methods, as well as the validity and reliability of the investigations. The
article adopted a qualitative research design that utilized documentation analyses to evaluate conventional
approaches to research methods. The study concludes by recommending both qualitative and quantitative
analyses in adding depth to an empirical scientific study
Fb11001 reliability and_validity_in_qualitative_research_summaryDr. Akshay S. Bhat
The document discusses reliability and validity in qualitative research. It begins by explaining quantitative research and how reliability and validity are defined and ensured in quantitative methods. It then explores how reliability and validity are approached differently in qualitative research since the goals of qualitative research are understanding rather than generalization. Specifically:
Reliability in qualitative research focuses on dependability and quality of explanation rather than replicability. Validity is more contingent on the research methodology and aims for understanding rather than truth. Researchers ensure validity in qualitative work through approaches like triangulation of data sources and analysis methods. Overall the document calls for refining definitions of reliability and validity for qualitative research.
The document discusses different approaches to mixing qualitative and quantitative research methods, specifically focusing on the concept of triangulation. It outlines some of the debates around combining methods, including arguments that the paradigms are incompatible and integrating them risks ignoring underlying assumptions. The document then describes various types of triangulation and mixed methods strategies, including how and when quantitative and qualitative data and findings can be integrated. Examples of sequential, concurrent and explanatory mixed methods designs are provided.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative and quantitative research techniques for humanitarian needs assessments. It discusses data sources, types of data including quantitative and qualitative information, data collection techniques, and key resources. The main points are:
- Both primary and secondary data from various sources are needed to understand the scale and nature of impact on affected populations.
- Quantitative data provides numeric information on magnitude and scale, while qualitative data helps explain how and why impacts occurred.
- During initial rapid assessments, most data comes from secondary sources due to limited field access, but primary data collection becomes more important over time.
This document discusses research design and provides an overview of different types of research designs including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It defines key aspects of research design such as causality, validity, and bias. It also explains different categories of designs like experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, correlational, and qualitative designs as well as features of each. The document provides examples of specific designs like randomized control trials, time series, case studies and tips for choosing an appropriate research design.
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods in information sciences and technologies. It discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods, noting that while traditionally seen as incompatible, they are actually complementary. Qualitative methods are increasingly used in fields like information systems and human-computer interaction due to the complex social and human factors involved. The document outlines some key aspects of quantitative and qualitative research approaches.
Qualitative Research Chapter 3 g11 Research Method and ProceduresGhail RC
This document outlines the key parts of chapter 3 in a research paper, which focuses on the research methodology. It discusses the importance of research design, identifying the qualitative designs of historical study, ethnography, phenomenology, case study and grounded theory. It also covers selecting a research locale, population and sampling techniques, methods of data gathering such as questionnaires, interviews and observations. The document concludes with discussing statistical treatment of data and approaches to qualitative data analysis.
The document discusses quantitative research methods. It begins by defining quantitative data as pieces of information that can be counted, often from large random samples. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are then described as complementary approaches. Key points about quantitative research include: it aims to determine relationships between variables; designs are descriptive or experimental; it focuses on numbers, logic and objectivity rather than divergent reasoning; and characteristics include using structured instruments, representative large samples, reliability, clearly defined questions, and numerical data. The strengths are broader generalization while weaknesses include less detail and flexibility.
How to develop and manage a case study database as suggested by Yin (2009) wi...stefanie ng
Abstract
This presentation aims at providing useful knowledge and skills which can help doctoral students from different disciplines in doing research which inevitably involves time, energy and cost in data collection and handling of different types of qualitative and quantitative data gathered from various data sources by using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. The process of researching becomes more complex when the researcher decides to adopt a mixed methods design for his/her research study because both qualitative and quantitative research methodological approaches to inquiry are involved in the entire researching process either sequentially or concurrently in data collection, data storage, data retrieval, data examination, data processing, data analysis, interpretation, and reporting of results in the academic piece of work known as a thesis or dissertation. This presentation provides ideas and suggests the necessary steps to take so that a case study database can be developed comprehensively and managed efficiently.
This document discusses the research methodology used for a case study on the Festive Chicken poultry processing factory in South Africa. Both quantitative and qualitative methods will be used, including surveys with 100+ employees and interviews. The target population is the 2500 employees. Convenience and judgmental sampling will be used to select participants. Data will be collected through questionnaires and interviews to explore issues related to implementation at the factory. The research aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the case study using mixed methods.
Chapter 3 g10 Research Method and ProcedureGhail RC
This chapter discusses research methodology and its key components. It identifies 6 main parts of chapter 3: 1) research design, 2) locale of the study, 3) population and sampling technique, 4) data gathering procedure, 5) research instrument, and 6) statistical treatment of data. It describes the different research designs including descriptive, experimental, and qualitative designs. It also explains concepts like research locale, population, sampling techniques, data collection procedures, types of research instruments including questionnaires, interviews and checklists, and the importance of statistical treatment of data.
Evaluates a meta analysis of family therapy interventions for families facing physical illness.
The slide presentation and article is discussed in greater detail at http://jcoynester.wordpress.com/2013/08/12/interventions-for-the-family-in-chronic-illness-a-meta-analysis-i-like/
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the common elements, characteristics, and types of research. The two major types are basic research, conducted to add to understanding without practical goals, and applied research, conducted to solve practical problems. Research methodology includes both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative research aims to understand experiences through methods like interviews while quantitative research aims to measure variables and relationships through statistical analysis. Finally, the document discusses important aspects of developing a research proposal such as choosing a topic, constructing a statement of the problem, and writing a clear title.
There are three main types of research: basic research, epidemiological research, and clinical research. The basic steps of research involve identifying the problem, planning the study design, implementing the plan by collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and reporting findings. Key aspects of the research process include formulating hypotheses, selecting appropriate study variables and objectives, choosing a study design, collecting and processing data, analyzing results, and writing proposals.
This document provides an overview of case study research methods. It defines case study research as an in-depth exploration of a bounded system or case over time through detailed data collection from multiple sources. The document outlines the purposes, characteristics, types, advantages, and criticisms of case study research. It also discusses data collection techniques and implications for teaching.
The document defines and discusses various types of research including basic, applied, correlational, descriptive, experimental, exploratory, historical, phenomenological, qualitative, and quantitative research. It also outlines the typical sections of a research study including the introduction, theoretical framework, statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitations, and data analysis methods. Statistical tests that can be used for data analysis such as t-tests, ANOVA, and non-parametric tests are also explained.
This research critique summarizes a study examining nurses' perceptions of violence in emergency departments in Nigeria. The study surveyed 81 nurses from 6 hospitals to understand the epidemiology of violence against nurses, their definitions of violence, and potential prevention strategies. Key findings included that ED nurses commonly experience both verbal and physical abuse. The critique provides recommendations to improve the study design and organization. It suggests making the objectives clearer, defining important terms, and considering a broader sample to generalize findings.
What is mass media research? Describe the development of mass media research....Md. Sajjat Hossain
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field or study according to the scientific method. Research can be about anything but the important thing for all researchers to understand is the correct methods to follow and to ensure the best results. ( ★★For making this content author used various online resources, it is share here only for those who want to know something about it. This content is not the author's primary/ own creating property. )
This document discusses inductive research as an alternative approach to theory development where theories are derived from analysis of collected data rather than guiding data collection. It provides an overview of inductive research as a qualitative approach that uses exploratory motives to generate broad generalizations through a flexible design focused on natural settings and in-depth understandings. The document also outlines the process of implementing induction including data collection, examination, and identifying themes to ultimately construct typologies, theories, and models. It notes both the limitations and strengths of inductive research.
The document provides summaries of different types of research designs, including their definitions, purposes, advantages, and limitations. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, experimental, causal, cohort, case study, action research, cross-sectional, and market research designs. For each design, it outlines what information can be learned from studies using that design and what limitations exist in determining causation or generalizing findings. The overall purpose is to help readers understand when and how to appropriately apply different research methodologies.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods, including data collection and analysis. It discusses the key principles of qualitative inquiry, such as understanding multiple realities and natural contexts. Common sources of qualitative data are interviews, observations, and documents. The goal of analysis is to uncover themes and patterns to understand phenomena. Five common qualitative research designs are described: case study, phenomenology, ethnography, narrative research, and mixed methods. The document contrasts the qualitative paradigm with the quantitative paradigm.
This document provides an overview of different types of educational research categorized by purpose and method. The main types discussed are:
1. Basic research which aims to develop theories without focusing on practical applications.
2. Applied research which seeks to solve practical problems in fields like education, medicine, and psychology.
3. Action research which is conducted by teachers to diagnose and address issues in their classrooms.
The document also examines research methods including descriptive research, experimental research, case studies, surveys, correlation research, causal comparative studies, and historical research. It provides examples and discusses the characteristics, procedures, advantages, and limitations of each type of educational research method.
Mixed method research involves using both quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study. There are four basic designs: convergent parallel design, explanatory sequential design, exploratory sequential design, and embedded design. The convergent design collects both types of data simultaneously and merges the results, while the sequential designs implement the methods in phases to build on each other. The embedded design incorporates one method within a study using the other method predominantly. Key decisions in choosing a design are the level of interaction between methods, priority, timing, and mixing strategies.
Grounded theory methodology is a qualitative research method that aims to generate or discover a theory grounded in data from the field. It is an iterative process where the analyst becomes more grounded in the data and develops richer concepts and models. There are two major schools of grounded theory - the Glaserian school emphasizes emerging theory from neutral questions, while the Straussian school structures questions and coding more rigorously. Key aspects of grounded theory include theoretical sampling, validating findings through quotations, and achieving reliability through techniques like triangulation and audit trails.
The document discusses research methods and processes. It defines research as a systematic, controlled, empirical investigation to discover facts and test hypotheses. The key steps in research include:
1) Identifying a research problem or question.
2) Conducting a literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulating hypotheses to guide the research.
4) Developing a research design that specifies procedures like sampling, data collection and analysis.
5) Collecting both primary and secondary data according to the research design.
6) Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions about the hypotheses.
The document covers different research types and methods used in conducting systematic studies.
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data to obtain objective information. The goals of quantitative research are to generalize findings, be objective, and test theories. The quantitative research process involves 10 steps: developing a theory and hypotheses, research design, defining concepts and variables, selecting respondents, data collection, data preparation, analysis, conclusions, and reporting. Several data collection methods are also discussed, including surveys, structured interviews, structured observations, and questionnaires.
This document discusses qualitative research methods for nursing studies. It defines qualitative research as a type of scientific inquiry that aims to understand human experiences and responses. The document notes that qualitative research is becoming more important for developing nursing knowledge and evidence-based practice. It compares qualitative and quantitative methods, noting that qualitative research is more flexible and focuses on understanding phenomena through naturalistic inquiry, while quantitative research seeks to confirm hypotheses and predict or control outcomes.
In house training 151114 qualitative researchHiram Ting
The document provides an overview of a training on qualitative research procedures conducted by Hiram Ting Huong Yiew. It begins with acknowledgments and an introduction of the instructor's background and experience in research. The contents section outlines topics to be covered, including research paradigms, designs, approaches, mixed-methods, and an overview of qualitative research. Examples and comparisons are provided between qualitative and quantitative research.
The document discusses quantitative research methods. It begins by defining quantitative data as pieces of information that can be counted, often from large random samples. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are then described as complementary approaches. Key points about quantitative research include: it aims to determine relationships between variables; designs are descriptive or experimental; it focuses on numbers, logic and objectivity rather than divergent reasoning; and characteristics include using structured instruments, representative large samples, reliability, clearly defined questions, and numerical data. The strengths are broader generalization while weaknesses include less detail and flexibility.
How to develop and manage a case study database as suggested by Yin (2009) wi...stefanie ng
Abstract
This presentation aims at providing useful knowledge and skills which can help doctoral students from different disciplines in doing research which inevitably involves time, energy and cost in data collection and handling of different types of qualitative and quantitative data gathered from various data sources by using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. The process of researching becomes more complex when the researcher decides to adopt a mixed methods design for his/her research study because both qualitative and quantitative research methodological approaches to inquiry are involved in the entire researching process either sequentially or concurrently in data collection, data storage, data retrieval, data examination, data processing, data analysis, interpretation, and reporting of results in the academic piece of work known as a thesis or dissertation. This presentation provides ideas and suggests the necessary steps to take so that a case study database can be developed comprehensively and managed efficiently.
This document discusses the research methodology used for a case study on the Festive Chicken poultry processing factory in South Africa. Both quantitative and qualitative methods will be used, including surveys with 100+ employees and interviews. The target population is the 2500 employees. Convenience and judgmental sampling will be used to select participants. Data will be collected through questionnaires and interviews to explore issues related to implementation at the factory. The research aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the case study using mixed methods.
Chapter 3 g10 Research Method and ProcedureGhail RC
This chapter discusses research methodology and its key components. It identifies 6 main parts of chapter 3: 1) research design, 2) locale of the study, 3) population and sampling technique, 4) data gathering procedure, 5) research instrument, and 6) statistical treatment of data. It describes the different research designs including descriptive, experimental, and qualitative designs. It also explains concepts like research locale, population, sampling techniques, data collection procedures, types of research instruments including questionnaires, interviews and checklists, and the importance of statistical treatment of data.
Evaluates a meta analysis of family therapy interventions for families facing physical illness.
The slide presentation and article is discussed in greater detail at http://jcoynester.wordpress.com/2013/08/12/interventions-for-the-family-in-chronic-illness-a-meta-analysis-i-like/
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the common elements, characteristics, and types of research. The two major types are basic research, conducted to add to understanding without practical goals, and applied research, conducted to solve practical problems. Research methodology includes both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative research aims to understand experiences through methods like interviews while quantitative research aims to measure variables and relationships through statistical analysis. Finally, the document discusses important aspects of developing a research proposal such as choosing a topic, constructing a statement of the problem, and writing a clear title.
There are three main types of research: basic research, epidemiological research, and clinical research. The basic steps of research involve identifying the problem, planning the study design, implementing the plan by collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and reporting findings. Key aspects of the research process include formulating hypotheses, selecting appropriate study variables and objectives, choosing a study design, collecting and processing data, analyzing results, and writing proposals.
This document provides an overview of case study research methods. It defines case study research as an in-depth exploration of a bounded system or case over time through detailed data collection from multiple sources. The document outlines the purposes, characteristics, types, advantages, and criticisms of case study research. It also discusses data collection techniques and implications for teaching.
The document defines and discusses various types of research including basic, applied, correlational, descriptive, experimental, exploratory, historical, phenomenological, qualitative, and quantitative research. It also outlines the typical sections of a research study including the introduction, theoretical framework, statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitations, and data analysis methods. Statistical tests that can be used for data analysis such as t-tests, ANOVA, and non-parametric tests are also explained.
This research critique summarizes a study examining nurses' perceptions of violence in emergency departments in Nigeria. The study surveyed 81 nurses from 6 hospitals to understand the epidemiology of violence against nurses, their definitions of violence, and potential prevention strategies. Key findings included that ED nurses commonly experience both verbal and physical abuse. The critique provides recommendations to improve the study design and organization. It suggests making the objectives clearer, defining important terms, and considering a broader sample to generalize findings.
What is mass media research? Describe the development of mass media research....Md. Sajjat Hossain
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field or study according to the scientific method. Research can be about anything but the important thing for all researchers to understand is the correct methods to follow and to ensure the best results. ( ★★For making this content author used various online resources, it is share here only for those who want to know something about it. This content is not the author's primary/ own creating property. )
This document discusses inductive research as an alternative approach to theory development where theories are derived from analysis of collected data rather than guiding data collection. It provides an overview of inductive research as a qualitative approach that uses exploratory motives to generate broad generalizations through a flexible design focused on natural settings and in-depth understandings. The document also outlines the process of implementing induction including data collection, examination, and identifying themes to ultimately construct typologies, theories, and models. It notes both the limitations and strengths of inductive research.
The document provides summaries of different types of research designs, including their definitions, purposes, advantages, and limitations. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, experimental, causal, cohort, case study, action research, cross-sectional, and market research designs. For each design, it outlines what information can be learned from studies using that design and what limitations exist in determining causation or generalizing findings. The overall purpose is to help readers understand when and how to appropriately apply different research methodologies.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods, including data collection and analysis. It discusses the key principles of qualitative inquiry, such as understanding multiple realities and natural contexts. Common sources of qualitative data are interviews, observations, and documents. The goal of analysis is to uncover themes and patterns to understand phenomena. Five common qualitative research designs are described: case study, phenomenology, ethnography, narrative research, and mixed methods. The document contrasts the qualitative paradigm with the quantitative paradigm.
This document provides an overview of different types of educational research categorized by purpose and method. The main types discussed are:
1. Basic research which aims to develop theories without focusing on practical applications.
2. Applied research which seeks to solve practical problems in fields like education, medicine, and psychology.
3. Action research which is conducted by teachers to diagnose and address issues in their classrooms.
The document also examines research methods including descriptive research, experimental research, case studies, surveys, correlation research, causal comparative studies, and historical research. It provides examples and discusses the characteristics, procedures, advantages, and limitations of each type of educational research method.
Mixed method research involves using both quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study. There are four basic designs: convergent parallel design, explanatory sequential design, exploratory sequential design, and embedded design. The convergent design collects both types of data simultaneously and merges the results, while the sequential designs implement the methods in phases to build on each other. The embedded design incorporates one method within a study using the other method predominantly. Key decisions in choosing a design are the level of interaction between methods, priority, timing, and mixing strategies.
Grounded theory methodology is a qualitative research method that aims to generate or discover a theory grounded in data from the field. It is an iterative process where the analyst becomes more grounded in the data and develops richer concepts and models. There are two major schools of grounded theory - the Glaserian school emphasizes emerging theory from neutral questions, while the Straussian school structures questions and coding more rigorously. Key aspects of grounded theory include theoretical sampling, validating findings through quotations, and achieving reliability through techniques like triangulation and audit trails.
The document discusses research methods and processes. It defines research as a systematic, controlled, empirical investigation to discover facts and test hypotheses. The key steps in research include:
1) Identifying a research problem or question.
2) Conducting a literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulating hypotheses to guide the research.
4) Developing a research design that specifies procedures like sampling, data collection and analysis.
5) Collecting both primary and secondary data according to the research design.
6) Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions about the hypotheses.
The document covers different research types and methods used in conducting systematic studies.
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data to obtain objective information. The goals of quantitative research are to generalize findings, be objective, and test theories. The quantitative research process involves 10 steps: developing a theory and hypotheses, research design, defining concepts and variables, selecting respondents, data collection, data preparation, analysis, conclusions, and reporting. Several data collection methods are also discussed, including surveys, structured interviews, structured observations, and questionnaires.
This document discusses qualitative research methods for nursing studies. It defines qualitative research as a type of scientific inquiry that aims to understand human experiences and responses. The document notes that qualitative research is becoming more important for developing nursing knowledge and evidence-based practice. It compares qualitative and quantitative methods, noting that qualitative research is more flexible and focuses on understanding phenomena through naturalistic inquiry, while quantitative research seeks to confirm hypotheses and predict or control outcomes.
In house training 151114 qualitative researchHiram Ting
The document provides an overview of a training on qualitative research procedures conducted by Hiram Ting Huong Yiew. It begins with acknowledgments and an introduction of the instructor's background and experience in research. The contents section outlines topics to be covered, including research paradigms, designs, approaches, mixed-methods, and an overview of qualitative research. Examples and comparisons are provided between qualitative and quantitative research.
Qualitative research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of phenomena through flexible research techniques like interviews and observations. It focuses on understanding experiences and beliefs from participants' perspectives rather than measuring or quantifying data. This allows researchers to gain rich insights into topics from smaller sample sizes compared to quantitative methods.
The document discusses the key aspects and goals of qualitative research. It states that the goal of qualitative research is to explore, describe and explain human behavior through close observation and listening. Qualitative data involves words rather than numbers to present results. Some common qualitative research methods mentioned include ethnography, interviews, focus groups, and open-ended questionnaires. Qualitative research typically involves smaller sample sizes due to the observation-based methods used.
The Importance Of Quantitative Research DesignsNicole Savoie
The document discusses quantitative and qualitative research designs. It states that qualitative research aims to understand the reasons and motivations behind issues, while quantitative research focuses on measuring trends and generalizing results from samples to populations. As examples, it provides details about two studies, one using a qualitative design to understand family relationships and support for mothers, and the other using a quantitative design but does not provide details about the specific study. It also provides background information on the samples and methods used in the qualitative study.
Analyze Quantitative And Qualitative ResearchAmy Roman
This document provides an overview of qualitative and quantitative research approaches. It discusses the key differences between the two approaches in terms of their philosophical assumptions, research designs, and methods. Specifically, it notes that quantitative research tests objective theories through examining relationships between variables, while qualitative research explores social problems through understanding people's experiences. The document also outlines common research designs for each approach, such as experimental, survey, and case study designs for quantitative research and grounded theory, ethnography, and phenomenology for qualitative research.
A Model For Presenting Threats To Legitimation At The Planning And Interpreta...Sarah Adams
This document presents models for assessing threats to validity, known as legitimation, in quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. It discusses:
1) The importance of assessing legitimation but the prevalence of authors not discussing limitations. This is especially true for dissertations where authors and advisors may not adequately discuss limitations.
2) Conceptual frameworks for assessing legitimation threats, including Campbell and Stanley's threats to internal and external validity for quantitative research, and Onwuegbuzie and Leech's threats to internal and external credibility for qualitative research.
3) A proposed model for dissertation authors to present legitimation threats at the planning and interpretation phases for quantitative, qualitative, and
The document provides guidance on writing the methodology chapter of a research paper. It discusses the main components including the introduction, philosophical assumptions, research design, methodology, sampling, data collection, ethics, and validity and reliability. The introduction should establish the purpose and provide an outline. The philosophical assumptions section explains the research paradigm including ontology and epistemology. The research design discusses the approach, methodology, and research methods. Sampling, data collection, and analysis are also important to include. The methodology chapter must address ethics and ensure the validity and reliability of the research.
peer1 Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed MethodThe qualitati.docxbartholomeocoombs
The document discusses qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research. It states that qualitative research involves collecting textual data through surveys, interviews, and observations to explore behaviors in natural environments and generate new hypotheses. Quantitative research uses statistical analysis and numerical data to test hypotheses and identify relationships. Mixed methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to gain a more comprehensive understanding by studying behaviors in multiple contexts using both textual and numerical data. The document indicates that the author's final project will use a qualitative method to gain an in-depth understanding of a complex problem by discovering people's experiences and perspectives through flexible interviews.
This document provides an overview of critical appraisal of qualitative research. It discusses what characterizes qualitative research, including that it aims to provide an in-depth understanding of human experiences through inductive and contextual methods. Key aspects of rigor in qualitative research are described, such as using triangulation, reflexivity, multiple coding, and respondent validation. Checklists for critically appraising qualitative research focus on questions like whether the sample and data collection were appropriate, if data analysis was rigorous, and if ethical issues were adequately addressed. The importance of assessing relevance and coherence is also highlighted for evaluating qualitative studies.
Grounded theory is a systematic qualitative research method where researchers gather data to build hypotheses and theories through inductive reasoning. As researchers examine collected data, ideas and concepts emerge from the data. Researchers code these concepts and may eventually categorize them to form new theories. Unlike conventional scientific methods that start with hypotheses, grounded theory starts with a question or data collection, allowing new contextualized ideas to emerge from the data.
Discuss the differences between the three major approaches surroundi.docxstandfordabbot
Discuss the differences between the three major approaches surrounding collection and analysis of data i,e., quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. As well as, describe the design of scientific inquiry that may go with each method i.e., survey, narrative, phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, or case study and why it would be selected. Then address which method and design you think you would prefer to use to conduct research and why.
Requires 250-300 words each forum.
#1
For this week’s forum post, We discuss the three major approaches surrounding collection and analysis of data. The first of the three approaches are quantitative. Quantitative, represents the method of utilizing numeric data and statistics in communicating the results. The second of the three approaches are qualitative. Qualitative represents the method of gathering data in the form of words and descriptions, such as interviews and focus groups, to communicate the results. The third, and final approach surrounding collection and analysis of data is mixed methods. Mixed methods incorporate both of what the quantitative and qualitative approach focus on. Using both numeric data and personal communication (Todd, Nerlich, McKeown, Clarke, p.2,3)
Quantitative
The quantitative method, involves numeric data and statistics to communicate findings. It emphasizes data, measured objectively, because it cannot be disputed. Polls, questionnaires, and surveys are three methods used in the collection of statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data. The primary purpose of quantitative research is to explain a particular event. By gathering a specific type of data, and generalizing it across an area small or wide. The goal, is to determine the relationships between variables, in that given area. Typically, this type of research is used to create graphs and tables of raw data. (Todd, Nerlich, McKeown, Clarke, p.2,3). This method would involve survey and ethnographic, because both are products of statistical analysis.
Qualitative
The qualitative method, involves gathering data in the form of words and descriptions. It emphasizes to understand the social reality of a given group and cultures as nearly as possible as its participants feel it or live it. The study is conducted in the person or groups natural setting. The goal of the qualitative approach is to understand the “why” behind a particular phenomenon, or behavior, acts the way it does. (Saul McLeon, p.1,2)
This method would involve narrative and case study, because both of those studies involve personal data. Data that is received in the form of words.
Mixed Method
The mixed method, combines both of the approaches, that the quantitative and qualitative method focus on. It emphasizes the collection, analysis, and integrating quantitative and qualitative research. The issue with both qualitative and quantitative research, is that there are weaknesses to only using one method at a time. Mix.
- The researcher analyzed survey data from 200 Muslim government officers regarding their concern for halal products. Officers were grouped by level of management: top, middle, supervisor.
- A chi-square test found no significant relationship between level of management and concern for halal products. The calculated chi-square value of 0.79 was less than the critical value of 9.49, so the null hypothesis that there is no difference was accepted.
- In summary, the level of management (top, middle, supervisor) did not have an effect on officers' reported concern for halal products based on this analysis of the survey data.
Applying A Mixed Methods For Choosing Text And Data...Jennifer Reither
Here is a draft family therapy case paper:
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION
The referred clients are the Smith family consisting of John (age 45) and Sarah (age 43), the parents, and their daughter Allison (age 16).
REASON FOR REFERRAL
The Smith family was referred for family therapy by Allison's school counselor due to concerns about Allison's behavior changes over the past 6 months. Specifically, Allison has been spending more time with a new group of friends at school that her parents disapprove of due to rumors of drug and alcohol use. Allison's grades have also dropped significantly from her usual A's and B's to C's and D's. Additionally, Allison has been more
Difference Between Quantitative And Qualitative ResearchMelanie Smith
The document discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods. It notes that while there may seem to be little difference to those new to research, scholars see vast differences between the two models. It describes how quantitative research relies on empirical data and statistics while qualitative research is more subjective and naturalistic. The document also discusses how qualitative research has become more rigorous over time in its data collection and analysis, and that a combined or integrated approach using both methods can provide a more comprehensive way to study phenomena.
The document discusses research methodology for a study on improving 4th grade students' ability to solve math word problems. It proposes using action research with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data will be collected before and after an intervention to measure students' growth. Qualitative data, such as an anonymous survey, will gather students' responses about the benefits of methods taught. The research aims to effectively improve students' understanding of word problems and determine the perceived benefits of using a graphic organizer strategy.
Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed MethodThe qualitative method o.docxhildredzr1di
Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method
The qualitative method of research is characterized by the collection and analysis of textual data like surveys, interviews, focus groups, conversational analysis and observation (Olds, et-al, 2005). The qualitative approach is more uncertain, studying behavior in natural environments using words, images and identify natural patterns and themes. It also generates new hypotheses and theories based on collected data, narrating reports with description, categories and exploration. The qualitative can refute any hypotheses.
Quantitative research methods use statistical analysis for comparing, description and relating variables. It also uses numerical data, hypotheses testing, effect size and interval estimates. This is used to identify statistical relationships and generalized findings. It uses highly structured methods, such as surveys, questionnaires and observation. This can predict casual relationships; quantify variation, study design, statistical assumptions and conditions. This method is inflexible which helps with meaningful comparisons of responses across participants.
The mixed research method on the other hand is deductive and inductive with multiple objectives and forms. It studies behavior in more than one context or condition. Uses numeric variables, words and images with a statistical and holistic approach. In-depth narrative description and identification of overall themes are used as well. One major popular mixed method approach is the sequential explanatory strategy. This has the advantage of having multiple ways to explore a research problem. The mixed method can address problems of different levels, complement the strengths of single design and overcome the weaknesses as well.
The method selected for my final project model would be the qualitative method. This goes into details and more in depth, with cost-effectiveness, flexible times and locations, making interviews easier. It gives a clear picture of complex problems including how and what experiences about the project simply seeking to discover and understand the perspectives and views of people involved.
Citations
Mixed-Methods Approach. (n.d.).
http://www.statisticssolutions.com/mixed-methods-approach/
Northeastern university. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2017, from
http://www.ccs.neu.edu/
Tan, D. (n.d.). Research design Qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed methods.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/51107663/research
peer2
Qualitative Research method is information that is gathered that can be discussed. It gathers information that can be formed into a hypothesis. According to the text, "much like in quantitative research, it is used as a broad explanation for behavior and attitudes, and it may be complete with variables, constructs, and hypotheses" (Creswell, 2013). When testing your hypothesis with qualitative research, there are many different processes that can be conducted. .
The document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as seeking to quantify data and generalize results from a sample to a population. Key concepts covered include descriptive research, which describes current statuses of variables, and correlational research, which examines relationships between variables without manipulating them. Common quantitative research designs like surveys, experiments, and ex post facto research are described. The document also discusses validity, reliability, sampling, data types, and the statistical analysis process.
Qualitative And Quantitative Approach To Research QuestionsAshley Jean
The key attributes of Kraft's primary target market segment are millennial mothers. Millennial mothers represent the largest demographic cohort of new mothers. They are well-educated and family-oriented, seeking products that protect their family's financial well-being. As digital natives, millennial mothers are heavy social media users and influencers. They utilize multiple social networks daily to research products and parenting issues online.
Teresa Swain 1 postsReTopic 2 DQ 2Drawing on your knowled.docxmehek4
Teresa Swain
1 posts
Re:Topic 2 DQ 2
Drawing on your knowledge from "PSY-815: Ethical Issues in Psychology," studies and literature research you have completed, and the readings and lecture for this topic, reflect on the role of ethics in the research process.
Discuss strategies a doctoral learner or researcher might employ to protect participants and the institutions (GCU/data collection site) in a study.
Ethical considerations for any study using human subjects must include consideration for consequences of conducting the research. Ideas such as “do no harm” and reflecting on who will benefit from this research study are of paramount consideration. The problem conceptualized should be viable and one that once solved could benefit stakeholders without disempowering others (Frost, 2011). Also there are important logistics of informed consent and confidentiality of participants. The individual giving informed consent should be of sound mind/body in order to understand the nature of what giving consent means. Limits of confidentiality need to be considered by those handling data as well as by participants so that any unnecessary exposure or handling of sensitive/confidential material is minimized.
Guidelines for ethical considerations are given by APA(2010) and include 5 major principles: (1) beneficence and non-maleficence, (2)fidelity and responsibility, (3) integrity, (4) justice and (5) respect people’s rights and dignity.
Explain any concerns/uncertainties you have regarding ethical conduct during dissertation research.
Some potential concerns might be in the welfare of participants once a study has concluded. It could be that during a study, participants build a rapport with the researcher and as a by-product of creating narratives receive some stress reduction from expressing feelings, thoughts and behaviors with an “objective” party. There might need to be a resource that is available for referral if individuals participating uncover problematic feelings or events that are discovered or uncovered during the process.
Other concerns could include the problem with the researcher(s) presence might influence results and observable behaviors. Concerns with cultural differences, gender, age and other demographic variables may also unintentionally bias data collection and ultimately results.
Finally, qualitative data collection might be unpredictable as it is a dynamic system that unfolds in the field with various sources, contexts and situations. Therefore, consideration must be made for handling dubious scenarios that might arise during this open and continuous process.
References
APA (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Including 2010 and 2016 amendments. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/
Frost, N. (Ed.). (2011). Qualitative research methods in psychology: Combining core approaches. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill. ISBN-13: 9780335241514
http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/mcgraw-hill/2011/q ...
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Research methodologies increasing understanding of the world
1. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2019
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Research Methodologies: Increasing Understanding of the World
Mary Jane Coy, PhD
Pima Community College, Psychology Department, 2202 West Anklam Rd., Tucson, AZ 85745, 520.206.6723.
mjcoy@pima.edu
DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.9.01.2019.p8511
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.01.2019.p8511
Abstract: Though there are similarities concerning qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, both have
distinguishing fundamental ontological and epistemological perspectives that are unique to their respective research
design. When contemplating a methodological approach in order to answer a research question, qualitative and
quantitative methodologies are not mutually exclusive. Though the characteristics of each methodology are distinct,
their corresponding qualities add to their rigor, and both methodologies have the capacity to inform one another in
order to generate, test, and confirm theory. To illustrate this, a qualitative collective case study and a quantitative
survey research method are examined. The application of each design is considered to the extent of their usefulness in
attaining a comprehensive understanding of complex phenomena. Finally, implications for future research are also
offered.
Keywords List: Research Methods, Qualitative Research, Quantitative Research, Research Design, Collective Case
Study, Survey Research
Goodness of Fit in Research Design
A standard research design is not a reality and would not produce accurate results. The variation in research design
facilitates the determination concerning which methodology best suits the research situation. The investigator must
decide which methodology best addresses the research question under investigation. There are clear and defined
operations for both qualitative and quantitative research by which the researcher must adhere in an effort to employ a
rigorous investigation which enables accurate findings and produces authentic results grounded in the data (Breakwell,
Hammond, Fife-Schaw, & Smith, 2010; Leedy & Ormrod, 2010; Trochim, 2001). This article describes the key
characteristics distinguishing qualitative and quantitative research design, considers the application of each design with
a representative methodology, and evaluates the representations for their usefulness to gain a comprehensive
understanding of phenomena.
A Synopsis of Two Grand Camps
Investigating Reality
Qualitative and quantitative methodologies use diverse approaches when investigating phenomena and
addressing research problems. In scientific investigation, the researcher determines whether the research problem and
the resulting research question will focus on a description, an explanation, or increase understanding of an experience.
When this is the case, the investigator might choose a qualitative inquiry. If the investigation necessitates objective
statistical measures, characterizes operationally defined variables, and likely utilizes a structured environment, then a
quantitative inquiry might be more fitting. A question to consider when deciding the best methodological fit for an
investigation is: Will the focus necessitate an emergent technique discovering the salient variables revealed through
data interpretation? Will it require a flexible strategy or one which is measured or controlled? This decision will help
identify which methodology might be the best fit to answer the research question (Trochim, 2001).
Qualitative and quantitative studies have many corresponding qualities which enhance the field through
rigorous research design. First, the researcher begins with the identification of a research problem or an area of concern
in practice, theory, or scholarly literature (Sacred Heart University Library, 2018). Then, the researcher develops a
research question in order to address the research problem and guide the investigation. Next, the researcher states the
purpose of the study and identifies the data to be examined in an effort to answer the research question. Regardless of
the methodology utilized, the researcher investigates phenomena, collects, analyzes, and interprets data, and meets
rigorous scientific standards of inquiry. The researcher shows how each investigation is applicable to the field and how
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the findings might advance scientific knowledge. Though there are many similarities between qualitative and
quantitative methodologies, the selection of an appropriate research design depends upon the research question, the
goal of the research, and the way in which the research will be carried out. The identification of an appropriate strategy
to answer the research question will depend on a rigorous design in order to yield credible results (Breakwell,
Hammond, Fife-Schaw, & Smith, 2010).
Though there are many similarities between methodologies, each is concerned with different procedures and
results. Qualitative research is naturalistic and data collection culminates with a large amount of raw data text for the
identification of similar elements concerning the phenomena within each data set, and commonalities of elements
across data sets leading to theoretical saturation. This process highlights data for interpretation, and then data analysis
is employed to generate assertions (Gavin, 2008). Quantitative inquiry is often controlled and amenable to a well-
defined context. It attempts to generate raw data scores and employs statistical analysis to identify a numerically
average experience. Quantitative research is concerned with generalizability and reliability. Generalizability implies
that the results are relevant concerning the larger population and reliability refers to the generation of the same results
across multiple inquiries. Qualitative research is concerned with transferability and credibility. Transferability
considers the context of the research and the capacity of the results to apply beyond the conditions in which the study
conducted. Qualitative research looks at the individual experience and identifies the idiosyncratic perception of the
experience within its context in an effort to induce transferability to diverse contexts (Gavin, 2008). One who attempts
transferability of qualitative results must evaluate the context of the research and determine if the results are
transferable to another context (Yin, 2012). Credibility concerns the substantiation of the results from the perspective of
the participant with the exception of research that does not utilize participants. In such instances a hermeneutic
perspective might be employed. This perspective is one in which the interpretation of the text is agreed upon within a
community of interpreters. The meaning of the interpretation is negotiated and accepted through consensus of a
knowledgeable research community (Schutt, 2018). Gaining in-depth insight from the perspective of the participant is
vital regarding credibility, except in the absence of study participants. In this circumstance community validation is
essential and it is through this lens that the credibility of the investigation is determined. Though many similarities and
differences exist between qualitative and quantitative inquiry, the differences between the methodologies allows for
one methodology to inform the other which is conducive to a more thorough understanding of phenomena (Patton,
2002; Trochim, 2006).
The utilization of diverse methods to address the research problem employ varied approaches (Patton, 2015).
Common data collection procedures in qualitative inquiry typically employ (a) interviews with a sample of participants
related to the research topic, (b) direct observations of human actions or an environment, (c) archival records of
primary sources that have been collected and stored prior to the investigation, (d) documents illuminating social
organization, (e) artifacts depicting physical culture, and (f) participant-observation wherein the researcher becomes a
participant in the group of study in order to make observations from the “inside” (Atkinson & Coffey, 2004; Kawulich,
2005; Sadana & Omasta, 2018; Yin, 2012). Qualitative inquiry produces raw data texts and when participants are
utilized, the researcher records the perspective of each and closely examines the setting in which data were collected
(Schutt, 2018). The researcher identifies impressions from the data and ascertains the meaning of the experience. The
investigation relies on the insight of the researcher to analyze and interpret the extensive data collected through which
they will answer the research question. Quantitative inquiry employs researcher detachment when administering
research measurement tools and objectivity when analyzing research data producing research results. Quantitative
research looks at the representative sample as a whole and identifies norms and ranks of observations by which to
predict, explain, or understand phenomena concerning the deduction of generalizability to individuals within the larger
population. The ontological (what is reality?) and epistemological (how do we know reality?) debate need not influence
the choice of methodology for an investigation. Patton (2002) advocates for a pragmatic view concerning research
methodologies, asserting that the researcher be sensitive to the research situation, giving rise to the approach which best
answers the research question. The researcher need not be influenced by any orientation, prejudice, or comfort level
when choosing a methodology for an investigation (Patton, 2015; Trochim, 2001).
Qualitative and quantitative methods employ scientific standards to advance the scientific knowledge base. The
qualitative research design adds to the scientific knowledge base by describing, understanding, and explaining
phenomena and may identify elements that are pertinent for statistical testing in subsequent research (Tellis, 1997). The
qualitative research design emphasizes the discovery of salient information, allows the participant a voice, and
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acknowledges the variation of perspectives. The qualitative research design focuses on the context of experience, builds
outward towards general patterns, discovers the multiple perspectives of reality, and discovers emerging topics of
importance which might be utilized for further investigation. Qualitative approaches assume that actions cannot be
separated from context because action cannot be understood outside of the setting (Casey & Houghton, 2010).
Qualitative inquiry utilizes fewer participants and collects more data (Schutt, 2018) in the natural setting to execute an
in-depth investigation into subjective reality. Quantitative research designs are typically controlled, use measures to
define reality, investigate the many to make predictions regarding the individual, and seek to identify the overall reality
concerning experience. The selection of a large representative sample allows the proposed statistical analysis to detect
the relationships and effects which the investigation might seek. Quantitative inquiry assumes that a larger sample size
will better generalize the results of the inquiry to the broader population (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010).
The instruments utilized in both types of approaches have assumptions associated with administration.
Quantitative inquiry customarily starts with a hypothesis and employs measures to focus on testing established theory
with confirmatory or predictive research questions. It focuses on detached and objective processes by which to gain an
understanding of phenomena under investigation. The setting might be controlled and separate from the participant
context, such as a laboratory that is utilized for testing and controlling external influential factors in consideration of
answering the research question. It assumes that an attachment of the researcher with the investigation or the
participants might bias the outcomes and yield invalid results. The qualitative research design relies upon the
researcher’s subjective perspective concerning the research problem. The investigation unfolds in the natural setting in
which the researcher interacts with the study elements and might employ interviews to gain insight into the participant
perspective of intricate phenomena. The investigator is the tool of measure within qualitative investigation, and the
outcomes rely on skill and insight looking through the lens of subjective reality. Qualitative investigation assumes that
objectivity is a barrier to understanding the phenomena under investigation and the only way one can truly know the
experience is through a subjective awareness and an empathic view of the context concerning the experience. Though
each methodology is useful when investigating phenomena, the sequential arrangement of approaches in which one
methodology follows the other in a cycle of administration utilizing diverse assumptions allowing researchers to gain
increased insight concerning entangled phenomena might be optimal (Gavin, 2008).
Thus far, the discussion has focused on qualitative and quantitative research; however the use of the one does
not exclude the use of the other. One may decide that a mixed methods design offers a more inclusive approach to
understanding phenomena under investigation by utilizing both of the methodologies in a single study. For example, a
qualitative researcher might count the number of times a particular category is identified within the investigation. This
strategy utilizes a quantitative approach within a qualitative design. Conversely, a quantitative researcher may want to
collect data concerning the perception of participants to the treatment in the experiment. This strategy utilizes a
qualitative approach within a quantitative design. The mixed methods design facilitates a more comprehensive
understanding of phenomena under investigation by employing both a qualitative and a quantitative strategy within a
single inquiry. This paper does not focus on any particular approach, but emphasizes a sequential, or cyclical,
methodological approach to research in general, where one investigation informs another, whether it is a qualitative
methodology or a quantitative methodology or a combination of the two in a mixed methods design. This work
advocates for further investigation concerning accepted or established research results in the scientific literature, in an
effort to gain added insight concerning complex phenomena in a progressive climate. No investigation, no matter what
methodology is employed, will offer comprehensive, on-going understanding concerning the research problem and its
evolution. Investigating the intricacies of experience relies on various approaches to develop and refine theory without
bias to any particular methodology in an effort to elaborate upon initial findings.
Representative Methodologies
Qualitative Collective Case Study
According to Saldana (2013), qualitative investigation begins with the formulation of either an epistemological
research question that allows the investigator to increase understanding of phenomena (What does it mean to be a
parent?) or an ontological research question that captures the idiographic reality of the participant (What is the lived
experience of adults with depression?). Through the course of the investigation, the researcher collects data from
multiple sources and seeks interpretation of reality through data texts. The qualitative methodologies are naturalistic
and emergent utilizing the data collected to discover the salient information in the investigation. The investigator does
not determine the variables of importance before data collection. When utilizing interviews, the participants reveal their
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subjective salient variables in the natural setting which allows the research to unfold using the investigator as the
research instrument. No matter which type of research question the investigator examines, the researcher must rely on
personal skill and creativity, while employing epoche, for data analysis and the interpretation of the data. The process
of qualitative inquiry is subjective and relies on the experience and orientation of the investigator in pursuit of crafting
a narrative in which artistic ability meets scientific rigor (Trochim, 2001).
A qualitative case study is concerned with exploring a bounded system within a defined period of time (Stake,
1995). The case is easily recognized and separated from other cases by the boundaries established, either as a single
case or as a collective case for study. The researcher utilizing the collective case study approach identifies a research
problem and forms a research question. The research problem and the research question identify the key phenomena
under investigation. The research question guiding the case study is concerned with “What is the experience of…?” and
identifies an activity, event, or program which is poorly understood or investigates changes in the case over time. The
researcher acquires a purposive sample of participants that have the information sought by the inquiry within the
bounded system. The recommended number of sample participants for a single case study is one, and eight to 12 for a
collective case study (Patton, 2002). However, there is evidence for either more or fewer participants in a collective
case study because the number of participants in a collective case study is not prescriptive and sampling continues until
data saturation is reached and theme identification and within- and across-case analysis can be employed (Yin, 2009).
The weakness of utilizing a small number of participants in any study has limitations for generalizability to the larger
population. The case study is not concerned with generalizability and must be viewed as exploratory and in light of
confirming or conflicting results from other investigations (Baxter & Jack, 2008).
The case study investigation might utilize multiple forms of data collection, depending on the case for study.
Data collection in collective case study may include observations, which include field notes; interviews, which are
audio-taped and transcribed; written documents, such as diaries or journals of study participants; and audiovisual
material such as video diaries of study participants. The case determines the types of data necessary for the
investigation to answer the research question. The researcher interacts with the participant in the natural setting and
dedicates an extended period of time recording the rich description of the setting and factors surrounding the case. The
detailed description of the social environment and cultural climate, extracted from multiple sources of data collection,
allows the audience to determine the similarities in study conditions and judge the degree of transferability to diverse
situations (Creswell, 2007; CSU, 2018; Patton, 2002; Stake, 2010).
The data analysis portion of collective case study research is guided by a strategic process yielding credible
results. Stake’s (1995) formulation of the case study in his work The Art of Case Study Research outlines the data
analysis phase of the case study investigation in which data analysis starts with a detailed description of the case as a
whole. Then, the researcher employs direct interpretation, drawing meaning from single instances, without comparisons
with other cases. After that, meaning-rich instances aggregate into categories of meaning. Following that, within-case
analysis identifies themes by analyzing the categories. In a collective case study, data analysis begins with each case as
an analysis unto itself. Then, the researcher engages across-case analysis, identifies similarities in the cases, and then
makes assertions about the integrated meaning of all of the cases examined. The culmination of case study research
depends on data convergence, answers the research question, and offers lessons learned through the process of the
investigation. The data analysis phase of case study research is subjective and dependent on the experience and skill of
the researcher, and facilitates a dependable and credible inclusive understanding of the elaborate phenomena under
investigation (Baxter & Jack, 2008).
Case study investigation is a qualitative approach allowing the investigator to discover salient information about
interwoven phenomena within the context of the experience from the perspective of the participant (Tellis, 1997). The
case study concerns itself with experience, identifying emerging themes, utilizing researcher interpretation of the data,
engaging dependable and credible data analysis, and ultimately asserting the lessons learned from the case. The rich in-
depth description of the case context allows the consumer of the research to determine the transferability of the case
study outside of the setting in which it was conducted (Stake, 2006). As previously noted, qualitative and quantitative
research may cooperate to facilitate the investigation of phenomena. For example, a qualitative inquiry might be used
to identify the salient variables as elements of phenomena, and then might inform a quantitative investigation in an
effort to test the variables for saliency, and generalize the findings to the larger population. As an illustration, survey
research has the capacity to inform the case study in the cycle of understanding in regard to generating, confirming, and
testing theory. The use of both methodologies in sequential, or cyclical, investigation may reveal a broader
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understanding of phenomena over any single inquiry (Creswell, 2007; Leedy & Ormrod, 2010; Patton, 2002; Trochim,
2001).
Quantitative Survey Research
There is a diversity of approaches in which to generate, confirm, and test theory. Within quantitative research
there are multiple approaches to choose how best to address the research problem and answer the research question.
When choosing a quantitative approach some points to consider are: Will the research method address participant
attitudes or experience? Will the research need to compare groups? Will the research measure a change over time?
Does the research seek to identify relationships between variables? These questions will help the researcher identify the
quantitative design most appropriate to answer the research question. The survey research design is examined because
of its focus on description and the normative participant experience. When utilized following a collective case study
design the qualitative inquiry informs the quantitative investigation in an effort to develop and refine theory. Collective
case study investigation identifies the idiosyncratic reality pertaining to experience and survey research identifies the
collective reality proceeding from experience. Both approaches are useful in scientific investigation and inform the
scientific knowledge base (Breakwell et al., 2010).
Survey research is a conventional quantitative approach investigating opinions, attitudes, or experiences of one
or more groups of people. A survey might be administered to describe how safe people feel when using social media.
The characteristics of the inquiry are pre-determined and the participants respond to the categories for testing in an
interview or on a questionnaire. The responses are then tabulated. The survey research approach utilizes a large
representative sample of participants to learn about the broader population. The researcher chooses the administration
method of meticulously constructed survey questions and gathers responses from the selected sample of volunteers, and
through statistical indexes draws inferences about the relevant wider population. The survey research design is a fairly
straightforward structure; however, carrying out the process is rigorous and painstaking in an effort to reduce bias and
increase accuracy of the results (Gavin, 2008).
There are multiple domains which classify survey research: descriptive, analytical, and evaluative. When
choosing a survey research design one must consider the purpose of the research. Descriptive survey research seeks to
draw conclusions about features in the wider population. Analytical survey research highlights the trajectory of
detected effects of one variable on another. Evaluative survey research determines the influences of factors for change.
Survey research is a non-experimental method and does not separate participants into control and treatment groups for
comparisons or manipulate applications. Survey research is focused on learning about and describing the larger
population. This is accomplished by the researcher administering a survey for the collection of responses from the
representative sample and drawing inferences about the broader population (Kelley, Clark, Brown, & Sitzia, 2003).
Though the defined process of conducting survey research is rigorous and allows for reliability and validity, the
researcher must be cognizant of the limitations of this design. Limitations associated with this research include: the
previous identification of categories, participants must respond with the best fit from available response items,
statistical analysis constrains and defines the types of inferences which can be drawn, focusing on particular categories
of inquiry may result in simultaneous categories being missed, and a large sample is necessary for distinguishing
relationships and effects through statistical analysis. This approach looks at one moment in time from which to collect
data and extrapolate the findings to the larger population. It assumes that the results are generalizable over longer
periods of time concerning ongoing activities. Survey research allows the researcher to generalize the results to the
larger population and offers supposition from which to conduct further research for more accurate results, over longer
periods of time, with on-going activity, and within a changing world. There are limitations to consider when employing
a quantitative methodology including survey research regarding the expectation of generalizability and the findings
(Leedy & Ormrod, 2010).
The limitations of any research project must be addressed in an effort to reduce bias and determine the accuracy
of the research findings. For example, the recent use of conventional large-scale, on-line surveys are not amenable to
exhaustive assessment concerning participant inclusion and exclusion criteria in the acquisition of a representative
sample (Ausderau, Furlong, Sideris, Bulluck, Little, Watson, Boyd, Belger, Dickie, & Baranek, 2014). This depicts
limitations regarding fraudulent surveys wherein survey takers might take several surveys under different identifiers for
whatever reason. Survey research conducted online does not offer the most secure setting for the collection of data.
Another limitation of survey research is the self-report tool for data collection. The challenge of self-reports present as
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response bias; each participant may answer the survey questions in a way that they think the researcher wants them to
answer, the participant may not remember accurately, or their responses may be hasty due to never having thought
about the questions before the survey. Whatever the reason, self-reports are not the most valid measure however, the
use of online surveys and self-reports offers the researcher a point at which to start and move forward with further
investigation. There are limitations that exist regarding all research methods and with reference to survey research
specifically. However, survey research allows investigators the opportunity to increase understanding of phenomena,
examine a premise, build the knowledge base, and develop a trajectory for further inquiry concerning theory
(Breakwell et al., 2010).
Qualitative and quantitative methodologies have similarities and differences with respect to conducting
research. The collective case study allows the experience of the participant to be heard, identifies variations in reality,
utilizes the subjective skill and creativity of the researcher, identifies emergent themes and patterns of salient
information, and develops or refines theory (Crowe, Cresswell, Robertson, Huby, Avery, & Sheikh, 2011). Survey
research starts with the identification of the characteristics of the investigation, employs statistical analysis, identifies
the salient data in the investigation, and is utilized for description, exploration, explanation, or testing hypotheses. Both
collective case study and survey research inform one another in the research process. Utilizing both of these
representations of qualitative and quantitative investigation informing one another, offers a more expansive view of
phenomena and the impact on the individual, which highlights implications for practice (Creswell, 2007; Kelley, Clark,
Brown, & Sitzia, 2003; Leedy & Ormrod, 2010; Patton, 2002; Trochim, 2001).
Usefulness of Case Study and Survey Research to Develop Theory
A Sequential Approach
Both survey research and case study are relevant concerning theory development. The collective case study
identifies themes and patterns of essential information from the perspective of the participant, and is influenced by the
contextual setting of the bounded system. Collective case studies allow the researcher to confirm characteristics
identified in the survey research, and survey research allows investigators to confirm characteristics identified in the
collective case study. The collective case study and survey research approaches can inform one another and establish
the evolution and precision of gathering evidence for theory. When used consecutively, they have the potential to
augment a broader understanding of the impact of phenomena relative to the study participants.
The collective case study is contributory regarding detailed insight relevant to the impact of the phenomena
regarding study participants. The use of the collective case study seeks the identification of key themes from emerging
categories, through the perspective of the participant in context. Then, the use of survey research strengthens the broad
understanding of the impact of the phenomena regarding the study participants by investigating the key themes in the
emergent categories which were identified by the participants in the collective case study. The collective case study
utilizes a smaller sample of participants and informs the survey research, and survey research utilizes a larger sample
for statistical indexes associated with the categories through which to detect norms and ranks of information, enabling
the researcher to make predictions and describe the larger population. Once the survey research describes the larger
population, further investigation might be utilized in an experiment to continue the sequence of inquiry. For example,
successive inquiry might test predictions about the relationship of cause-and-effect between the identified variables (i.e.
a study of the effect of an employee exercise program on work satisfaction). The execution of diverse approaches by
various researchers facilitates a broader perspective to sufficiently answer the research question beyond any one
investigation. No matter the approach, utilizing one methodological procedure will not advance a comprehensive
understanding of the impact of phenomena concerning a population. It is optimal to utilize both qualitative and
quantitative methodologies in a sequential manner to generate, test, and confirm theory in an effort to gain increased
insight with respect to obscure phenomena.
Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies can be integrated by utilizing a mixed methods design.
However, the approaches might be optimally applied through a process of sequentially or cyclically utilizing each
methodology concerning ongoing investigation in an effort to address a research problem, design inquiry, study a
representative sample, interpret results, and implement consecutive investigations in an effort to develop, test, confirm,
and refine theory. Qualitative research is founded upon the natural setting of the inquiry, the subjective perspective of
the researcher concerning the research problem and the investigation, and the analysis is carried out with strict attention
to managing researcher bias through epoche. Quantitative research might control the setting of the investigation which
is consistent with an experimental design, or utilize the natural setting of the participants which is compatible with
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survey research. Moreover quantitative inquiry utilizes previously identified characteristics for investigation, focuses
on researcher detachment, and decreases the opportunity for researcher bias through the use of statistical operations.
The sequential or cyclical methodological design concerning these diverse approaches adds to the broad understanding
of phenomena regarding each study, where one investigation informs the other and allows for increased understanding
of the phenomena and advances scientific knowledge (Breakwell et al., 2010; Creswell, 2007; Leedy & Ormrod, 2010;
Patton, 2002; Trochim, 2001).
Conclusion
The similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative research adds to the understanding of
complex phenomena. Each methodology has its own ontology and epistemology, allowing the researcher an option for
the generation, confirmation, and testing of theory from different vantage points. Employing diverse methodologies
across various inquiries enhances scientific investigation and informs the scientific knowledge base. The insight that
has been gained from previous research might benefit from a continued sequence or cycle of inquiry in order to develop
and refine theory from various ontological and epistemological perspectives in an effort to increase the scientific
knowledge base in an evolving world.
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