The document provides an overview of poststructuralism and analyzes some of its key thinkers and concepts. It discusses:
1) Poststructuralism emerged in the 1960s as an evolution of structuralism, claiming that language and discourse shape human understanding rather than reflecting external realities.
2) Major poststructuralist thinkers like Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida are analyzed, showing how their ideas drew from Marxism, Darwinism, and psychoanalysis in denying absolutes and universal truths.
3) Foucault is discussed in depth, highlighting his views that discourse constructs reality, sexuality is socially constructed, and power is exercised through knowledge and institutions like Christianity.
4
This document discusses Michel Foucault's archaeological analysis method. It examines some key concepts in Foucault's work, including contingency in history, skepticism of claims of historical truth, and the idea of power as a relation rather than something possessed. It also discusses Foucault's view of discourse as structured statements that produce knowledge and establish rules about what can and cannot be said. Finally, it analyzes accounts of Java from 16th-17th century sources that provide different perspectives on the Sundanese people.
This document provides an overview of the Marxist theories of Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault regarding ideology and power. It summarizes that Althusser argued that Ideological State Apparatuses like education ensure the reproduction of societal relations of production by hailing individuals as subjects through ideology. Foucault shifted from studying epistemes to exploring how power produces domains of knowledge through discourse and determines regimes of truth, constituting subjects through diffuse matrices of power and knowledge.
Michel Foucault was a highly influential 20th century French philosopher and historian known for his analyses of discourse, knowledge, truth and power. Some of his major works examined the history of systems like madness, medicine and punishment. A key aspect of his project was using genealogical methods inspired by Nietzsche to uncover how power operates through discourse and the production of truth. In his work Discipline and Punish, Foucault analyzed how power has shifted from sovereign forms focused on the body to more subtle disciplinary power operating through surveillance, normalization and self-regulation.
Foucault argues that the concept of sexuality is a historical construct, not a natural given. He challenges the idea that power primarily works to repress sexuality, arguing instead that a new form of power called "biopower" seeks to regulate and manage sexuality. Biopower functions through scientific discourses that study, classify and attempt to normalize sexuality. Foucault asserts that sexuality itself is produced through these power-knowledge relations, rather than being a secret identity waiting to be liberated. He claims calls for liberation actually support the operations of biopower by encouraging us to view sexuality as a natural essence to divulge.
Posthumanism: Lecture for FOAR 701: 'Research Paradigms'Greg Downey
Lecture slides for FOAR701: 'Research Paradigms' on 'Posthumanism,' based in readings in cultural studies for Masters of Research course. Topics including posthumanism, transhumanism, inter-species relations, cyborg theory, and relevance for social and cultural theory.
One of the revolutionary ideas put forward by Foucault is the various measures of surveillance, to ensure discipline in a society. Such a consented voyeurism always has a panopticon structure. Foucault talks about the age old prison, and how such surveillance structures are employed in other institutions from mental asylums to public schools to ensure discipline. The 184 idea of a big brother watching has gained prominence today with the internet, satellites giving rise to a virtual panopticon today.
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher known for his critical studies of social institutions and power structures. He was born in 1926 in France and held various academic positions before becoming a professor at the Collège de France. Foucault was politically active and protested on behalf of marginalized groups. He died of AIDS in 1984. Foucault analyzed discourses and power relations through concepts like discourse, knowledge/power, discipline, and governmentality/biopower. He studied how institutions shape realities and identities through regulatory practices and surveillance. His work criticized taken-for-granted "truths" through genealogical analysis and sought to uncover power dynamics.
Foucault discusses the concept of "governmentality", which refers to rationalities and techniques of government that emerged in the 16th century. He traces how government expanded from governing oneself and families to governing entire populations and territories through things like statistics, police practices, and economic policies. Foucault analyzes how governmentality transformed the medieval state into the modern administrative state and how liberalism can be understood as a form of governmentality. He also applies the concept to understand different historical forms of rule, from antiquity to modern neo-liberal thought.
This document discusses Michel Foucault's archaeological analysis method. It examines some key concepts in Foucault's work, including contingency in history, skepticism of claims of historical truth, and the idea of power as a relation rather than something possessed. It also discusses Foucault's view of discourse as structured statements that produce knowledge and establish rules about what can and cannot be said. Finally, it analyzes accounts of Java from 16th-17th century sources that provide different perspectives on the Sundanese people.
This document provides an overview of the Marxist theories of Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault regarding ideology and power. It summarizes that Althusser argued that Ideological State Apparatuses like education ensure the reproduction of societal relations of production by hailing individuals as subjects through ideology. Foucault shifted from studying epistemes to exploring how power produces domains of knowledge through discourse and determines regimes of truth, constituting subjects through diffuse matrices of power and knowledge.
Michel Foucault was a highly influential 20th century French philosopher and historian known for his analyses of discourse, knowledge, truth and power. Some of his major works examined the history of systems like madness, medicine and punishment. A key aspect of his project was using genealogical methods inspired by Nietzsche to uncover how power operates through discourse and the production of truth. In his work Discipline and Punish, Foucault analyzed how power has shifted from sovereign forms focused on the body to more subtle disciplinary power operating through surveillance, normalization and self-regulation.
Foucault argues that the concept of sexuality is a historical construct, not a natural given. He challenges the idea that power primarily works to repress sexuality, arguing instead that a new form of power called "biopower" seeks to regulate and manage sexuality. Biopower functions through scientific discourses that study, classify and attempt to normalize sexuality. Foucault asserts that sexuality itself is produced through these power-knowledge relations, rather than being a secret identity waiting to be liberated. He claims calls for liberation actually support the operations of biopower by encouraging us to view sexuality as a natural essence to divulge.
Posthumanism: Lecture for FOAR 701: 'Research Paradigms'Greg Downey
Lecture slides for FOAR701: 'Research Paradigms' on 'Posthumanism,' based in readings in cultural studies for Masters of Research course. Topics including posthumanism, transhumanism, inter-species relations, cyborg theory, and relevance for social and cultural theory.
One of the revolutionary ideas put forward by Foucault is the various measures of surveillance, to ensure discipline in a society. Such a consented voyeurism always has a panopticon structure. Foucault talks about the age old prison, and how such surveillance structures are employed in other institutions from mental asylums to public schools to ensure discipline. The 184 idea of a big brother watching has gained prominence today with the internet, satellites giving rise to a virtual panopticon today.
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher known for his critical studies of social institutions and power structures. He was born in 1926 in France and held various academic positions before becoming a professor at the Collège de France. Foucault was politically active and protested on behalf of marginalized groups. He died of AIDS in 1984. Foucault analyzed discourses and power relations through concepts like discourse, knowledge/power, discipline, and governmentality/biopower. He studied how institutions shape realities and identities through regulatory practices and surveillance. His work criticized taken-for-granted "truths" through genealogical analysis and sought to uncover power dynamics.
Foucault discusses the concept of "governmentality", which refers to rationalities and techniques of government that emerged in the 16th century. He traces how government expanded from governing oneself and families to governing entire populations and territories through things like statistics, police practices, and economic policies. Foucault analyzes how governmentality transformed the medieval state into the modern administrative state and how liberalism can be understood as a form of governmentality. He also applies the concept to understand different historical forms of rule, from antiquity to modern neo-liberal thought.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the historical evolution of the concept of determinism, with a focus on how modern science has developed a stronger idea of determinism. It begins by defining determinism and exploring its etymology. Determinism generally refers to the idea that all events, including human actions, are ultimately caused by preceding factors. The document then discusses different types of determinism, such as logical, theological, psychological, and physical determinism. It concludes that modern biology and genetics are constructing a more rigid framework of determinism than theology, by limiting the scope of chance and accident.
Foucault. Right of death and power over life.Paulina Méndez
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher known for his critical studies of social institutions. This document outlines his work The History of Sexuality and discusses his concepts of sovereign power, discipline power, and biopower. It explains how power has shifted from a right over death to a power focused on administering and regulating life at both the individual and population level, especially through controls over sexuality and the body. Some examples of how biopower operates in society and war are also provided.
Christopher Peacocke and Daniel Dennett are two 21st century philosophers. Peacocke, born in 1950, is a British philosopher known for his work in philosophy of mind and epistemology. Dennett, born in 1942, is an American philosopher focused on philosophy of mind, science, and biology. Peacocke initially argued perceptual experiences have "sensational properties" beyond intentional content, but later abandoned the view that mental content is exclusively conceptual, arguing some states like perception have non-conceptual content. Dennett aims to ground philosophy of mind in science and divides the problems of content and consciousness. He rejects the idea that ethics exists separately from facts, arguing morality evolved naturally.
The document discusses several philosophical schools of thought including existentialism, phenomenology, analytic philosophy, hermeneutics, postmodernism, deconstructionism, skepticism, pragmatism, feminism, utilitarianism, rationalism, and empiricism. It provides a brief overview of each school, focusing on key ideas and notable philosophers associated with each approach. References are provided at the end for further reading.
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher known for his analyses of power and discourse. This document provides a biography of Foucault, covering his education, works, and political activism. It discusses his major publications including Madness and Civilization, The Birth of the Clinic, and Discipline and Punish. Foucault examined how societal institutions like prisons, schools, and hospitals regulate and control individuals through disciplinary mechanisms and surveillance. His work analyzed how power is exercised through controlling bodies, normalizing judgment, and systems of observation like the Panopticon prison design. Foucault made important contributions to the fields of philosophy, history and social theory.
George Berkeley and David Hume were 18th century philosophers. Berkeley believed that for something to exist it must be perceived, and that material objects only exist as ideas in the mind. Hume was an empiricist who believed knowledge comes from experience and observation, and sought to reconcile human freedom with determinism. Both philosophers emphasized experience and observation over rationalism and intuition in understanding the world.
This document provides an overview of modern philosophy. It discusses key philosophers and movements from this era, including rationalism, empiricism, idealism, and existentialism. Some of the philosophers mentioned are Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Marx, and Nietzsche. The document also examines characteristics of modern philosophy, such as its focus on consciousness, epistemology, and the concept of historical progress.
This document provides an overview of modern philosophy, beginning with the Renaissance and Humanism period. It discusses how humanism led man to intellectual affirmation and emancipation in the 16th century. The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment brought new attitudes towards research. Modern philosophy centered on problems of consciousness and subjectivity. Key philosophers and movements discussed include Rationalism, Empiricism, Idealism, Materialism, and Existentialism. The document outlines several characteristics of modern philosophy and discusses several modern philosophers.
This document provides a biography of Michel Foucault. It discusses his upbringing in France, his education and early career as a psychologist and philosopher. It describes his major works including Madness and Civilization, The Birth of the Clinic, and Discipline and Punish. The document also outlines Foucault's increasing political activism in the late 1960s and his controversial writings on topics like sexuality, power and punishment.
This document discusses complexity and autonomy in social science. It outlines classical and complexity-oriented scientific inquiry approaches and questions how complexity can be applied to studying social realities. It notes that social sciences involve both detached observation and participation/thought experiments. The document also discusses nonlinear dynamics, emergence in complex systems, and how new knowledge involves uncertainty. It questions whether social scientists are detached observers or engaged participants and thought experimenters seeking social reconstruction.
This document provides an introduction to the author's book "Transacting Sites of the Liminal Bodily Spaces" which examines spaces within and around the human body. The author defines key concepts like "transacting" to refer to the coexistence of hidden and unhidden zones within and around the body. The document discusses how illness can alter one's bodily identity and sense of belonging. It also examines debates around defining health and debates the desire to return the body to its pre-illness condition. The author aims to better understand bodily spaces affected by illness through analyzing works where characters experience life-altering illnesses.
The document defines and explains several key concepts related to the field of cultural production:
- New Criticism focused on rigorous analysis of texts themselves without historical context.
- New Historicism studies literature within the author's and critic's historical contexts and how the work was influenced by the time period.
- Structuralism analyzes fields like mythology as complex systems of interrelated parts.
- Habitus refers to durable dispositions that generate practices and representations adapted to outcomes without conscious intent.
- Symbolic capital refers to prestige or recognition that functions as embodied cultural value.
- A field is a social space where agents interact based on rules, habitus, and capital. Fields are hierarchical and subordinate
Postmodernism (Foucault and Baudrillard)John Bradford
This document provides an overview of postmodernism and some of its key thinkers. It discusses:
- Postmodernism emerged as a critique of modernity and challenged ideas like universal truths, objective knowledge, and historical progress.
- Key postmodern thinkers included Derrida, Foucault, Lyotard, and Baudrillard. They analyzed how power shapes knowledge and questioned foundations of knowledge.
- Foucault argued that knowledge is a form of power and that what counts as truth is determined by prevailing power structures in society rather than objective facts. He analyzed how power operates in subtle ways through social institutions and practices.
The post modernity as ideology of neoliberalism and globalizationFernando Alcoforado
The failure of the Enlightenment and Modernity in the realization of human progress and of happiness achievement for humans paved the way for the advent of Post-Modernity that is a cultural reaction to the loss of confidence in the universal potential of the Enlightenment project and Modernity. The Postmodernism means, therefore, a reaction to what is modern. Some schools of thought are located its origin in the alleged exhaustion of the modernity project by the end of the twentieth century.
Michel Foucault was a 20th century French philosopher known for his works analyzing the relationship between power and knowledge and how they are deployed in society. Some of his major works examined how concepts like madness, medicine, and sexuality are socially constructed. In his work The History of Sexuality, Foucault argued that sexuality became a central part of personal identity in modern Western societies as it became medically categorized and regulated through various institutions seeking to define normalcy and deviance. He analyzed how power operates through subtle controls and surveillance rather than direct force, using the metaphor of the panopticon prison to represent modern disciplinary society.
Structuralism: Lecture for Research Paradigms (FOAR 701)Greg Downey
A lecture on structuralism (very broadly understood) for the Masters of Research course, 'Research Paradigms.' Discusses Lévi-Strauss, Saussure, Mary Douglas, and basic semiotic theory. From Macquarie University.
The document summarizes six key themes of existentialism:
1) Existence precedes essence - humans are conscious subjects rather than things defined by external factors.
2) Anxiety and anguish - a generalized unease about the nothingness of human existence.
3) Absurdity - human existence is inexplicable and absurd, thrown into time and place for no reason.
4) Nothingness and the void - without external definitions, humans confront emptiness.
5) Death - nothingness in the form of death hangs over humans and causes anxiety.
6) Alienation - humans feel estranged from the world, each other, history, and their own institutions and relationships.
Philosophy has a version for all scholarly disciplines like the philosophy of language, the philosophy of music, and also the philosophy of SCIENCE. The discoveries in NEUROSCIENCE and CONSCIOUSNESS shift the focus from Philosophy to Science. Now we need a Science of Philosophy.
Dialectic process in history and constitutive politicsAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of critical philosophy and the dialectic process in history. It discusses how Hegelian contradictions are not connected to material contradictions in historical reality. Marx's dialectic did not fully resolve the problems of Hegel's dialectic due to the role of absolute spirit. The document also examines how thinkers like Freud, Nietzsche, Kant, Descartes, and others contributed to changing world views and the dehumanization of humans through ideas like unconsciousness, interpretation over facts, and separating the mind from objects. It analyzes how paradigms and social/cultural structures can influence each other through repression and how the Frankfurt school addressed limitations of traditional Marxist theory.
This document provides brief biographies of famous philosophers throughout history. It lists philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Marx, Nietzsche, and many others. For each philosopher, it provides 1-2 sentences on what they were famous for, such as Plato being famous for Platonic idealism and the theory of forms, and Descartes being famous for stating "I think, therefore I am". The document aims to summarize the key ideas and impacts of important thinkers in the field of philosophy.
The document summarizes positive trends in the US housing market in late 2013 and early 2014 according to a government report. Home values continued rising in late 2013 and were near mid-2000s levels. Homeowners' equity also increased, rising over 55% since 2011. The number of underwater borrowers declined significantly since 2012, lifting many homeowners above water. With improving affordability and interest rates, the housing market was gearing up for a strong spring buying season.
Exploring the social and economic costs of ero tolerance policy on the Canadi...Cami Ryan
This document summarizes a presentation on the impact of genetically modified flax (CDC Triffid) on Saskatchewan flax producers. It discusses the background of CDC Triffid flax, results from a flax grower survey, and costs associated with the presence of Triffid in the flax supply. The survey found that 30% of growers changed seed sources and testing over 10,000 lots found a very low level (0.0498%) of positive Triffid results. Total estimated costs related to Triffid issues were over $29 million Canadian dollars. While prices have increased and markets were lost, optimistically flax production may continue with an approved low level presence policy and continued testing.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the historical evolution of the concept of determinism, with a focus on how modern science has developed a stronger idea of determinism. It begins by defining determinism and exploring its etymology. Determinism generally refers to the idea that all events, including human actions, are ultimately caused by preceding factors. The document then discusses different types of determinism, such as logical, theological, psychological, and physical determinism. It concludes that modern biology and genetics are constructing a more rigid framework of determinism than theology, by limiting the scope of chance and accident.
Foucault. Right of death and power over life.Paulina Méndez
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher known for his critical studies of social institutions. This document outlines his work The History of Sexuality and discusses his concepts of sovereign power, discipline power, and biopower. It explains how power has shifted from a right over death to a power focused on administering and regulating life at both the individual and population level, especially through controls over sexuality and the body. Some examples of how biopower operates in society and war are also provided.
Christopher Peacocke and Daniel Dennett are two 21st century philosophers. Peacocke, born in 1950, is a British philosopher known for his work in philosophy of mind and epistemology. Dennett, born in 1942, is an American philosopher focused on philosophy of mind, science, and biology. Peacocke initially argued perceptual experiences have "sensational properties" beyond intentional content, but later abandoned the view that mental content is exclusively conceptual, arguing some states like perception have non-conceptual content. Dennett aims to ground philosophy of mind in science and divides the problems of content and consciousness. He rejects the idea that ethics exists separately from facts, arguing morality evolved naturally.
The document discusses several philosophical schools of thought including existentialism, phenomenology, analytic philosophy, hermeneutics, postmodernism, deconstructionism, skepticism, pragmatism, feminism, utilitarianism, rationalism, and empiricism. It provides a brief overview of each school, focusing on key ideas and notable philosophers associated with each approach. References are provided at the end for further reading.
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher known for his analyses of power and discourse. This document provides a biography of Foucault, covering his education, works, and political activism. It discusses his major publications including Madness and Civilization, The Birth of the Clinic, and Discipline and Punish. Foucault examined how societal institutions like prisons, schools, and hospitals regulate and control individuals through disciplinary mechanisms and surveillance. His work analyzed how power is exercised through controlling bodies, normalizing judgment, and systems of observation like the Panopticon prison design. Foucault made important contributions to the fields of philosophy, history and social theory.
George Berkeley and David Hume were 18th century philosophers. Berkeley believed that for something to exist it must be perceived, and that material objects only exist as ideas in the mind. Hume was an empiricist who believed knowledge comes from experience and observation, and sought to reconcile human freedom with determinism. Both philosophers emphasized experience and observation over rationalism and intuition in understanding the world.
This document provides an overview of modern philosophy. It discusses key philosophers and movements from this era, including rationalism, empiricism, idealism, and existentialism. Some of the philosophers mentioned are Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Marx, and Nietzsche. The document also examines characteristics of modern philosophy, such as its focus on consciousness, epistemology, and the concept of historical progress.
This document provides an overview of modern philosophy, beginning with the Renaissance and Humanism period. It discusses how humanism led man to intellectual affirmation and emancipation in the 16th century. The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment brought new attitudes towards research. Modern philosophy centered on problems of consciousness and subjectivity. Key philosophers and movements discussed include Rationalism, Empiricism, Idealism, Materialism, and Existentialism. The document outlines several characteristics of modern philosophy and discusses several modern philosophers.
This document provides a biography of Michel Foucault. It discusses his upbringing in France, his education and early career as a psychologist and philosopher. It describes his major works including Madness and Civilization, The Birth of the Clinic, and Discipline and Punish. The document also outlines Foucault's increasing political activism in the late 1960s and his controversial writings on topics like sexuality, power and punishment.
This document discusses complexity and autonomy in social science. It outlines classical and complexity-oriented scientific inquiry approaches and questions how complexity can be applied to studying social realities. It notes that social sciences involve both detached observation and participation/thought experiments. The document also discusses nonlinear dynamics, emergence in complex systems, and how new knowledge involves uncertainty. It questions whether social scientists are detached observers or engaged participants and thought experimenters seeking social reconstruction.
This document provides an introduction to the author's book "Transacting Sites of the Liminal Bodily Spaces" which examines spaces within and around the human body. The author defines key concepts like "transacting" to refer to the coexistence of hidden and unhidden zones within and around the body. The document discusses how illness can alter one's bodily identity and sense of belonging. It also examines debates around defining health and debates the desire to return the body to its pre-illness condition. The author aims to better understand bodily spaces affected by illness through analyzing works where characters experience life-altering illnesses.
The document defines and explains several key concepts related to the field of cultural production:
- New Criticism focused on rigorous analysis of texts themselves without historical context.
- New Historicism studies literature within the author's and critic's historical contexts and how the work was influenced by the time period.
- Structuralism analyzes fields like mythology as complex systems of interrelated parts.
- Habitus refers to durable dispositions that generate practices and representations adapted to outcomes without conscious intent.
- Symbolic capital refers to prestige or recognition that functions as embodied cultural value.
- A field is a social space where agents interact based on rules, habitus, and capital. Fields are hierarchical and subordinate
Postmodernism (Foucault and Baudrillard)John Bradford
This document provides an overview of postmodernism and some of its key thinkers. It discusses:
- Postmodernism emerged as a critique of modernity and challenged ideas like universal truths, objective knowledge, and historical progress.
- Key postmodern thinkers included Derrida, Foucault, Lyotard, and Baudrillard. They analyzed how power shapes knowledge and questioned foundations of knowledge.
- Foucault argued that knowledge is a form of power and that what counts as truth is determined by prevailing power structures in society rather than objective facts. He analyzed how power operates in subtle ways through social institutions and practices.
The post modernity as ideology of neoliberalism and globalizationFernando Alcoforado
The failure of the Enlightenment and Modernity in the realization of human progress and of happiness achievement for humans paved the way for the advent of Post-Modernity that is a cultural reaction to the loss of confidence in the universal potential of the Enlightenment project and Modernity. The Postmodernism means, therefore, a reaction to what is modern. Some schools of thought are located its origin in the alleged exhaustion of the modernity project by the end of the twentieth century.
Michel Foucault was a 20th century French philosopher known for his works analyzing the relationship between power and knowledge and how they are deployed in society. Some of his major works examined how concepts like madness, medicine, and sexuality are socially constructed. In his work The History of Sexuality, Foucault argued that sexuality became a central part of personal identity in modern Western societies as it became medically categorized and regulated through various institutions seeking to define normalcy and deviance. He analyzed how power operates through subtle controls and surveillance rather than direct force, using the metaphor of the panopticon prison to represent modern disciplinary society.
Structuralism: Lecture for Research Paradigms (FOAR 701)Greg Downey
A lecture on structuralism (very broadly understood) for the Masters of Research course, 'Research Paradigms.' Discusses Lévi-Strauss, Saussure, Mary Douglas, and basic semiotic theory. From Macquarie University.
The document summarizes six key themes of existentialism:
1) Existence precedes essence - humans are conscious subjects rather than things defined by external factors.
2) Anxiety and anguish - a generalized unease about the nothingness of human existence.
3) Absurdity - human existence is inexplicable and absurd, thrown into time and place for no reason.
4) Nothingness and the void - without external definitions, humans confront emptiness.
5) Death - nothingness in the form of death hangs over humans and causes anxiety.
6) Alienation - humans feel estranged from the world, each other, history, and their own institutions and relationships.
Philosophy has a version for all scholarly disciplines like the philosophy of language, the philosophy of music, and also the philosophy of SCIENCE. The discoveries in NEUROSCIENCE and CONSCIOUSNESS shift the focus from Philosophy to Science. Now we need a Science of Philosophy.
Dialectic process in history and constitutive politicsAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of critical philosophy and the dialectic process in history. It discusses how Hegelian contradictions are not connected to material contradictions in historical reality. Marx's dialectic did not fully resolve the problems of Hegel's dialectic due to the role of absolute spirit. The document also examines how thinkers like Freud, Nietzsche, Kant, Descartes, and others contributed to changing world views and the dehumanization of humans through ideas like unconsciousness, interpretation over facts, and separating the mind from objects. It analyzes how paradigms and social/cultural structures can influence each other through repression and how the Frankfurt school addressed limitations of traditional Marxist theory.
This document provides brief biographies of famous philosophers throughout history. It lists philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Marx, Nietzsche, and many others. For each philosopher, it provides 1-2 sentences on what they were famous for, such as Plato being famous for Platonic idealism and the theory of forms, and Descartes being famous for stating "I think, therefore I am". The document aims to summarize the key ideas and impacts of important thinkers in the field of philosophy.
The document summarizes positive trends in the US housing market in late 2013 and early 2014 according to a government report. Home values continued rising in late 2013 and were near mid-2000s levels. Homeowners' equity also increased, rising over 55% since 2011. The number of underwater borrowers declined significantly since 2012, lifting many homeowners above water. With improving affordability and interest rates, the housing market was gearing up for a strong spring buying season.
Exploring the social and economic costs of ero tolerance policy on the Canadi...Cami Ryan
This document summarizes a presentation on the impact of genetically modified flax (CDC Triffid) on Saskatchewan flax producers. It discusses the background of CDC Triffid flax, results from a flax grower survey, and costs associated with the presence of Triffid in the flax supply. The survey found that 30% of growers changed seed sources and testing over 10,000 lots found a very low level (0.0498%) of positive Triffid results. Total estimated costs related to Triffid issues were over $29 million Canadian dollars. While prices have increased and markets were lost, optimistically flax production may continue with an approved low level presence policy and continued testing.
California number 1 RE/MAX residential real estate team for almost a decade. Based in Silicon Valley, sold and purchased homes for customers in all over San Francisco Bay Area. The website is full of latest real estate market info. Featured school district info, home price and transaction watching in 9 counties, 30+ cities. DCSproduction.com is the developer and a decade long web-partner to this team and website.
The document discusses porting the Smart-M3 platform to the MeeGo OS. The main goals are to create client software packages for Smart-M3 on MeeGo and ensure the platform works correctly. This involves investigating MeeGo's package mechanisms, creating RPM packages for each Smart-M3 module, and testing the installed packages. The results were successful porting and testing of the client modules on a demo app, making them ready to use on MeeGo. Further work includes porting more modules and pushing packages to an official repository.
The newsletter provides updates on Kaibo Group's projects in Mongolia and Sudan. In Mongolia, Kaibo is assisting with the design and planning of a new city development that will include 36,000 residential units and supporting facilities with an estimated cost of $1.53 billion. In Sudan, Kaibo is involved in survey work and negotiations with the employer to modify the contract terms for their project building link canals and pump stations. The newsletter also provides industry news briefs on major construction projects and contracts in China, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the United States.
Concursul Monumentele Brailei, 4 decembrie 2012, organizat de Primaria Brailei, Biblioteca Judeteana "Panait Istrati" Braila, Inspectoratul Scolar Judetean Braila si Cercetasii Romaniei - Centrul Local Braila
CBRE l Market View Emea I&L October 2011agariel
This document provides an overview and analysis of the European industrial and logistics market in Q3 2011. Some key points:
- Demand indicators are mixed as the economic recovery loses momentum across Europe. Leasing velocity has stabilized after strong growth in 2010 but still varies by market.
- Prime rents are broadly flat, leaving the CBRE EU-15 industrial rent index around 7.5% lower than its 2008 peak. Rents are declining in Southern Europe but growing in Germany and Nordic regions.
- Industrial investment grew in H1 2011 to €4.5 billion, led by Germany and CEE markets while the UK share declined. Prime yields have changed little on average but some markets like Germany have
1) The study examined CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), both during active disease and remission.
2) Flow cytometry analysis revealed a 30-fold reduction in the number of CD4+ T cells in the CNS of mice in remission compared to those with active EAE.
3) However, the CD4+ T cells that remained in the CNS during remission maintained an activated memory/effector phenotype, suggesting remission is not due to downregulation of T cell function.
Prezentare IAB Romania pentru EuroDIG 2010IABRomania
Prezentarea sustinuta de IAB Romania in cadrul dezbaterii privind viata privata si protectia minorilor pe Internet. Evenimentul a fost parte din programul EuroDIG si a fost organizat in parteneriat cu APTI
Radio advertising is a paid form of communication broadcast on radio stations to promote products, services, or brands. It involves radio stations airing advertisements or "spots" in exchange for monetary compensation. The history of radio advertising began in the early 1920s when radio stations started continuously broadcasting and selling airtime to advertisers. A popular Indian radio network is Red FM, which owns 45 radio stations across the country. Red FM targets various segments of the population like college students, households, drivers, and commuters through its radio advertisements.
The January 2013 real estate statistics for Sarasota show:
- Single family home sales decreased 18.6% compared to last January, while condo sales decreased 11.9%
- The median sale price of single family homes was $183,800, up 4.3% from last January. The condo median was $130,000, down 28.6%.
- Both single family and condo inventory levels increased compared to last year, with months of inventory at 5.4 and 8.4 respectively.
This document summarizes a community-based adaptation project in Mykahaya village in Africa. It describes the project background and funding. It then discusses the climatic and non-climatic vulnerabilities faced by the community, including drought, floods, poverty, and lack of education. Key vulnerabilities are in water, agriculture, and energy sectors. The document outlines stakeholder engagement activities. It identifies adaptation options developed by the community, such as water harvesting, drought-resistant crops, fuel-efficient stoves. It also discusses capacity building needs and partnerships formed.
The document proposes a marketing campaign on Autotrader.com to promote the launch of FormulaShell Synthetic at Advance auto parts stores. The campaign would include placement of ads on Autotrader.com targeting its large male audience. It would also include participation in an online "Road Trip" game promotion to generate brand awareness and drive customers to Advance stores through coupons and offers. The total budget for the Autotrader.com placements and supporting multi-channel media campaign is $50,000.
This document appears to be a real estate listing for a property located at 1 Balmoral Avenue #706 in Toronto. It was presented by Magda Mo, a sales representative with Sage Real Estate. Contact information for Magda Mo is provided as 416 483-8000.
This document describes Text2Calm, a customized SMS service that encourages the adoption of calming habits through rewards and peer support. It is targeted towards single female tech journalists aged 29-36 working from home in the Bay Area. The service involves 5 steps: 1) Taking brief calming actions 3 times a day, 2) Receiving empowering thoughts from peers twice daily, 3) Recalling a pleasant memory before bed, 4) Sharing an emotion with a peer via SMS, and 5) Becoming a "peer calmer" by listening to others. Participants can earn points by completing tasks and sharing thoughts, which can be redeemed for monetary bonuses or vouchers. The goal is to interrupt obsessive
Post-structuralism grew out of structuralism and critiqued its assumption that its system of analysis was essentialist. Post-structuralists believe biases are introduced based on the examiner's conditioning, and there is no truly essential form to cultural products as they are artificially formed. This concept of non-essentialism was expanded on by Foucault, arguing gender and sexuality are contrived formations with no more essential quality. One pivotal moment was Derrida's 1966 lecture critiquing structuralism and laying out principles for a new discourse. Post-structuralism aims to deconstruct ideas of essentialism to allow for more accurate discourse, differing from postmodernism which seeks to identify contemporary periods.
This document provides an overview of postmodernism and how it differs from modernism. Some key points:
1. Postmodernism rejects notions of objective truth, universal values, and the ability of reason to understand an independent reality. It sees reality as socially constructed rather than objectively existing.
2. Epistemologically, postmodernism denies that reason or any method leads to objective knowledge, instead emphasizing the subjectivity and conventionality of knowledge claims.
3. Postmodern accounts of human nature are collectivist and emphasize identity as socially constructed, along with conflict between social groups defined by attributes like gender, race, and class.
4. Postmodernism is presented as a philosophical departure from modernism
The document discusses different conceptions of cultural identity and the subject. It outlines three main conceptions: [1] The Enlightenment subject, defined by reason and an inner core self; [2] The sociological subject, formed in relation to others between the personal and public; [3] The postmodern subject, which is not unified but assumes different identities in different contexts. It then discusses five "ruptures" or theoretical developments that contributed to the postmodern decentralized subject, including Marxism, psychoanalysis, feminism, structural linguistics, and Foucault's writings on power and discourse.
1. Postmodernism rejects objective truths and universal values, viewing them instead as social constructs that differ across groups.
2. Post-structuralism critiques structuralism by arguing that historical and cultural biases shape our understanding of underlying structures in cultural products.
3. Post-colonial theory examines the impact of colonial domination on formerly colonized societies and offers perspectives that counter traditional European narratives of imperialism.
This document provides an introduction to postmodernism and related theories in international relations. It begins with definitions of postmodernism and modernism, noting that postmodernism has emerged in various disciplines. It then discusses key aspects of modernism versus postmodernism. The document proceeds to outline some major postmodern thinkers and their ideas, including Foucault, Derrida, Lyotard and Baudrillard. It also discusses post-structuralism and how it critiques and builds upon structuralism. Finally, it briefly defines post-colonialism and the work of Edward Said on orientalism.
Name:____________________________________________________________
Homework #5 Ch 6 and 7 – periodic table and chemical structure (worth 14 points)
1. The
work
function
of
potassium
is
3.68
x
10-‐19
J.
a. What
is
the
minimum
frequency
of
light
needed
to
eject
electrons
from
the
metal?
b. Calculate
the
kinetic
energy
of
the
ejected
electrons
when
light
of
frequency
equal
to
8.62
x
1014
s-‐1
is
used
for
irradiation.
2. Thermal
neutrons
are
neutrons
that
move
at
speeds
comparable
to
those
of
air
molecules
at
room
temperature.
These
neutrons
are
most
effective
in
initiating
a
nuclear
chain
reaction
among
235U
isotopes.
Calculate
the
wavelength
(in
nm)
associated
with
a
beam
of
neutrons
moving
at
7.00
x
102
m/s
(mass
of
neutron
=
1.675
x
10-‐27
kg)
First
3
letters
of
last
name
3. The
blue
color
of
the
sky
results
from
the
scattering
of
sunlight
by
air
molecules.
The
blue
light
has
a
frequency
of
about
7.5
x
1014
Hz.
a. Calculate
the
wavelength,
in
nm,
associated
with
this
radiation
b. Calculate
the
energy,
in
joules,
of
a
single
photon
associated
with
this
frequency
4. When
an
intense
beam
of
green
light
is
directed
onto
a
copper
surface,
no
electrons
are
ejected.
What
will
happen
if
the
green
light
is
replaced
with
red
light?
5. The
velocity
of
an
electron
that
is
emitted
from
a
metallic
surface
by
a
photon
is
3.6
x
103
km.s-‐1.
What
is
the
wavelength
of
the
ejected
electron?
6. Alarm systems employ the photoelectric effect. Typically, a light beam is aimed at a
sample of Na, producing a photoelectric current. An intruder blocks the beam, thereby
Name:____________________________________________________________
turning off the current, and triggering the alarm. Given that the work function of Na is
4.41 x 10-19 J particle-1, what is the longest wavelength of light (in nm) that can be used
in the alarm system?
7. A
certain
cation
Xn+
has
an
electron
configuration
of
[Ar]3d5.
Answer
the
following:
a)
What
type
of
element
is
X?
b)
The
reaction
of
X
with
chlorine
gas
proceeds
as
fo.
Sujay Identity and identity change FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document proposes a generalized approach to collective and individual identity formation that could apply across cultures. It discusses the importance of identity modulation, dilution, and neutralization while introducing concepts like the "psychic unity of mankind" and dangers of identity polarization. The approach is linked to theories in anthropology, sociology, psychology, and human development. It advocates for ethnographic fieldwork in diverse contexts and pedagogical reform to shape identity and promote ethnic harmony in a globalized world.
Sujay Identity and identity change FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdfSujay Rao Mandavilli
This document proposes a generalized approach to collective and individual identity formation that could apply across cultures. It discusses the importance of identity modulation, dilution, and neutralization while introducing concepts like the "psychic unity of mankind" and dangers of identity polarization. The approach is linked to theories in anthropology, sociology, psychology, and human development. It advocates for ethnographic fieldwork in diverse contexts and pedagogical reform to shape identity and promote ethnic harmony in a globalized world.
Innovation as history making. ontological design and the disclosure of the newGoldsmiths design
The document discusses innovation and related concepts from several perspectives. It covers innovation theory from scholars like Joseph Schumpeter, open innovation concepts from Henry Chesbrough, and discussions of knowledge and learning from thinkers like Donald Schon and Chris Argyris. Additionally, it references the work of philosophers like Michel Foucault and theorists of complex systems like Haridimos Tsoukas. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of discourses related to innovation from various fields.
Post-structuralism emerged as a reaction against structuralism in 1960s France. It rejects the idea that there are absolute truths or facts about the world that can be discovered. Post-structuralism views meaning as dependent on the individual reader rather than being inherent in a text or determined by the author's intent. It emphasizes that meaning is unstable and that concepts like identity are socially constructed. Key figures like Derrida, Foucault, and Barthes developed theories like deconstruction that aimed to expose assumptions and destabilize perceived hierarchies in opposing concepts.
The document discusses the importance of kinship in cultural anthropology. It notes that kinship has traditionally been a key topic as all humans have kinship and are related to others through it. Additionally, many early societies studied by anthropologists were organized primarily through kinship. Functionalism and structuralism focused on how kinship forms social groups and the rights/duties of individuals based on their relations. Meanwhile, cultural anthropologists focused more on the symbolic meanings and identities associated with different kinship roles. Kinship provides crucial insights into how social organization and cultural understandings of relationships develop in human societies.
This document provides a summary of the historical development of theories related to the anthropology of sexuality and sex work. It discusses how Victorian era discourses constructed sexuality as a means to ensure social control and conformity. Early anthropological studies of "primitive" peoples' sexuality served to define and conscript groups in service of Western knowledge production and moral concerns. The document then examines how these discourses informed understandings of prostitution. It argues post-modern theories emphasize the social construction of sexuality and potential for resistance to dominant discourses.
The document discusses the evolution of cultural identities and the postmodern self. It outlines 3 concepts of the subject: 1) The Enlightenment subject defined by reason and a stable inner core. 2) The sociological subject formed in relation to others. 3) The postmodern subject with no unified self, assuming different identities in different contexts. It then examines five ruptures that contributed to the de-centered postmodern subject, including Marxism, psychoanalysis, feminism, language/discourse, and Foucault's writings on power, discourse and subject positions.
This document provides an overview of several key concepts in literary theory, including structuralism, post-structuralism, psychoanalytic theory, Lacanian theory, and the theory of deconstruction. It discusses major proponents of these theories such as Derrida, Foucault, Kristeva, and Lacan. Key aspects of deconstruction outlined include the literary and philosophical aspects, logocentrism, metaphysics of presence, différance, and arche-writing. Foucault's ideas around power/knowledge and different types of power are also summarized.
This document discusses structuralism as a literary movement. It began in the 1950s with Claude Levi-Strauss and views all human activities and products as being constructed rather than natural. Structuralism holds that meaning comes from relationships within a system or structure rather than from inherent qualities. A key idea is that language constructs our perception of reality rather than just describing it. The document outlines some of the key concepts of structuralism, including that signs are arbitrary and relational, and that structures determine how elements are positioned within a whole system.
Structuralism as a literary Movement....Bhumi Joshi
Structuralism as a Literary Movement
The document discusses structuralism as a literary movement that emerged in the 1950s led by Claude Levi-Strauss. Structuralism holds that human activities and products like language are structured systems and not natural. It focuses on how underlying structures shape surface level meaning. Structuralism examines how language constructs reality and how literary texts are structured to produce meaning through relationships between elements. Some key aspects are that structures determine each element's position, structures deal with coexistence over change, and structures are the "real things" beneath surface meanings.
The document discusses innovation in practice and learning. It explores how innovation exists through our adaptive relationships with environments and others within those environments. Innovation also exists through the materials that make up environments and the tools we create from those materials. Importantly, innovation occurs within "communities of practice" that provide the necessary knowledge and skills. The document examines different discourses and theories related to innovation, learning, skill acquisition, and the limits of traditional productivist views of innovation.
A Deconstructive Exploration Of Afrofuturism.PdfJulie Davis
This document is an 11,752 word final year dissertation exploring Afrofuturism. It begins with an abstract outlining the aims of the dissertation, which are to broadly understand Afrofuturism through contextualizing the issues it seeks to transcend and examining the means by which this is achieved. The introduction discusses the author's deconstructive methodological approach inspired by Kodwo Eshun. Key concepts discussed throughout include Decoloniality, subjectivity formation, Afrofuturism and music using Detroit techno as a case study, and Afrofuturism's relationship to hauntology and film. The dissertation does not follow a conventional linear structure in order to reflect Afrofuturism's ec
This document discusses several key topics in philosophy including:
1. Philosophy examines reality and attempts to understand the whole of our experience. It discusses subjects like the existence of God and the immortality of the soul.
2. Perception and reality are different - perception is how we understand and interpret something through our senses, while reality is how things actually exist regardless of perception.
3. Idealism in philosophy asserts that reality is indistinguishable or inseparable from human understanding and perception, and is in some sense mentally constituted.
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) focuses on analyzing written or spoken language to reveal power relationships in society. It is based on theories from Michel Foucault and the Frankfurt School. CDA examines how language constructs social realities in ways that maintain inequalities. The approach considers both what texts include and omit, and how power relations are expressed and reproduced through language and discourse. The goal is to uncover hidden assumptions and ideologies to challenge social injustices.
Similar to Uti index-papers-e-poststructuralism01 (20)
O documento discute a Teoria da Imagem Original do Pensamento de Unificação em três pontos principais:
1) A Imagem Original representa os atributos de Deus manifestados na criação através de SungSang e HyungSang.
2) O Caráter Divino inclui o Coração, Logos e Criatividade que formam a estrutura da Imagem Original.
3) A estrutura da Imagem Original é compreendida através da Ação de Dar e Receber e das Quatro Posições que estabelecem a relação entre os atributos
O documento descreve a vida e o desenvolvimento do pensamento de Karl Marx. Resume que (1) Marx nasceu em uma família judia na Alemanha no século XIX e foi influenciado por Hegel e Feuerbach; (2) Isso levou Marx a desenvolver sua teoria da alienação e a ver a abolição da propriedade privada como a emancipação do homem; (3) Após o exílio, Marx passou a advogar uma revolução social violenta liderada pelo proletariado.
The document is a summary of the 2014 Corruption Perceptions Index published by Transparency International. It finds that over two-thirds of countries score below 50 on a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean), and no country receives a perfect score. Countries at the top and bottom of the index are identified, with Denmark scoring highest at 92 and Somalia and North Korea tied at the bottom with scores of 8. Regional averages are also provided.
O documento discute um atentado terrorista ocorrido em 1968 no Brasil realizado por membros da organização de esquerda VPR que feriu gravemente Orlando Lovecchio. Anos depois, o governo concedeu uma aposentadoria maior ao bombista Diógenes do que a pensão recebida pela vítima Lovecchio, gerando questionamentos sobre a justiça das indenizações da época da ditadura militar no Brasil.
1) O documento discute como o povo de Israel não aceitou Jesus Cristo como o Messias devido às profecias do Velho Testamento sobre a vinda de Elias.
2) Jesus explicou que João Batista era a encarnação de Elias, mas o povo não aceitou esta explicação.
3) A rejeição de Jesus impediu a realização do Reino de Deus na Terra naquele momento.
1) O documento discute a história humana como um processo de restauração guiado por Deus para corrigir os padrões incompletos deixados por Adão e Eva após a queda, e por Jesus, que não completou sua missão.
2) A Igreja de Unificação tem a missão de completar esta restauração através da indenização, enfrentando oposição em todos os níveis, como Jesus e os primeiros cristãos.
3) Para herdar a bênção e compreender totalmente esta história, os membros devem viver apenas pela
O documento discute os desafios da sustentabilidade no setor de alimentos e bebidas. Ele destaca a necessidade de reduzir o desperdício de alimentos e água, bem como a importância de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis para garantir a segurança alimentar futura.
O documento descreve a mensagem do Reverendo Moon sobre o ideal de Deus para o mundo. Ele argumenta que (1) o relacionamento entre Deus e os seres humanos é fundamental, (2) amor, vida e ideal são as coisas mais preciosas na vida e requerem um relacionamento de sujeito-objeto, e (3) os seres humanos precisam de um Criador, ou sujeito, que é Deus.
Este documento apresenta uma introdução a um livro contendo mensagens do Reverendo Moon enquanto estava na prisão. O texto descreve a fé de Moon em Deus e Jesus Cristo, suas crenças sobre o verdadeiro cristianismo e os obstáculos que impedem o reino de Deus, como a imoralidade e a desunião entre as igrejas.
O documento descreve a evolução da teoria da evolução, desde a visão de Aristóteles de espécies imutáveis até a teoria sintética moderna. Apresenta também críticas à teoria neodarwinista e propõe uma nova teoria da criação baseada no pensamento de unificação.
1) O documento discute o Princípio Divino, que ensina a unificar o mundo em torno de Deus. Explica que o mundo está cheio de problemas porque as pessoas se afastaram de Deus.
2) Apresenta duas pessoas que encontraram Deus: Isaac Newton, através da ciência ao observar a harmonia do universo, e Samuel, que ouviu a voz de Deus em seu coração.
3) Explica que embora Deus seja invisível, Sua existência pode ser compreendida através de Sua criação, que demonstra
1) O autor discute como a filosofia humana falhou em resolver os problemas fundamentais da vida, como o significado e propósito da existência.
2) É destacado que as pessoas nascem e vivem sem controle sobre seus destinos, levantando questões sobre a motivação e objetivo da vida.
3) O autor argumenta que as pessoas precisam encontrar o "Eu" perdido e se conectar com um propósito maior do que o próprio eu, para dar significado à vida.
1. O documento descreve os crimes e atrocidades cometidos pelos regimes comunistas ao redor do mundo, incluindo a União Soviética, China, Coreia do Norte e Camboja.
2. Milhões de pessoas foram mortas ou sofreram privações e repressão sob ditaduras comunistas no século XX.
3. O livro fornece detalhes sobre os massacres, campos de concentração, fomes e violações de direitos humanos realizados em nome do comunismo.
Peru a -longa marcha- sangrenta do sendero luminosoHideumi Sekiguchi
O documento descreve a ascensão do grupo maoísta Sendero Luminoso no Peru entre os anos de 1980 e meados da década de 1980. O Sendero Luminoso começou como um pequeno grupo político na região de Ayacucho e cresceu rapidamente através da luta armada e táticas violentas, como assassinatos e ataques terroristas, chegando a ameaçar o governo peruano e causar milhares de mortes.
Palavras da DRA HAK JA HAN MOON na reunião de líderes mundiais.Hideumi Sekiguchi
1) A Mãe agradece os líderes mundiais por seu trabalho árduo e fala sobre a necessidade de esforço para as realizações da Cerimônia da Paz no próximo ano.
2) Ela diz que os líderes precisam refletir sobre como não foram capazes de se assemelhar totalmente aos Verdadeiros Pais, apesar de terem recebido seus ensinamentos.
3) A Mãe elogia o trabalho de Dae Mo Nim, dizendo que ela é a única pessoa que preservou com sucesso a história da filha
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
1. Beyond Poststructuralism and Gender-Free Thought
Unification Thought Institute of Japan Akifumi Otani
I. What is poststructuralism?
In the 1960s the discipline called Structuralism emerged in France, and its standard-
bearer was Claude Levi-Strauss. The aim of Structuralism was to model the structure
of a society, based on how people recognize the world. It adopted the attitude of looking
at the world rather than trying to reform it. Poststructuralism emerged soon after, and
attempted to grasp a changing world, wherein some structures are destroyed as new
structures are created. Poststructuralism is also called ―later structuralism.‖
―Poststructuralism‖ is sometimes used in nearly the same way as ―postmodernism,‖ but
postmodernism usually means the artistic and cultural movements that appeared after
modernism.
The poststructuralist claims that it is language structure that defines people and the
world, and that language structure changes as time passes, through differences,
violence, noise, and so on. Poststructuralism emerged based on the foundations of
Marxism, Darwinism, and Freudianism. Therefore, we can say that poststructuralism
is the language of materialism, the language of evolutionism, and the language of
psychoanalysis.
(1) Similarity to Marxism
① Consciousness is a product of language.
Poststructuralism claims that language does not come from consciousness or from
ideas, but rather that consciousness and ideas are the product of language. Thus, it is
language which defines human beings and the world. People don‘t think freely using
language, but instead language defines people. To conclude: ―mind is a product of
language.‖ This is reminiscent of the Marxist claim that ―mind is a product of the
brain.‖ This is exactly the language of materialism.
② Meaning is realized by the difference of signifiant
Ferdinand de Saussure, a Linguist, divided communication by signs into two parts:
on one hand there is the signifier [signifiant], the sound or the visual appearance of the
word, phrase, or image in question; on the other, there is the signified [signifié], its
meaning. According to Saussure, ―language has neither ideas nor sounds that existed
2. before the linguistic system, but only conceptual and phonic differences that have
issued from the system.‖1
Catherine Belsey, chair of the Center for Critical and Cultural Theory at Cardiff
University, stated: ―Poststructuralism is not a system, nor even, when you look at the
details, a unified body of theory. How could it be? Its key term is difference.‖2 Sara
Mills, a research professor at Sheffield Hallam University, said, ―In some ways,
poststructuralism can be seen as the move to theories without the notion of a centre,
core or foundation.‖3
This concept is that there was no purpose or meaning at first, but instead there was
only the difference of signifier, wherefrom all the meanings arose. Such an idea is
identical with the materialistic dialectic which claims that things develop through the
struggle of opposites with no purpose. This is exactly the language of the dialectic.
③ Signs are independent of human consciousness, and they follow their own laws.
Shinya Oshiro, a Japanese philosopher, states: ―thought is nothing other than the
movement of signs which have some meaning, and the signs have their own laws and
move by themselves,‖4 and ―the signs are separated from the consciousness of humans
who use them, and they move by themselves in accordance with their own laws.‖5 This
idea is the same as the materialist view of history wherein the development of
productive forces and the relations of production are independent of human will.
④ Struggle against power
According to poststructuralism, culture is the mechanism of a power system that
does not seem to have power, and poststructuralism analyzes power, and criticizes
current nations, with a strong will to change the present conditions. It is in agreement
with Marxism, which is hostile to the state power, regarding it as evil.
(2) Similarity to Darwinism
① Denial of immutability of meaning
According to Catherine Belsey, ―the language that poststructuralism advocates is
useful to ask uncertain things, and not useful to give a final answer.‖6 Masashi
Orishima, a scholar of English literature, also says that ―[Poststructuralism]
challenges the meaning, and always changes it.‖7 It is in agreement with Darwinism
which claims that living beings always undergo changes through mutations and there
are no immutable species.
3. ② Humans as carriers of signs
Shinya Oshiro says, ―If a culture is a collection of signs, a human being is a carrier of
the signs.‖8 This is reminiscent of Richard Dawkins, a prominent spokesperson for
classical Darwinism, who insists that ―humans are vehicles of genes.‖
(3) Influence of psychoanalysis
Jacques Lacan, who called himself Freud‘s successor, put psychoanalysis into
poststructuralism. His viewpoint was that ―We are virtual images given by others‖ and
that ―We live in the artificial world constructed by the language.‖ This is the
standpoint of psychoanalysis in the context of poststructuralism.
(4) Poststructuralism and sexuality
Stressing the diversification of sexuality, poststructuralism denies the absoluteness
of ethics and morality. It has also had a great influence on homosexuality and feminism.
Among thinkers advocating poststructuralism, Foucault was the most influential.
(5) Poststructuralism and Unification Thought
As seen in the above comments, it is clear that poststructuralism was born in the soil
of Marxism, Darwinism, and Freudianism. Unification Thought criticizes the
materialism of Marxism, which denies the existence of God; Darwinism, which denies
God‘s role in creation; and Freudianism, which denies God‘s Word (commandments or
norms). Unification Thought has presented alternatives to all of these views. Viewed
from Unification Thought, it can be argued that poststructuralism is an abortive flower
that bloomed in the wrong soil. Sexual liberation theories—homosexuality, feminism,
gender-free, and so on―all utilize poststructuralism as their theoretical support.
In the following I shall discuss three representative poststructuralists: Michel
Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Jacques Lacan, and make clear the background of their
thought, and their fallacies. At the same time, I will expose the fallacies in sexual
liberation theory, the foundation of which is poststructuralism. The aim of my
discussion is to show that true ethics and morality can be established in order to
realize true love.
Notes
4. 1. Catherine Belsey, Poststructuralism: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford
Press, 2002), 12.
2. Ibid., 56.
3. Sara Mills, Michel Foucault (New York: Routledge, 2003), 28.
4. Shinya Oshiro, Illustrated Various Knowledge: Poststructuralism (Tokyo:
Natsume-Sha, 2006), 50.
5. Ibid., 54.
6. Catherine Belsey, Poststructuralism: A Very Short Introduction, 107.
7. Masashi Orishima, An afterword to the Japanese version of Poststructuralism: A
Very Short Introduction by Catherine Belsey (Tokyo, Iwanami Shoten, 2003), 173.
8. Shinya Oshiro, Illustrated Various Knowledge: Post structuralism, 51.
II. Michel Foucault
(1) Foucault‘s thought
① Genealogy and archeology
The thought of Michel Foucault is genealogical in its design and archaeological in its
method. Archeology investigates the life of pre-historic human beings through the
study of their relics, which have been buried under the ground. However, the
―archaeology‖ of Foucault is the unearthing of the hidden structure of knowledge that
pertains to a particular historical period. ―Genealogy‖ for Foucault is exploring the
possibility of no longer doing or thinking what we are currently doing or thinking. That
is to say, Foucault‘s intention is not to discover any inevitable and universal truths, but
rather to verify the relativity and accidental nature of truth.
② Episteme
For Foucault, episteme is the ―frame of wisdom,‖ or the ―types of ways of thinking‖
that underlie various sciences. He says that only one episteme exists in each age, and
when the age changes, the episteme changes, too.
During the Renaissance, words and things were united in their resemblance.
Renaissance man thought in terms of similitudes. For example, the orchid produces
seeds that look like the testicles; therefore, it was thought that the orchid was useful in
the treatment of venereal disease. For another example, the resemblance of an aconite
seed to the eyeball leads to the wisdom that the seed of aconite has an effect on eye
disease.
5. In the classical age, the world was seen in terms of its order to measurable
relationships. As a result, ―It [knowledge] was no longer about guessing, but about
order. The classification of stable and separate identities is called representation.‖1
Thus, the emphasis of episteme came to be on ―representation.‖
In the modern ages, attention is paid to human beings, who are influencing the world,
as the principle that brings order to the world. That is, ―The modern episteme studies
man, in himself, as an historical subject. It is through man that knowledge is
possible….Deeper forces were substituted for the surface regularities of classical
knowledge: dynamic, historical categories of explanation.‖2
Today, human beings are deprived of their creativity and have become servants to
language. Thus, the new episteme proclaims ―the end of man.‖
③ Discourse
Later, Foucault dropped episteme as the dominant principle in history and instead
proposed ―discourse.‖ A discourse is the accumulation of concepts, practices, statements,
and beliefs that were produced by a particular episteme; that is, a specific knowledge
system. Foucault called the individual unit of the collective discourse a statement
(énoncé).
Foucault insists that discourse determines the reality that we perceive, rather than
considering that language simply reflects an underlying reality. Further, he says that it
is only through discourse, and the structures it imposes on our thinking, that we can
think about and experience material objects and the world as a whole.
After all, Foucault‘s idea is that language is a source of thought in its own right, and
not merely an instrument for expressing the ideas of those who use it. This means that
we do not manipulate language, but rather language manipulates us. In other words,
language and thought take the dominant position over man. Sara Mills described this
as: ―not setting man but anonymous thought, knowledge without a subject, theory with
no identity, in God‘s place.‖3 Thus, it comes to ―the end of man.‖
Moreover, Foucault says that ―discourse transmits and produces power,‖ and he
describes knowledge as being the conjunction of power relations and information-
seeking which he terms ―power/knowledge.‖ Here, Foucault‘s attitude of making a
―challenge to power‖ is expressed.
④ Sexuality
Foucault‘s interest was focused on sexuality. Foucault‘s suggestion is that human
nature (inner sexual nature) is not so much discovered, as constituted by the required
6. self-examination. Explaining Foucault‘s position, Tamsin Spargo, an English literature
expert, states: ―Sexuality is not a natural feature or fact of human life but a
constructed category of experience which has historical, social and cultural, rather
than biological, origins.‖4 Consequently, the norm of sexuality is merely the social norm
for behavior. In this manner Foucault challenged sexual morality. Whereas he was very
interested in sexuality, he said, ―Sex is boring,‖ and he regarded sexuality in human
life as incidental rather than essential.
⑤ Ancient sexual ethics
In order to show that the sexual ethics represented by Christianity is neither
universal nor absolute, Foucault explored the sexual ethics of ancient Greece.
According to Foucault, ―For the ancients, by contrast, sex was a natural good. It
became an object of ethical concern not because it was essentially forbidden, but
because some aspects of it could be dangerous…. The danger was . . . that we might
disrupt our lives through excessive indulgence.‖5 The telos of ancient ethical life was
moderation (sophrysune).
As for homosexual love, ancient sexual ethics were free of the Christian strictures
that declared that homosexual love is intrinsically evil, and an unnatural act. While
the law condoned homosexuality it was, nevertheless, often treated with scorn. Images
of sexuality portrayed the homosexual as effeminate, mincing and vain.
⑥ Critique of Christianity
As Foucault indicated, it is because sex is connected with human original sin in
Christian morality that sex has such a negative image in modern society. Foucault
condemns the power of Christian pastors, saying that they rule the believers by
hoisting the flag of original sin.
According to Foucault, Nakayama explains: ―The pastors‘ power pretends to be an
altruistic one which cares for believers‘ spiritual happiness by all means. However,
pastors‘ purpose is not to realize the happiness of the sheep, rather, they intend to
dominate the sheep with the bait of the spiritual salvation in the afterlife.‖6 In sum,
Foucault believes that, whereas a pastor‘s power may seem to give life, in fact it is a
devilishly cruel power that sentences human beings on earth to death. He considers
Christian morality a devil‘s act.
⑦ Denial of the absolute truth
It was Foucault‘s lifelong purpose to show that what people believe as truths are
7. neither universal nor absolute, but rather they were established based on historical
events. Gary Gutting, professor of philosophy at the university of Notre Dame, states
as follows:
Foucault put truth to the test. His archaeologies show how it is often relative to the
contingent historical frameworks it is supposed to transcend, his genealogies how it
is entwined with the power and domination from which it is supposed to free us.7
According to Chris Horrocks, ―[Foucault is] suspicious of universal truth. It‘s
pointless to ask whether human nature exists – it is a discourse produced in relation to
theology, biology, history.‖8
⑧ Rationalization of homosexuality
The negative aspects of the construction of homosexuality in the late 19th and early
20th centuries are obvious. The homosexual was pathologized as a perverse or deviant
type, a case of arrested development, a suitable case for treatment, in short as an
aberration from a heterosexual norm.
However, according to Foucault, ―Although same-sex relations have occurred
throughout human history, the homosexual as a distinct category, with defining
psychological, physiological and perhaps even genetic characteristics, was created by
the power/knowledge system of the modern sciences of sexuality.‖9 Foucault denounced
the power that had managed and controlled sex and life, infringing upon society and
culture.
Foucault intended to change society and to change the way power was applied, while
remaining faithful to one‘s own desire. Diversifying the relationship with others, and
through homosexuality, he aimed to establish a new relationship filled with friendship,
among others. According to Hajime Nakayama, ―Foucault tried to construct a new
relationship to others, to examine the relationship to others, and to establish a new
Etchika.‖10
Foucault said, ―Christianity verbosely talked about love, but it did not understand
friendship at all,‖ (From Rome to Paris – Path of Philosophy) and he believed that only
friendship can give a foundation for the culture of homosexuality to be accepted by the
heterosexual people as well.
⑨ Influence of Marxism
Foucault‘s thought is strongly influenced by Marxism as follows: According to the
8. materialist view of history, the motive force which moves the world and history is the
productive force, the development of which is independent of human will. The
development of the productive force occurs solely in accordance with objective laws,
without any goal or purpose.
Foucault says that discourse determines the reality that we perceive and that we can
only think about and experience material objects and the world as a whole through
discourse and the structures it imposes on our thinking. His claim that discourse
moves both the world, and history, is on the same track with the materialist view of
history which claims that the productive force moves the world and history.
Foucault says, ―So the ‗history of ideas‘…is less important than the underlying
structures that form the context for their thinking…Individuals operate in a conceptual
environment that determines and limits them in ways of which they cannot be
aware.‖11 This is the same idea as historical materialism‘s basis and superstructure.
According to Gully Gutting, ―Foucault‘s archaeology aims at history without the
individual subject…But archaeology emphasizes that the stage on which we enact our
history – as well as much of the script – is established independently of our thoughts
and actions.‖12 This is in accordance with the materialist view of history in that the
productive force is independent from human will, and that the environment (social
environment), and not leaders, is what decides social development.
As for the human relations in a family, Foucault regards them as a power relation.
Explaining Foucault‘s position, Sara Mills says, ―Relations between parents and
children, lovers, employers and employees – in short, all relations between people – are
power relations. In each interaction power is negotiated and one‘s position in a
hierarchy is established.‖13 This is the same idea as in Marxism, which regards a
family as the base of ruling and exploitation.
According to the materialist dialectic, things develop through contradiction, or
through the struggle of opposites within themselves, without purpose, just following
law. Foucault‘s position is in full agreement with that of the materialist dialectic.
Foucault was skeptical of grand teleological narratives focused on such goals and
proposed instead accounts based on many specific ‗little‘ causes, operating
independently of one another, with no overall outcome in view.14
This dispersion corresponds to the fact that there is no teleology (no dominating class
or world-historical process) behind the development. Modern power is the chance
outcome, in the manner of genealogy, of numerous small, uncoordinated causes.15
9. ⑩ Foucault and feminism
Foucault‘s thought had a strong influence on feminism. Sara says:
[For Foucault] truth, power and knowledge are intricately connected and what we
need to analyze is the workings of power in the production of knowledge. This is
especially important for Western feminist theorists who tried initially to document
the ‗truth‘ of women‘s condition or women‘s experiences to oppose the falsehood of
sexist stereotypes of women.16
Among the many influential French critical theorists Foucault was distinct in so far
as his aim was to intervene in specific struggles of disenfranchised and socially
suspect groups such as prisoners, mental patients and homosexuals. In so far as
Foucault‘s discourse appeared to be more activist and less narrowly academic than
those of his post-structuralist counterparts, it compelled activist feminist theorists to
take a serious look at his work.17
(2) Criticism of Foucault from the viewpoint of Unification Thought
① Genealogy and archeology
For Foucault, ―archaeology‖ means the unearthing of the hidden structure of
knowledge that pertains to a particular historical period, and ―genealogy‖ means to
uncover the possibility of no longer being, doing, or thinking what we are, do, or think.
This is exactly an attempt to destroy the universality and the absoluteness of the truth
from its very foundations. Seen from the viewpoint of Unification Thought, even if the
way of expressing the truth can change according to the change in an age, the truth
itself originated from God‘s logos, and is therefore absolute. The content of our
knowledge has become more enriched and refined according to the merit of the age.
② Episteme
According to Foucault, episteme is ―the frame of wisdom‖ or ―the types of ways of
thinking‖ that underlie various sciences. Foucault‘s episteme leads only to a relativized
―historical a priori,‖ not to the atemporal, absolute a priori truths that Kant claimed to
have discovered. However, it is not explained by Foucault why episteme is
discontinuous and why it changes. In Unification Thought, ―the frame of wisdom‖ is
universal and absolute as Kant claimed, and it does not change according to the age.
10. ③ Discourse
According to Foucault, human beings do not manipulate language, but language
manipulates people, and language and thought sit at the top of the world instead of
human beings. In the Unification Thought view, we think and recognize things with
language in order to realize love. Therefore, language is originally a medium of love.
Foucault‘s standpoint is that ―man is the carrier of language.‖ In contrast, in
Unification Thought, ―man is the carrier of love.‖
Foucault says that anonymous thought, knowledge without a subject, and theory
with no identity will sit in the position of God, and ―the end of man‖ will come. But this
is not true. In contrast, in Unification Thought, human beings of true love will
eventually emerge, and centering on God, such human beings will sit on the top of the
world.
④ Sexuality
According to Foucault, the inner sexual nature is constituted by a discourse. He
thinks that existing sexual ethics is fabricated by power, and he challenges it. Thus, he
had a strong interest in sexuality. On the other hand, however, he said, ―sex is boring‖
as if sex was a trivial thing.
From the standpoint of Unification Thought, the purpose of sex is to realize true love.
In order to realize true love, man is created manly and woman is created womanly,
both mentally and physically. Therefore, sexuality is originally sacred and precious.
However, sexuality has come to be seen as sinful and debased because of the human
fall. Paul Johnson, a historian, explains about the preciousness of sexuality:
But a world without gender, even if it functioned, would be stable, flat and
unprofitable. It would be a form of living death. So gender supplies both dynamism
and interest. It is an amazing thing. Next to the Big Bang itself, it is the most
remarkable and ingenious of all God‘s acts of creation. It is the most fascinating too.
Its operations and permutations, creating life, are more interesting to observe than
the expansion of the universe itself. They have the further merit that, the higher the
forms in which they exist, the more interesting they become, and will become. We are
only beginning to explore the potentialities of gender, which are inexhaustible, in so
far as anything is. . . . it is evidently very dear to the heart of our maker. It is
fundamental, not accidental.18
⑤ Ancient sexual morality
11. According to Foucault, sex was a natural good in ancient Greece. Moderation
(sophrysune) was encouraged because there was some anxiety that we might disrupt
our lives through excessive indulgence. Homosexuality was condoned by law. However,
it was often treated with scorn, and images of sexuality portrayed the homosexual as
effeminate, mincing and vain.
However, as Hajime Nakayama points out, sexual ethics and truth came to be united
when it came to Plato:
Plato‘s ambition to understand truth marked the end of the Greek way of thinking
concerning the relationship between sex and morality. Previously in Greece, morality
had focused on the techniques to control one‘s desires. However, with Plato as the
turning point, morality came to focus on seeking truth and evaluating one‘s desire. It
was a prelude to the advent of Christian morality that evaluated one‘s desire and its
truth.19
When it came to the Roman Age, Plutarchos, a philosopher of Plato‘s school, taught
that man and woman should both keep virginity before marriage and keep chastity
after marriage, in order to live a beautiful way of life.
Therefore, it can be seen that the morality of ancient Greece was improved by Plato
and philosophers of the Roman Age, in order to later be connected with Christian
morality. Foucault tries to deny Christian morality by proposing the morality of ancient
Greece as a counterproposal. He said, ―The rise of Christian sexuality is the corruption
of a more admirable antique view.‖20 In fact, the morality of ancient Greece was a
preparation for the coming true morality.
⑥ Critique of Christianity
Foucault strongly criticized Christian morality because he did not want to admit to
original sin, and he intended to rationalize his propensity towards homosexuality. He
considered Christian morality to be an act of the devil. Nietzsche also strongly
criticized Christian morality, considering it as a slave morality. However, in order to
realize true love, Christianity forbade living under the dominion of sexual desire. This
is because, if people live solely ruled by their sexual desire, they will be dominated by
Satan. From the viewpoint of Unification Thought, it is necessary for both man and
woman to keep virginity before their marriage and to keep chastity after marriage, in
order to realize true love between them. Also, in order to realize a true, beautiful love,
man is made manly and a woman is made womanly. Therefore, true love cannot be
12. realized through homosexuality or lesbianism.
⑦ Denial of absolute truth
Foucault tried to show that what people believe to be truth is not absolutely true,
and he tried to show how things considered as truth were entwined with power.
However, if the absoluteness of the truth is denied, Foucault‘s thought also become
doubtful. C. Horrocks said, ―Foucault is on the horns of a dilemma: if he is telling the
truth about the impossibility of detached truth, then all truth is suspect. But if this is
the case, then Foucault‘s truth cannot vouch for its own truth.‖21
From the viewpoint of Unification Thought, truth is absolute, and it is for the
realization of true love. Foucault, who does not accept true love, and tries to rationalize
homosexuality, could do little else but deny absolute truth.
⑧ Rationalization of homosexuality
Foucault aimed to establish a new relationship filled with friendship, among others,
diversifying the relationship with others, and through homosexuality. He said that
Christianity talked at length about love, but it did not understand friendship at all.
However, it is completely wrong to identify friendship (brotherly love) with
homosexuality. Homosexuality is an example of perverted brotherly love, and it has no
relation to friendship, or brotherly love.
Although he became deeply involved in homosexuality, he seemed in one regard to
hate it deep in his original mind. Thus, although he gave himself over to homosexuality
in San Francisco, he took an anti-California stance. C. Horrocks says:
Strange, isn‘t it? Despite all of Foucault‘s attempts to get rid of the human individual,
to see everything as discourse, apparatus, power and institutions, he still refers to
the most anthropological of themes: sexuality, the self, individualization and self-
control or will. Is he having his cake and eating it?
Foucault‘s view of gay Antiquity was not completely positive. . . . Foucault was totally
against the notion that through sex you could discover the ―true self‖ – hence his
avowed anti-Californian stance (despite the fun he had in ‗Frisco).22
⑨ Influence of Marxism
As already explained, Marxism had great influence on Foucault‘s thought. Unification
Thought criticizes Marxism and presents a counterproposal to it. Therefore, it is clear
that Foucault‘s thought, which can be thought of as a modified Marxism, is also wrong.
13. ⑩ Foucault and feminism
Foucault‘s thought all had a great influence on feminism. But, following the pattern
above, if Foucault‘s thought collapses, feminism will also be shaken.
Notes
1. Chiris Horrocks and Zoran Jevtic, Introducing Foucault (New York: Totem Books,
1997), 68.
2. Chris Horrocks and Zoran Jevtice, Introducing Foucault, 72.
3. Sara Mills, Michel Foucault (New York: Routledge, 2003), 106.
4. Tamsin Spargo, Foucault and Queer Theory (New York: Totem Books, 1999), 12.
5. Gary Gutting, Foucault, A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University
Press, 2005), 106.
6. Gen Nakayama, Introduction to Foucault (in Japanese) (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo,
1996), 194.
7. Gary Gutting, Foucault, 109.
8. Chris Horrocks and Zoran Jevtice, Introducing Foucault, 103.
9. Gary Gutting, Foucault, 92-93.
10. Gen Nakayama, Introduction to Foucault, 201.
11. Gary Gutting, Foucault, 33.
12. Ibid., 34.
13. Sara Mills, Michel Foucault, 49.
14. Gary Gutting, Foucault, 46.
15. Ibid., 87.
16. Sara Mills, Michel Foucault, 75-76.
17. Ibid., 81.
18. Paul Johnson, The Quest for God (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1996), 51.
19. Gen Nakayama, Introduction to Foucault, 213.
20. Gary Gutting, Foucault, 106.
21. Chris Horrocks and Zoran Jevtice, Introducing Foucault, 168.
22. Ibid., 152.
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