Respiratory diseases in poultry are common in commercial flocks and cause great economic loss to farmer. Major respiratory diseases of chicken are discussed briefly here with some uniqueness
In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
Inoculation with a specific biological substance (antigen) to stimulate resistance or immunity to a particular disease.
Purpose of vaccination
To prevent or reduce problems that can occur from infection of a field strain of a disease organism
To incite high levels of immunity to protect birds in the face of aggressive endemic disease challenges.
To prevent heavy losses in the form of high mortality, morbidity and lowered protective performance by building up resistance in birds
To hyper immunize hens to maximize maternally derived antibody passed through the egg to the hatching progeny.
In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
Inoculation with a specific biological substance (antigen) to stimulate resistance or immunity to a particular disease.
Purpose of vaccination
To prevent or reduce problems that can occur from infection of a field strain of a disease organism
To incite high levels of immunity to protect birds in the face of aggressive endemic disease challenges.
To prevent heavy losses in the form of high mortality, morbidity and lowered protective performance by building up resistance in birds
To hyper immunize hens to maximize maternally derived antibody passed through the egg to the hatching progeny.
Coccidiosis in Chickens, Photos, PicturesField Vet
http://fieldcasestudy.com
Coccidia is a microscopic parasitic organism that infects poultry when ingested by the chicken. The parasites found in the ground or bird faeces attaches itself to the lining in the gut, multiplies and becomes an oocyst feeding in the digestive tract which will make it bleed. Once infected it passes the parasites in its poop days before symptoms occur. Coccidiosis is caused by protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexa, family Eimeriidae. In poultry, most species belong to the genus Eimeria and infect various sites in the intestine.
Infectious Bronchitis in Chickens (laying Hens)Field Vet
More original pictures, http://fieldcasestudy.com/field-data-for-poultry-learning-and-presentations-materials/
Infectious Bronchitis, IB in chickens caused many clinical symptoms. Respiratory symptoms, decreased egg production, hens can not lay eggs, false layer, or death in very young chickens.
In these slides, is a case of Infectious Bronchitis in laying hens. This Poultry disease is caused by a virus IB QX variant. If this virus affecting chickens young age, it can cause the appearance of cystic oviduct which can be observed in adult chickens.
In young chickens, the visible symptoms are respiratory symptoms. Once the chicken grows up, it will look a chicken belly bulge, cystic oviduct, mostly chicken like this do not lay eggs, but there are unique, a little of the chicken can lay eggs,Why? visit fieldcasestudy.com
Vaccination programs for broilers are an essential tool for disease prevention, particularly for viral diseases, in poultry farming. It causes an immune response in birds to protect them from the field infection
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
This manual is a brief guide to preventing, diagnosing and controlling poultry diseases. All major poultry diseases are discussed in detail. The description of each disease includes information about its cause, the susceptibility of poultry species, ways the disease is transmitted, clinical signs and lesions, how the disease is diagnosed, and ways to treat it. There are colour photos to aid in disease identification. There is additional information on the nature and cause of disease and on sanitation practices, and a glossary of common terms. The book is fully indexed so that diseases can be found by both their formal and common names
Coccidiosis in Chickens, Photos, PicturesField Vet
http://fieldcasestudy.com
Coccidia is a microscopic parasitic organism that infects poultry when ingested by the chicken. The parasites found in the ground or bird faeces attaches itself to the lining in the gut, multiplies and becomes an oocyst feeding in the digestive tract which will make it bleed. Once infected it passes the parasites in its poop days before symptoms occur. Coccidiosis is caused by protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexa, family Eimeriidae. In poultry, most species belong to the genus Eimeria and infect various sites in the intestine.
Infectious Bronchitis in Chickens (laying Hens)Field Vet
More original pictures, http://fieldcasestudy.com/field-data-for-poultry-learning-and-presentations-materials/
Infectious Bronchitis, IB in chickens caused many clinical symptoms. Respiratory symptoms, decreased egg production, hens can not lay eggs, false layer, or death in very young chickens.
In these slides, is a case of Infectious Bronchitis in laying hens. This Poultry disease is caused by a virus IB QX variant. If this virus affecting chickens young age, it can cause the appearance of cystic oviduct which can be observed in adult chickens.
In young chickens, the visible symptoms are respiratory symptoms. Once the chicken grows up, it will look a chicken belly bulge, cystic oviduct, mostly chicken like this do not lay eggs, but there are unique, a little of the chicken can lay eggs,Why? visit fieldcasestudy.com
Vaccination programs for broilers are an essential tool for disease prevention, particularly for viral diseases, in poultry farming. It causes an immune response in birds to protect them from the field infection
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
This manual is a brief guide to preventing, diagnosing and controlling poultry diseases. All major poultry diseases are discussed in detail. The description of each disease includes information about its cause, the susceptibility of poultry species, ways the disease is transmitted, clinical signs and lesions, how the disease is diagnosed, and ways to treat it. There are colour photos to aid in disease identification. There is additional information on the nature and cause of disease and on sanitation practices, and a glossary of common terms. The book is fully indexed so that diseases can be found by both their formal and common names
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease in chic...MishkatKhan6
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens caused by an avian coronavirus called infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)
Fowlpox is contagious viral disease.
Bird of all age is affected by this disease.
Chicken and turkeys are mainly affected by this disease.
Some viral type may also affect pigeon, geese, pheasants and quills.
1-2% mortality rate.
Incubation period 2-3 weeks.
Fowlpox is seen worldwide.
The basic concepts and information regarding the egg structure and chemical composition of egg is discussed. The yolk and albumin nutrition are also discussed and compared for better understanding and application.
It provides basic knowledge regarding the formation of an egg, structure of egg, nutritional importance of eggs as well as egg processing technology and egg products.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
8. Mortalityafter 3 Weeks
CRD Usually low with many culls
IC Very low with many culls
ND 0-5
IB 0
ILT 50
Aspergillosis
9. Nasal and Ocular Discharge
CRD Yes
IC Yes (catarrhal)
ND Yes (sticky)
IB Yes
ILT Nasal
Aspergillosis
10. Facial Signs
CRD Facial edema
IC S/C edema of face and wattles
ND Mild edema of face and neck
IB No
ILT No
Aspergillosis No
11. Tracheal Lesions
CRD Mucus in trachea
IC Tracheitis
ND Hemorrhages and congestion of trachea
IB Serous, catarrhal or caseous exudate or plugs of pus trachea
ILT Blood stained mucus and hemorrhages in trachea
Aspergillosis White to pale yellow and hard nodules and or creamcolored plaques
12. Lungs
CRD Cheesy materialin lungs
IC No
ND No
IB No
ILT No
Aspergillosis White to pale yellow andhard nodules andor cream
coloredplaques
13. Air Sacs
CRD Cloudy airsacs
IC -
ND Cloudy airsacs, thickening of walls ofair sacs
IB Cloudy airsacs with yellow exudate
ILT -
Aspergillosis White to pale yellow andhard nodules andor cream
coloredplaques
14. Effecton Egg Production
Drop in Egg production
CRD 10-20% for one month
IC 10-40% but may reachup to 70%
ND Cessation egg production within few days
IB 10-50% (poor eggquality)
ILT 1-20 %
Aspergillosis
-
15. Easy to Differentiate
CRD Swollen face, foamyair sacs
IC Pus in respiratory tract
ND Nervoussigns, pin point hemorrhagesin proventriculus
IB Plugs in trachea, misshapen or shell-less eggs, urate deposition in
kidney
ILT Expectoration of bloody mucus
Aspergillosis White to pale yellow and hard nodules on lungs, trachea and air sacs
22. Treatment
• Tylosin, tilmicosin, tiamulin,spectinomycinand tetracyclines are very effectiveagainst
mycoplasma but not remains so mucheffectiveif secondary E.coli infectionis present
• Enrofloxacin is effectiveagainstboth mycoplasma and E.coli
• Tetracycline and chlortetracycline althoughhave dual action but antibiotics resistance is
present in E.coliagainstthesedrugs
27. • Caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum
• Disease of upper respiratory tract
• Mostly hit thebirds of 5-30 weeks of age
• Incubationperiod is 1-3 days
• Disease duration 2-3 weeks
• Caused 10-40 % drop inegg production
28. Transmission of Disease
• No vertical transmission
• Horizontal transmissionis mainlythroughthe
• - Fecal-oral route
• - Air
• - Carrier birds
30. Clinical Signs
• Strong smell similar to rotten eggs
• Nasal and ocular discharge
• Facial swelling
• Sneezing
• Difficultbreathing
• Conjunctivitis
• Swollenwattles(particularly in malebirds)
• Severe decrease in egg production (normally 10-40% butcan reach up to 70%)
33. Post Mortem Lesions
• S/C edema of face and wattles
• Catarrhal inflammationofsinuses and nasal passages
• Tracheitis
34. Newcastle Disease(ND)
• Affect all poultry birds
• Incubationperiod ranges 2-15 days however usually it is 5-6 days
• Zoonotic disease
• Depends upon immunestatus, concurrent infection, virus strain and age of bird
• Up to 100% but in mild type infectionit is 50% or more
35. Clinical Signs
• Greenish diarrhea
• Stickynasaland ocular discharge
• Difficult breathing and Voice production
• Ocular and nasaldischarge
• Torticollis
• Paralysisof legs and wings
• Backward movement of bird
• Cessation egg production within few days (for several weeks)
• Soft shelled or shell-lesseggs, deformed eggs (only few eggs)
36. Postmortem Lesions
• Pinpoint hemorrhages in proventriculus
• Hemorrhages on caecal tonsilsand intestinalmucosa
• Hemorrhagic trachea
• Cloudy air sacs and thickeningof wall of air sacs
• Hemorrhages inlower conjunctiva
41. Infectious Bronchitis
• Causedby Corona virus (Group 3)
• This virus can replicatein thecellcytoplasm,respiratory system,digestivetract (fecal-oral
route)and reproductive system
• Vaccinalvirus can persist ininternalorgans upto163days or evenmore
• Incubationperiodis 18-36hours
42. Clinical Signs
• Coughing,sneezing, gasping and tracheal rales (i.e. gurgling
• Watery nasal and ocular discharge (very rare in adultbirds)
• Severe decrease egg production (10-50%)
• Thinor soft shelled,rough shelled or misshapen eggs and watery albumin
43. Postmortem Lesions
• Serous, catarrhal or caseous exudate in sinuses, nares and trachea
• Mucoid plugs of pus inlower trachea (cause asphyxia)
• Foamy and cloudy air sacs with yellow exudate(acute form)
• Paleand swollen kidney (Nephropathogenic)
• Urate deposition in ureters
47. white caseous exudate in the syrinx
and primary bronchi Swollen Kidneys and urate deposition
48. Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
• First vaccine in poultry was developed againstILT
• Incubationperiod is 6-12 days
• Morbidity is 90-100%
• Mortality varies 5-70% butnormal range is 10-20%
• In mild form, morbidity is up to 5% and mortality is 1-2%
53. Aspergillosis
• Disease of young chicks butmay affect older birds
• Immunosuppression, cold weatherammoniaand dust influencedisease
occurrence
54. Clinical Signs and Postmortem Lesions
• Difficultbreathing
• Inhibitionof feed intake
• Whiteto pale yellow and hard nodules on lungs, trachea and air sacs