Vaccine
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Vaccines have been successful in eradicating smallpox and nearly eradicating polio by activating the immune system against viral antigens. Live attenuated vaccines provide both humoral and mucosal immunity but carry risks of reversion, while inactivated vaccines are safer but require boosters. New approaches include recombinant DNA vaccines, which allow production of viral proteins to stimulate both antibody and cytotoxic T-cell responses. Developing an HIV vaccine faces challenges due to the virus's ability to evade the immune system through hiding in cells and polymorphism.
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Vaccine production
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.
5. vaccine technology
The document discusses the history and development of vaccines. It notes that Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1796 that inoculating people with cowpox protected them from smallpox, laying the foundation for vaccination. However, variolation techniques using mild smallpox exposures had been practiced in China and India as early as 1000 AD. Modern vaccines can be live/attenuated, inactivated, or toxoids and work by stimulating antibody and T-cell immune responses without causing disease.
Antiviral agents and sensitivity tests
Antiviral drugs face several challenges due to viruses replicating inside host cells. Acyclovir is a nucleoside analog effective against herpes viruses that requires activation by viral kinases. Foscarnet directly inhibits viral DNA polymerase. Amantadine and rimantadine target influenza A M2 protein while oseltamivir and zanamivir inhibit neuraminidase. Lamivudine and entecavir are used to treat hepatitis B as nucleoside analogs. Interferons and ribavirin are used against hepatitis C. Phenotypic and genotypic tests determine antiviral susceptibility.
Dna vaccines
This document provides an overview of DNA vaccines. It begins with introducing traditional vaccines and how DNA vaccines work. DNA vaccines use genetically engineered DNA that is injected into cells to produce an immunological response. The document then covers the history, development, delivery methods, mechanisms of action, advantages, disadvantages, and current/future applications of DNA vaccines. It summarizes that DNA vaccination is a promising new approach being tested for diseases like Alzheimer's, West Nile virus, and dental caries.
Bio 151 lec 2 2012 2013
This document discusses antigens and antibodies. It defines antigens as any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody. Antigens include sugars, lipids, proteins and more. They can be found on microbes or in the environment. The document discusses the properties of antigens including their ability to induce immune responses or tolerance. It also discusses immunogens versus haptens. Factors that influence antigen immunogenicity are also covered such as molecular size, composition, and an antigen's susceptibility to processing and presentation. The role of adjuvants in enhancing immune responses is also summarized.
Vaccines
This document discusses different types of vaccines and their production. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated vaccines containing live microorganisms that cause limited infection, killed/inactivated vaccines containing dead microorganisms, recombinant vaccines produced using DNA technology, DNA vaccines where DNA is injected directly, and cocktail vaccines containing multiple vaccines. Vaccines are produced by growing and attenuating microorganisms, purifying antigens, adding adjuvants, stabilizers and preservatives, and formulating the final vaccine preparation. Some risks associated with vaccines include the vaccine itself causing illness, overstimulating the immune system, and allergic reactions to vaccine components.
Antibiotics and their mode of action
Antibiotics have different modes of action depending on their structure and affinity for target sites in bacterial cells. Some major classes of antibiotics include:
1) Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis like penicillins and vancomycin which target the bacterial cell wall, critical for bacterial life.
2) Inhibitors of cell membrane function like polymixin B and colistin which disrupt the cell membrane.
3) Inhibitors of protein synthesis like aminoglycosides and macrolides which bind to bacterial ribosomes and disrupt protein synthesis, essential for bacterial growth.
4) Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis like quinolones and rifampin which bind DNA and RNA synthesis
Antimicrobial chemotherapy
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. It begins by defining antibiotics as natural substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or kill other microorganisms. It then discusses antimicrobial agents, which include both naturally obtained and synthetic drugs that can attenuate microorganisms. Finally, it defines chemotherapeutic agents as drugs designed to inhibit or kill an infecting organism with minimal effect on the recipient. The document goes on to provide details on the classification, mechanisms, principles, development and prevention of antimicrobial resistance.
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Vaccine production
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.
5. vaccine technology
The document discusses the history and development of vaccines. It notes that Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1796 that inoculating people with cowpox protected them from smallpox, laying the foundation for vaccination. However, variolation techniques using mild smallpox exposures had been practiced in China and India as early as 1000 AD. Modern vaccines can be live/attenuated, inactivated, or toxoids and work by stimulating antibody and T-cell immune responses without causing disease.
Antiviral agents and sensitivity tests
Antiviral drugs face several challenges due to viruses replicating inside host cells. Acyclovir is a nucleoside analog effective against herpes viruses that requires activation by viral kinases. Foscarnet directly inhibits viral DNA polymerase. Amantadine and rimantadine target influenza A M2 protein while oseltamivir and zanamivir inhibit neuraminidase. Lamivudine and entecavir are used to treat hepatitis B as nucleoside analogs. Interferons and ribavirin are used against hepatitis C. Phenotypic and genotypic tests determine antiviral susceptibility.
Dna vaccines
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Bio 151 lec 2 2012 2013
This document discusses antigens and antibodies. It defines antigens as any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody. Antigens include sugars, lipids, proteins and more. They can be found on microbes or in the environment. The document discusses the properties of antigens including their ability to induce immune responses or tolerance. It also discusses immunogens versus haptens. Factors that influence antigen immunogenicity are also covered such as molecular size, composition, and an antigen's susceptibility to processing and presentation. The role of adjuvants in enhancing immune responses is also summarized.
Vaccines
This document discusses different types of vaccines and their production. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated vaccines containing live microorganisms that cause limited infection, killed/inactivated vaccines containing dead microorganisms, recombinant vaccines produced using DNA technology, DNA vaccines where DNA is injected directly, and cocktail vaccines containing multiple vaccines. Vaccines are produced by growing and attenuating microorganisms, purifying antigens, adding adjuvants, stabilizers and preservatives, and formulating the final vaccine preparation. Some risks associated with vaccines include the vaccine itself causing illness, overstimulating the immune system, and allergic reactions to vaccine components.
Antibiotics and their mode of action
Antibiotics have different modes of action depending on their structure and affinity for target sites in bacterial cells. Some major classes of antibiotics include:
1) Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis like penicillins and vancomycin which target the bacterial cell wall, critical for bacterial life.
2) Inhibitors of cell membrane function like polymixin B and colistin which disrupt the cell membrane.
3) Inhibitors of protein synthesis like aminoglycosides and macrolides which bind to bacterial ribosomes and disrupt protein synthesis, essential for bacterial growth.
4) Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis like quinolones and rifampin which bind DNA and RNA synthesis
Antimicrobial chemotherapy
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. It begins by defining antibiotics as natural substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or kill other microorganisms. It then discusses antimicrobial agents, which include both naturally obtained and synthetic drugs that can attenuate microorganisms. Finally, it defines chemotherapeutic agents as drugs designed to inhibit or kill an infecting organism with minimal effect on the recipient. The document goes on to provide details on the classification, mechanisms, principles, development and prevention of antimicrobial resistance.
Structure and function of antibody molecules
Porter first proposed the 4-chain antibody model in 1959. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by B-lymphocytes in response to antigens. There are five main types of antibodies: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE, which are defined by their heavy chains. Each antibody consists of two light chains and two heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. The variable region allows antibodies to bind to different antigens, while the constant region defines the antibody class. The five classes have different structures and functions, such as IgM activating the complement system as the first antibody response.
Immunology - Innate and Acquired Immunity
Title: Innate and Acquired Immunity: Understanding the Two Branches of Our Immune System
Introduction:
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that protects us from invading pathogens and foreign substances. In this presentation, we will explore the two branches of the immune system: innate and acquired immunity. We will discuss the key features of each branch, their mechanisms of action, and how they work together to keep us healthy.
Section 1: Innate Immunity
- Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and foreign substances.
- We will discuss the key features of innate immunity, including physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, and the cellular and molecular components of innate immunity, such as phagocytes and cytokines.
- We will also explore some of the ways in which innate immunity can be activated and how it responds to different types of pathogens.
Section 2: Acquired Immunity
- Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is a more specialized and targeted response to specific pathogens or foreign substances.
- We will discuss the key features of acquired immunity, including the role of B and T lymphocytes, antibodies, and memory cells.
- We will also explore some of the ways in which acquired immunity can be activated, including through vaccination, and how it responds to specific antigens.
Section 3: Interaction between Innate and Acquired Immunity
- Innate and acquired immunity work together in a coordinated manner to provide effective protection against pathogens and foreign substances.
- We will discuss how innate immunity can initiate an immune response and activate acquired immunity, and how acquired immunity can enhance the effectiveness of innate immunity.
- We will also explore some examples of how these two branches of the immune system work together in different types of infections.
Conclusion:
Understanding the different branches of our immune system is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases. Innate and acquired immunity work together to provide a coordinated and dynamic defense against pathogens and foreign substances. By exploring the mechanisms and interactions between these two branches of the immune system, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexity and power of our immune system.
Fundamentals of Immunology for Pharmacy students
This document defines key immunology terms like pathogen, virulence, attenuation, antigens, antibodies, and antisera. It describes the non-specific defenses of the host like skin, mucous membranes, phagocytosis, complement system, inflammation, and host damage from exotoxins and endotoxins. It also describes specific defenses like cellular immunity and humoral immunity. The document discusses the types of immunity, structure of immunoglobulins, antibody production, and antigen-antibody reactions.
Transfection
This document discusses various chemical agents and methods used for cell transformation through transfection of foreign DNA. It describes factors that affect transfection efficiency, including host cell health and culture conditions as well as DNA quality and quantity. Common transfection methods are also outlined, such as cationic lipids, calcium phosphate, DEAE-Dextran, and magnet-mediated transfection. Each method is briefly explained and its pros and cons discussed.
monoclonal antibodies and engineered antibodies
This document provides an overview of monoclonal antibodies and engineered antibodies. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal versus polyclonal antibodies. Production methods like hybridoma technology and fermentation are described. Problems associated with monoclonal antibody therapy like HAMA response are covered. Applications in diagnosis, therapy and analytical uses are mentioned. Finally, the document discusses engineering antibodies by modifying regions to reduce immunogenicity and enhance functions.
Transgenic Animals.pptx
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The document discusses different types of vaccines and their characteristics. It describes live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live microbes to elicit strong immunity. Inactivated vaccines use killed microbes and require multiple doses to maintain immunity. Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of microbes. Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated toxins. Conjugate vaccines link sugar antigens to proteins. DNA and recombinant vaccines use genetic material from microbes. The document provides examples and explanations of each vaccine type.
Covid-19 mRNA Vaccines
mRNA vaccines work by using messenger RNA to teach the immune system what the spike protein of the virus looks like. This allows the immune system to produce antibodies to fight future infections. They have several advantages such as being potentially inexpensive to produce, not requiring an infectious virus, and having a fast production timeline. The two approved mRNA vaccines, Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech, both use mRNA coding for the spike protein encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles and have shown effectiveness in preventing severe COVID infections with common side effects being fatigue, headache, and muscle aches.
Antigen Presenting cells(APCs)
Antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells play a key role in activating T cells during an immune response. They process foreign antigens, display antigen fragments on MHC molecules, and present these to T cells. This initiation of T cell activation requires two signals: 1) antigen recognition by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signaling between molecules on the antigen presenting cell and T cell. Together, these signals trigger T cells to proliferate and carry out their immune functions in fighting pathogens or cancer cells.
Viral vector
This document discusses viral vectors, which are tools used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. It describes how viruses are efficient at transferring their DNA into host cells and can be modified to insert exogenous genes. The document outlines some key properties of viral vectors like safety through deletion of viral replication genes. It then describes some common viral vectors, including adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus, lentivirus, and retrovirus. Finally, it discusses some applications of viral vectors like gene therapy and using viruses expressing pathogen proteins as vaccines.
Immunology of parasitic diseases
The document discusses the immune system and its response to parasitic diseases. It introduces basic concepts of the immune system, including the innate and acquired responses. The innate response acts as a non-specific barrier, while the acquired response involves humoral and cell-mediated immunity. T helper cells can differentiate into Th1 or Th2 subsets, determining the type of response. Th1 supports cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens, while Th2 induces antibody production against extracellular pathogens. CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells directly kill infected cells. Activated macrophages also have microbicidal functions. The balance between protective and pathological immune responses is important for host-parasite interactions.
Monoclonal antibody
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have various applications including diagnostic, therapeutic, and catalytic uses. Diagnostically, mAbs are used in pregnancy tests, disease diagnostics, and immunohistochemistry. Therapeutically, mAbs treat cancer, transplant rejection, and autoimmune diseases by mechanisms like enhancing immune response, blocking growth signals, inhibiting angiogenesis or cytokines. Some FDA-approved mAbs for cancer include rituximab, trastuzumab, and bevacizumab. Conjugated mAbs can deliver toxins or radiation directly to tumors. mAbs also have applications in areas like organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and drug targeting.
Efflux pump
This document discusses efflux pumps in bacteria. It covers several topics:
1) Efflux pumps are membrane proteins that actively export toxins and antimicrobials from bacteria. Their overexpression is a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance.
2) Efflux pumps are classified into several families based on their structure and energy source, including ABC, MATE, MFS, SMR, and RND families.
3) Efflux pumps have natural physiological functions like exporting bile acids and fatty acids, but can also export a broad range of antimicrobials, contributing to multidrug resistance.
INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.pptx
The document summarizes the key differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is present from birth and provides non-specific resistance to pathogens. It involves anatomical barriers, phagocytes, complement proteins, cytokines and other cellular components. Adaptive immunity is acquired during life and provides pathogen-specific resistance through T cells, B cells, antibodies, immunological memory and specificity. Dendritic cells, macrophages, complement pathways and cytokines act as bridges between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Elisa report
- ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a biochemical technique used in immunology to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a liquid sample.
- There are two main types of ELISA - qualitative ELISA which determines if a sample is positive or negative, and quantitative ELISA which measures the amount of the target using a standard curve.
- ELISA has many applications including detecting serum antibody concentrations, food allergens, disease outbreaks, antigens, and antibodies from past exposure to diseases.
Immunity to microbes
This document summarizes immunity to microbes, including both innate and adaptive immunity. It discusses extracellular bacteria that can replicate outside of cells, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the innate immune response of complement activation and phagocytosis. Intracellular bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can survive inside cells require a cell-mediated adaptive immune response. The document also covers topics like adaptive humoral and cellular immunity, superantigen activation of T cells, mechanisms of bacterial evasion of the immune system, and the roles of macrophages and cytokines in responses to intracellular microbes.
Types-of-Immunity.ppt
Innate immunity refers to non-specific defenses present from birth, including physical barriers and chemical factors. Adaptive immunity involves antigen-specific responses that develop over time, including antibodies and lymphocytes. Adaptive immunity provides immunological memory. The innate system provides immediate defense while adaptive immunity defends specifically against pathogens over time and strengthens with repeated exposure through memory.
mRNA Vaccines and HIV
Watch the slideshow for a better understanding: https://youtu.be/frmGwCEtDnM
1. Learn how mRNA vaccines work.
2. Learn challenges in making HIV vaccines.
3. Learn about the advantage of mRNA vaccines in HIV
4. Learn about trials.
Dna vaccine
DNA vaccines work by introducing genetic material into cells that codes for an antigen. This DNA is translated into a protein that triggers an immune response against the pathogen. Some key advantages of DNA vaccines are that they can provide both antibody and cellular immunity, do not require refrigeration, and focus the immune response on the target antigen. However, challenges remain around limited immunogenicity, potential safety issues like integration into the host genome, and a lack of approved DNA vaccines currently on the market.
Interferones
This document discusses interferons (IFNs), which are signaling proteins produced by immune cells in response to challenges like viruses and tumors. It describes the three main types of IFNs (Type I, II, and III), their functions in activating the immune system and inhibiting viral replication, and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway involved in their mechanism of action. The document also outlines some applications of IFNs in treating conditions like hepatitis, cancer, and multiple sclerosis as well as potential adverse effects.
Sağlıkta Teknoloji Kullanımı ve Kronik Hastalık Yönetiminde Teletıp
Sağlıkta Teknoloji Kullanımı ve Kronik Hastalık Yönetiminde Teletıp
Vaccinations
This PowerPoint presentation is the second in a series of six that are part of a webinar series on Ewe and Doe Management from late gestation through weaning.
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Structure and function of antibody molecules
Porter first proposed the 4-chain antibody model in 1959. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by B-lymphocytes in response to antigens. There are five main types of antibodies: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE, which are defined by their heavy chains. Each antibody consists of two light chains and two heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. The variable region allows antibodies to bind to different antigens, while the constant region defines the antibody class. The five classes have different structures and functions, such as IgM activating the complement system as the first antibody response.
Immunology - Innate and Acquired Immunity
Title: Innate and Acquired Immunity: Understanding the Two Branches of Our Immune System
Introduction:
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that protects us from invading pathogens and foreign substances. In this presentation, we will explore the two branches of the immune system: innate and acquired immunity. We will discuss the key features of each branch, their mechanisms of action, and how they work together to keep us healthy.
Section 1: Innate Immunity
- Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and foreign substances.
- We will discuss the key features of innate immunity, including physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, and the cellular and molecular components of innate immunity, such as phagocytes and cytokines.
- We will also explore some of the ways in which innate immunity can be activated and how it responds to different types of pathogens.
Section 2: Acquired Immunity
- Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is a more specialized and targeted response to specific pathogens or foreign substances.
- We will discuss the key features of acquired immunity, including the role of B and T lymphocytes, antibodies, and memory cells.
- We will also explore some of the ways in which acquired immunity can be activated, including through vaccination, and how it responds to specific antigens.
Section 3: Interaction between Innate and Acquired Immunity
- Innate and acquired immunity work together in a coordinated manner to provide effective protection against pathogens and foreign substances.
- We will discuss how innate immunity can initiate an immune response and activate acquired immunity, and how acquired immunity can enhance the effectiveness of innate immunity.
- We will also explore some examples of how these two branches of the immune system work together in different types of infections.
Conclusion:
Understanding the different branches of our immune system is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases. Innate and acquired immunity work together to provide a coordinated and dynamic defense against pathogens and foreign substances. By exploring the mechanisms and interactions between these two branches of the immune system, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexity and power of our immune system.
Fundamentals of Immunology for Pharmacy students
This document defines key immunology terms like pathogen, virulence, attenuation, antigens, antibodies, and antisera. It describes the non-specific defenses of the host like skin, mucous membranes, phagocytosis, complement system, inflammation, and host damage from exotoxins and endotoxins. It also describes specific defenses like cellular immunity and humoral immunity. The document discusses the types of immunity, structure of immunoglobulins, antibody production, and antigen-antibody reactions.
Transfection
This document discusses various chemical agents and methods used for cell transformation through transfection of foreign DNA. It describes factors that affect transfection efficiency, including host cell health and culture conditions as well as DNA quality and quantity. Common transfection methods are also outlined, such as cationic lipids, calcium phosphate, DEAE-Dextran, and magnet-mediated transfection. Each method is briefly explained and its pros and cons discussed.
monoclonal antibodies and engineered antibodies
This document provides an overview of monoclonal antibodies and engineered antibodies. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal versus polyclonal antibodies. Production methods like hybridoma technology and fermentation are described. Problems associated with monoclonal antibody therapy like HAMA response are covered. Applications in diagnosis, therapy and analytical uses are mentioned. Finally, the document discusses engineering antibodies by modifying regions to reduce immunogenicity and enhance functions.
Transgenic Animals.pptx
Transgenic Animals- Animal in which new or altered gene have been experimentally inserted into their genome by genetic engineering technique.
Types of vaccines
The document discusses different types of vaccines and their characteristics. It describes live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live microbes to elicit strong immunity. Inactivated vaccines use killed microbes and require multiple doses to maintain immunity. Subunit vaccines contain only antigens of microbes. Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated toxins. Conjugate vaccines link sugar antigens to proteins. DNA and recombinant vaccines use genetic material from microbes. The document provides examples and explanations of each vaccine type.
Covid-19 mRNA Vaccines
mRNA vaccines work by using messenger RNA to teach the immune system what the spike protein of the virus looks like. This allows the immune system to produce antibodies to fight future infections. They have several advantages such as being potentially inexpensive to produce, not requiring an infectious virus, and having a fast production timeline. The two approved mRNA vaccines, Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech, both use mRNA coding for the spike protein encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles and have shown effectiveness in preventing severe COVID infections with common side effects being fatigue, headache, and muscle aches.
Antigen Presenting cells(APCs)
Antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells play a key role in activating T cells during an immune response. They process foreign antigens, display antigen fragments on MHC molecules, and present these to T cells. This initiation of T cell activation requires two signals: 1) antigen recognition by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signaling between molecules on the antigen presenting cell and T cell. Together, these signals trigger T cells to proliferate and carry out their immune functions in fighting pathogens or cancer cells.
Viral vector
This document discusses viral vectors, which are tools used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. It describes how viruses are efficient at transferring their DNA into host cells and can be modified to insert exogenous genes. The document outlines some key properties of viral vectors like safety through deletion of viral replication genes. It then describes some common viral vectors, including adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus, lentivirus, and retrovirus. Finally, it discusses some applications of viral vectors like gene therapy and using viruses expressing pathogen proteins as vaccines.
Immunology of parasitic diseases
The document discusses the immune system and its response to parasitic diseases. It introduces basic concepts of the immune system, including the innate and acquired responses. The innate response acts as a non-specific barrier, while the acquired response involves humoral and cell-mediated immunity. T helper cells can differentiate into Th1 or Th2 subsets, determining the type of response. Th1 supports cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens, while Th2 induces antibody production against extracellular pathogens. CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells directly kill infected cells. Activated macrophages also have microbicidal functions. The balance between protective and pathological immune responses is important for host-parasite interactions.
Monoclonal antibody
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have various applications including diagnostic, therapeutic, and catalytic uses. Diagnostically, mAbs are used in pregnancy tests, disease diagnostics, and immunohistochemistry. Therapeutically, mAbs treat cancer, transplant rejection, and autoimmune diseases by mechanisms like enhancing immune response, blocking growth signals, inhibiting angiogenesis or cytokines. Some FDA-approved mAbs for cancer include rituximab, trastuzumab, and bevacizumab. Conjugated mAbs can deliver toxins or radiation directly to tumors. mAbs also have applications in areas like organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and drug targeting.
Efflux pump
This document discusses efflux pumps in bacteria. It covers several topics:
1) Efflux pumps are membrane proteins that actively export toxins and antimicrobials from bacteria. Their overexpression is a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance.
2) Efflux pumps are classified into several families based on their structure and energy source, including ABC, MATE, MFS, SMR, and RND families.
3) Efflux pumps have natural physiological functions like exporting bile acids and fatty acids, but can also export a broad range of antimicrobials, contributing to multidrug resistance.
INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY.pptx
The document summarizes the key differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is present from birth and provides non-specific resistance to pathogens. It involves anatomical barriers, phagocytes, complement proteins, cytokines and other cellular components. Adaptive immunity is acquired during life and provides pathogen-specific resistance through T cells, B cells, antibodies, immunological memory and specificity. Dendritic cells, macrophages, complement pathways and cytokines act as bridges between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Elisa report
- ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a biochemical technique used in immunology to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a liquid sample.
- There are two main types of ELISA - qualitative ELISA which determines if a sample is positive or negative, and quantitative ELISA which measures the amount of the target using a standard curve.
- ELISA has many applications including detecting serum antibody concentrations, food allergens, disease outbreaks, antigens, and antibodies from past exposure to diseases.
Immunity to microbes
This document summarizes immunity to microbes, including both innate and adaptive immunity. It discusses extracellular bacteria that can replicate outside of cells, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the innate immune response of complement activation and phagocytosis. Intracellular bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can survive inside cells require a cell-mediated adaptive immune response. The document also covers topics like adaptive humoral and cellular immunity, superantigen activation of T cells, mechanisms of bacterial evasion of the immune system, and the roles of macrophages and cytokines in responses to intracellular microbes.
Types-of-Immunity.ppt
Innate immunity refers to non-specific defenses present from birth, including physical barriers and chemical factors. Adaptive immunity involves antigen-specific responses that develop over time, including antibodies and lymphocytes. Adaptive immunity provides immunological memory. The innate system provides immediate defense while adaptive immunity defends specifically against pathogens over time and strengthens with repeated exposure through memory.
mRNA Vaccines and HIV
Watch the slideshow for a better understanding: https://youtu.be/frmGwCEtDnM
1. Learn how mRNA vaccines work.
2. Learn challenges in making HIV vaccines.
3. Learn about the advantage of mRNA vaccines in HIV
4. Learn about trials.
Dna vaccine
DNA vaccines work by introducing genetic material into cells that codes for an antigen. This DNA is translated into a protein that triggers an immune response against the pathogen. Some key advantages of DNA vaccines are that they can provide both antibody and cellular immunity, do not require refrigeration, and focus the immune response on the target antigen. However, challenges remain around limited immunogenicity, potential safety issues like integration into the host genome, and a lack of approved DNA vaccines currently on the market.
Interferones
This document discusses interferons (IFNs), which are signaling proteins produced by immune cells in response to challenges like viruses and tumors. It describes the three main types of IFNs (Type I, II, and III), their functions in activating the immune system and inhibiting viral replication, and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway involved in their mechanism of action. The document also outlines some applications of IFNs in treating conditions like hepatitis, cancer, and multiple sclerosis as well as potential adverse effects.
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Sağlıkta Teknoloji Kullanımı ve Kronik Hastalık Yönetiminde Teletıp
Sağlıkta Teknoloji Kullanımı ve Kronik Hastalık Yönetiminde Teletıp
Vaccinations
This PowerPoint presentation is the second in a series of six that are part of a webinar series on Ewe and Doe Management from late gestation through weaning.
The umbilical cord
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and measures approximately 50 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter at term. It contains one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood away. The cord inserts into the placenta near its center in most cases. Abnormalities can include abnormal insertion points, short or long length, knots, torsion, hematoma, or having a single umbilical artery instead of two.
Vaccinations in pregnancy
This document discusses vaccinations that are considered safe and not recommended during pregnancy. It states that routine vaccines like diphtheria, tetanus, influenza, hepatitis B, and meningococcal are generally safe during pregnancy. Live virus vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, yellow fever, oral polio, and BCG are not recommended due to the theoretical risk of fetal transmission. Inactivated polio and rabies vaccines are also generally considered safe in pregnancy. The risks and benefits of vaccination during each trimester are reviewed for several common diseases.
The placenta
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
Vaccination
The document discusses the history and types of vaccination. It describes how Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids exposed to cowpox did not get smallpox, leading him to develop the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Since then, vaccines have been developed for over 20 diseases and have saved millions of lives worldwide by training the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, polysaccharide or genetic based.
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Sağlıkta Teknoloji Kullanımı ve Kronik Hastalık Yönetiminde Teletıp
Sağlıkta Teknoloji Kullanımı ve Kronik Hastalık Yönetiminde Teletıp
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Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
Presentation on conventional vaccine (Quality Control and Production aspects)
The document discusses the production and quality control of vaccines. It begins by introducing vaccines and their purpose of stimulating immunity. It then covers the history of vaccines, classifications of vaccines, and properties of an ideal vaccine. The document discusses the differences between conventional and novel vaccines. It provides details on the preparation and standardization of several common vaccines, including polio, smallpox, typhoid, BCG, and cholera vaccines. The production process of vaccines is summarized as selecting strains, growing microorganisms, isolating and purifying the product, inactivating microorganisms, and formulating and testing the final vaccine.
Parasite Vaccines in Trials and in Use
Current Parasitic Vaccines: in Use and in Trial
There are several challenges to developing effective parasitic vaccines. Parasites have complex life cycles and evade the immune system, making the identification of protective antigens difficult. Few parasitic vaccines are currently licensed. The RTS,S vaccine for malaria is the leading candidate and aims to stimulate immunity against the liver stage of Plasmodium falciparum. Efforts are also being made to develop vaccines for other protozoan parasites like Leishmania as well as helminthic parasites such as hookworm and Schistosoma. Overcoming issues related to the protective immune response, antigen expression and variation, and appropriate animal models is key to advancing the development of new
Vaccination
The document discusses vaccination and immunization. It provides details on:
- The differences between the immune systems of children and adults. Children rely on maternal antibodies at birth that wane after 1 year of age.
- The types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and genetic vaccines. It also discusses the Iraqi and global vaccination schedules.
- Immunoglobulins including normal human Ig and specific human Ig used for passive immunity. Adverse reactions can include pain, fever, and allergic reactions.
- Maintaining the cold chain is important to preserve vaccine potency during storage and handling.
- Factors that can constrain widespread effective vaccination including illiteracy,
Immunity and vaccine (community medicine )
This document discusses immunity, types of immunity (active and passive), antigens, antibodies, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, how active immunity is developed, how passive immunity is acquired, immune response, herd immunity, immunizing agents (vaccines, immunoglobulins, antiserum), EPI schedule, cold chain, complications of vaccination, contraindications to vaccination, adverse events following immunization (AEFI), and coincidental events. The key points are that immunity protects the body from foreign antigens, there are two types of immunity (active and passive), and vaccines help develop active immunity while immunoglobulins provide passive immunity.
VACCINE TECHNOLOGY
The document discusses the history and development of vaccines. It begins with early discoveries in the 18th-19th centuries relating to smallpox and rabies vaccines. It then outlines major vaccine discoveries from the 1890s-1990s for diseases such as diphtheria, polio, measles, and hepatitis B. The document also describes different types of traditional and modern vaccines, including how they are prepared and the microorganisms they contain. It provides details on live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and viral vector vaccines.
vaccines and anti-viral drugs
This document discusses vaccines and antiviral drugs. It provides details on the history of vaccines including Edward Jenner's pioneering work developing the smallpox vaccine in 1796. It describes the various types of vaccines such as live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, toxoid vaccines, and conjugate vaccines. The document also discusses the vaccine production process and gives examples of commonly used antiviral drugs for influenza, herpes, and hepatitis.
Vaccine 5 march
This document provides an overview of advancements in vaccinology. It discusses the concept and types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vaccines. It describes the process of designing vaccines including determining antigens, conducting pre-clinical and clinical trials. New approaches like reverse vaccinology and edible vaccines are also summarized. Reverse vaccinology uses genomic sequencing to predict vaccine candidates while edible vaccines aim to induce mucosal immunity by expressing antigens in edible plants. The document outlines the development of several vaccines including the first successful meningococcal B vaccine which was developed using reverse vaccinology.
Biologics
This document discusses various biologics including antigens, antibodies, immunoglobulins, immunity, and different types of vaccines. It provides details on antigens, the 5 major immunoglobulin classes in humans, natural and acquired immunity, and active vs passive immunity. The document also summarizes many common vaccines such as influenza, polio, measles, mumps, hepatitis B, and others, describing what each vaccine is used for, how it works, dosing recommendations, and potential side effects.
IMMUNIZATION LECTURE.ppt
This is an immunology lecture for medical students. it helps student to understand the importance of immunization in clinical practice. resident doctors can also benefit immensely with this lecture.
vaccine resistance
Vaccines are less likely than drugs to induce resistance in pathogens for two key reasons: timing and multiplicity of targets. Vaccines are administered prophylactically before infection, limiting pathogen population size and diversity, whereas drugs are given therapeutically after symptoms when the pathogen population is larger. Additionally, vaccines target multiple antigen sites across populations through herd immunity, whereas drugs typically have fewer targets. While resistance can evolve to some vaccines over long periods of use through natural evolution or vaccine-driven selection, vaccines remain the most effective solution to combating drug resistance.
Different Types of Vaccine
The document discusses different types of vaccines, including live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, recombinant viral protein vaccines, synthetic peptide vaccines, anti-idiotype antibodies vaccines, and DNA vaccines. It provides details on how each type of vaccine is produced and advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Key points covered include methods used to attenuate viruses for live vaccines, challenges with developing inactivated vaccines, use of recombinant DNA technology to produce subunit and viral protein vaccines, and potential of DNA vaccines which directly inject DNA coding for antigens.
Vaccine against viruses
This document discusses protection against viral infections through vaccines and antiviral drugs. It begins by defining key terms like vaccines, vaccinations, and immunizations. It then discusses the history of vaccines, why they are important, and how they work to trigger an immune response. The rest of the document details different types of vaccines, common virus vaccines, vaccines still under research, recommended vaccination schedules by age, potential side effects, and types of antiviral drugs that work at different stages of the viral lifecycle.
Vaccine
Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens. This stimulates the body to develop immunity against future infections from those pathogens. Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine for smallpox in 1796 by using cowpox to provide protection against smallpox. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. Vaccines must go through multiple stages of testing before being approved for public use to ensure they are safe and effective. An ideal vaccine would provide long-lasting immunity after a single dose with a strong safety profile.
Vaccines and sera
1. Vaccines contain weakened or killed pathogens that stimulate the immune system to develop antibodies against diseases.
2. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit and recombinant.
3. Diphtheria toxoid is prepared from toxins produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The toxins are treated with formalin to remove toxicity while retaining antigenicity.
Vaccine
The document provides an overview of the history and development of vaccines. It discusses key events like Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796 and the eradication of smallpox. It describes different types of vaccines including live-attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, and DNA vaccines. The mechanisms of how vaccines work and produce immunity are also explained. The document traces the evolution of vaccines from whole organism approaches to modern techniques like recombinant DNA technology.
Bacterial diseases 2011
The document discusses various diseases and vaccines. It provides information on monkeypox transmission between wild animals in the US in 2003. It also summarizes the distribution of monkeypox cases across several midwestern and central US states. The document then discusses signs and symptoms of disease, protective immune responses, phases of vaccine development including preclinical and clinical trials, bacterial toxins, Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis and treatment, tetanus and diphtheria causative bacteria and diseases, polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria, meningococcal disease and treatment, conjugate vaccines for H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis, and combination vaccines.
Similar to Vaccine (20)
Presentation on conventional vaccine (Quality Control and Production aspects)
Presentation on conventional vaccine (Quality Control and Production aspects)
More from raj kumar
The foetal membranes
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the chorion and amnion. The chorion is the outer membrane that is attached to the placenta and uterine wall. The amnion lines the chorion and encloses the fetus and amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrition for the fetus, and aids in temperature regulation and movement. It is composed primarily of water, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. The amniotic fluid circulates continuously, with production from the fetal membranes, fetal urine and transudation from maternal and fetal blood.
Physiology of reproduction
The document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from fertilization through early pregnancy development. It describes how sperm mature and are capacitated in the female reproductive tract. Upon ovulation, sperm meet and fertilize the ovum in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst invade the uterine lining and develop into a placenta to exchange nutrients and waste with the mother's blood. Major developmental milestones in early pregnancy include chorion, amnion and decidua formation.
Minor complaints during pregnancy
The document discusses several minor complaints that may occur during pregnancy, including gingivitis, ptyalism, heartburn, constipation, hemorrhoids, varicosities, dyspnea, urinary symptoms, leucorrhea, leg cramps, paraethesia, and backache. For each complaint, the causes and recommended treatments are provided.
Diagnosis of pregnancy
This document discusses the diagnosis of pregnancy over three trimesters. In the first trimester, common symptoms include missed periods, morning sickness, frequent urination, and breast changes. Signs include enlarged, soft breasts and uterus, and a softer, purplish cervix. Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin in urine or blood. Ultrasounds can visualize the gestational sac after 4-5 weeks. In the second trimester, symptoms decrease while the abdomen enlarges and fetal movement is felt. Signs include skin changes and palpable fetal parts. The third trimester confirms pregnancy through palpation of fetal parts and auscultation of the fetal heart.
Antenatal care
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby. Checkups include exams, tests, and education on nutrition, exercise, hygiene, warning signs and avoiding risks. The goals are to prevent or treat complications, detect issues, and ensure healthy development. Women receive more frequent exams as their due date approaches, and are instructed on a nutritious diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, hygienic practices, and when to seek medical help if problems arise.
Postpartum mood disorders
The document discusses postpartum mood disorders, including prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that postpartum mood disorders range from mild and temporary postpartum blues to more severe postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Screening tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale can help identify at-risk women. Treatment involves psychosocial therapies and may include antidepressant medication depending on severity. A multidisciplinary approach is important to address biological, psychological and social factors.
Normal and abnormal puerperium
Uterine fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that develop in the uterus. They are the most common solid pelvic tumors, affecting 20-25% of women during their reproductive years. Fibroids can vary in size and location, and may cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain. Treatment options include observation, medical therapy to reduce estrogen levels, or surgical removal of fibroids.
Version
Version refers to changing the fetal lie or position in the uterus. There are three main types: external cephalic version, internal podalic version, and bipolar podalic version. External cephalic version involves manipulating the fetus externally to convert a breech presentation to head-first. Internal podalic version is performed under anesthesia when the cervix is fully dilated to grasp the fetus's feet and convert a transverse lie to breech. Bipolar podalic version uses both internal and external manipulation through a partially dilated cervix for special circumstances. Complications can include fetal distress, premature separation of the placenta, and maternal hemorrhage.
Vacuum extraction (ventouse)
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
Symphysiotomy
Symphysiotomy is a surgical procedure that divides the symphysis pubis bone to widen the pelvis during childbirth. It is indicated when cephalopelvic disproportion makes vaginal delivery difficult or dangerous but cesarean section is not available or advised. The procedure involves making a small incision above the pubic bone and gradually separating the joint using a scalpel. Complications can include bleeding, injury to nearby organs, infection, and long-term issues like incontinence or an unstable pelvis.
Forceps delivery
This document discusses obstetric forceps, which are metal instruments used to extract a baby's head during delivery. It describes different types of forceps and their proper application techniques. Forceps are indicated for prolonged second stage of labor, maternal distress, or fetal distress. Correct application involves inserting one blade along each side of the baby's head. Potential complications include laceration, hemorrhage, nerve injury, or problems for the baby such as skull fractures. Failure to deliver with forceps may require removal and assessment to determine if cesarean section is needed.
Episiotomy
This document discusses episiotomy, which is an incision made in the perineum during childbirth to widen the vaginal opening. It can help prevent tearing and complications. The two main types are median and mediolateral episiotomies. Median episiotomies involve a midline incision while mediolateral incisions extend laterally towards the ischial tuberosity. Episiotomies are usually performed when the vaginal opening is distended during crowning to prevent stretching injuries. They are sutured closed after delivery.
Caesarean section
The document discusses Caesarean section, including indications, types, procedure, complications, and mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies. A Caesarean section is a surgical procedure to deliver one or more babies through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. The rate of Caesarean sections has increased from 5% in 1970 to 25% in 1990 due to factors such as abandoning difficult procedures in favor of C-sections and increased use for breech births. Complications can include hemorrhage, infections, and injuries to the mother or baby.
Normal labour
Normal labour involves the spontaneous expulsion of a single, mature fetus through the birth canal within 3-18 hours without complications. It occurs when hormonal and mechanical factors cause the cervix to efface and dilate in stages from 3cm to full 10cm dilation. Labour proceeds through four stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) expulsion of the fetus, 3) expulsion of the placenta, and 4) recovery. The fetus descends through the birth canal with increased flexion to facilitate delivery of the head.
Anatomy of the foetal skull
The fetal skull consists of three parts: the vault, face, and base. The vault is made up of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones which are separated by sutures. The face extends from the chin to the nose. Fontanelles are soft spots located where sutures meet which are important for assessing fetal position and flexion. The skull has various longitudinal and transverse diameters used to determine which will engage and pass through the birth canal during delivery.
Anatomy of the female pelvis
The female pelvis is divided into the false pelvis and true pelvis. The true pelvis is further divided into the pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet. The document describes the boundaries and diameters of each region including the anatomical transverse diameter of 13cm at the inlet. It also discusses the pelvic planes and axes, and the Caldwell-Moloy classification of pelvic types including the gynaecoid, anthropoid, android, and platypelloid pelvis.
Active management of normal labour
This document outlines the active management of normal labour in 4 stages: antenatal preparation, first stage (history, exam, procedures), second stage (delivery of baby), third stage (delivery of placenta), and fourth stage (postpartum care of mother and baby). The goal is a healthy delivery with minimal effects. Key procedures include monitoring contractions/fetal heart with a partogram, positioning, nutrition, analgesia, perineal support, and immediate newborn care.
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy can cause complications like abortion and preterm labour. Clinical features include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and fast heart rate. It is treated with antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil or carbimazole. Epilepsy in pregnancy commonly presents as grand mal seizures, which are treated with phenobarbitone or phenytoin along with folic acid. Rhesus isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood from her baby. It can be prevented by giving the mother anti-D immunoglobulin after delivery or pregnancy events involving blood transfer from baby to mother. Affected babies may require monitoring, phot
Preterm labour
Preterm labour is defined as the onset of labour before 37 weeks of pregnancy and has an incidence rate of 5-10%. It can be caused by maternal medical disorders like preeclampsia, foetal congenital anomalies, or may have no identifiable cause. Premature infants are at risk for birth trauma like intracranial hemorrhage. They also face risks like respiratory distress syndrome where their underdeveloped lungs lack sufficient surfactant, causing breathing difficulties and potential death. Other risks include hypothermia due to reduced heat production and increased heat loss in underdeveloped preterm infants.
Premature rupture of membranes (prom)
Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) refers to rupture of membranes before the onset of labor. It occurs in 10% of term pregnancies and more commonly in preterm labor. PROM can be diagnosed through various tests including a nitrazine paper test, fern test, sterile speculum exam, or ultrasound. Complications of PROM include preterm labor, infection, and fetal deformities or distress. Management depends on gestational age - expectant management is common above 34 weeks while induction or C-section may be recommended below 36 weeks to prevent complications.
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Vaccine
- 6. Vaccines Addition points to note: Site in body at which virus replicates Three major sites for viral replication www.freelivedoctor.com
- 8. There is little point in having a good neutralizing humoral antibody in the circulation when the virus replicates, for example, in the upper respiratory tract. Clearly, here secreted antibodies are important. Although in the case of influenza serum antibodies may be important www.freelivedoctor.com
- 20. New Recommendations To eliminate the risk for Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis, the ACIP recommended an all-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) schedule for routine childhood polio vaccination in the United States. As of January 1, 2000 , all children should receive four doses of IPV at ages 2 months, 4 months, 6-18 months, and 4-6 years. www.freelivedoctor.com
- 26. New Methods Recent ‘flu vaccine from Aviron Passage progressively at cold temperatures TS mutant in internal proteins Can be re-assorted to so that coat is the strain that is this years flu strain www.freelivedoctor.com
- 32. New methods Anti-idiotype vaccine epitope Antibody with epitope binding site Virus www.freelivedoctor.com antibody
- 33. Anti-idiotype vaccine cont Make antibody against antibody idiotype Anti-idiotype antibody mimics the epitope www.freelivedoctor.com antibody Anti- idiotype antibody
- 34. Anti-idiotype antibody cont 2 Use anti-idiotype antibody as injectable vaccine Antibody to anti-idiotype antibody Binds and neutralizes virus Use as vaccine www.freelivedoctor.com Anti-anti-idiotype antibody Anti-idiotype antibody Anti-anti-idiotype antibody Anti-anti-idiotype antibody
- 39. DNA Vaccines plasmid Muscle cell Gene for antigen Muscle cell expresses protein - antibody made CTL response www.freelivedoctor.com
- 45. Towards an anti-HIV Vaccine www.freelivedoctor.com What should vaccine elicit? Humoral response neutralizing antibody kill free virus Cellular response kill infected cells problem of cell-cell infection
- 46. Towards an anti-HIV Vaccine www.freelivedoctor.com Early faith in neutralizing antibodies backed by chimpanzee experiments HIV high levels of neutralizing antibody Can resist subsequent challenge by virus injected I.V. !!!! But not via rectum or vagina But chimps do not get AIDS
- 48. Towards an anti-HIV Vaccine Since 1986: > 15 SUBUNIT VACCINES Based on gp160/gp120 All safe None effective Low levels of strain-specific antibodies that quickly disappear Only ephemeral effects of cell-mediated immunity All done with gp160/gp120 of syncytium-inducing virus None tested on large groups of high risk people www.freelivedoctor.com
- 50. Towards an anti-HIV Vaccine Humans: NEF deletion mutant www.freelivedoctor.com