The document defines and explains several key concepts related to the field of cultural production: - New Criticism focused on rigorous analysis of texts themselves without historical context. - New Historicism studies literature within the author's and critic's historical contexts and how the work was influenced by the time period. - Structuralism analyzes fields like mythology as complex systems of interrelated parts. - Habitus refers to durable dispositions that generate practices and representations adapted to outcomes without conscious intent. - Symbolic capital refers to prestige or recognition that functions as embodied cultural value. - A field is a social space where agents interact based on rules, habitus, and capital. Fields are hierarchical and subordinate

1. TheField of Cultural Production Jaime Villafranca 141566 Industrias Culturales

2. New Criticism: Isanapproachtoliteraturewhichwasdevelopedby a group of americancritics, most of whomtaught at southernuniversitiesduringtheyearsfollowingthefirstWorldWar. The New Criticswantedtoavoidimpressionisticcriticism, whichrisktobeshallow and arbitrary, and social/historicalapproacheswhichmighteasilybesubsumedbyother disciplines. Thustheyattemptedtosystemitizethestudy of literature, todevelopanapproachwhichwascenteredontherigorousstudy of thetextitself. Theyweregiventheynameby John CroweRansom, who describes the new americanformalists in The New Criticism(1941). New Historicism: is a theory applied to literature that suggests literature must be studied and interpreted within the context of both the history of the author and the history of the critic. The theory arose in the 1980s, and with Stephen Greenblatt as its main proponent, became quite popular in the 1990s. Unlike previous historical criticism, which limited itself to simply demonstrating how a work was reflective of its time, New Historicism evaluates how the work is influenced by the time in which it was produced. It also examines the social sphere in which the author moved, the psychological background of the author, the books and theories that may have influenced the author, and any other factors which influenced the work of art. All work is biased. Structuralism: is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze a specific field (for instance, mythology) as a complex system of interrelated parts. It began in linguistics with the work of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913). But many French intellectuals perceived it to have a wider application, and the model was soon modified and applied to other fields, such as anthropology, psychoanalysis, literary theory and architecture. This ushered in the dawn of structuralism as not just a method, but also an intellectual movement that came to take existentialism's pedestal in 1960s France.

3. Subjectivism: is a philosophical tenet that accords primacy to subjective experience as fundamental of all measure and law. In an extreme form, it may hold that the nature and existence of every object depends solely on someone's subjective awareness of it. Objectivism: is the philosophy developed by the Russian-American philosopher and novelist, Ayn Rand (1905–1982). Objectivism holds that reality exists independent of consciousness; that individual persons are in direct contact with this reality through sensory perception; that human beings can gain objective knowledge from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive and deductive logic; that the proper moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness or rational self-interest; that the only social system consistent with this morality is full respect for individual rights, embodied in pure laissez faire capitalism; and that the role of art in human life is to transform man's widest metaphysical ideas, by selective reproduction of reality, into a physical form—a work of art—that he can comprehend and to which he can respond emotionally. Rand originally expressed her philosophical ideas in her novels The Fountainhead, Atlas Shrugged, and other works. She further elaborated on them in her magazines The Objectivist Newsletter, The Objectivist, and The Ayn Rand Letter, and in non-fiction books such as Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology and The Virtue of Selfishness. The name "Objectivism" derives from the principle that human knowledge and values are objective: they are not created by the thoughts one has, but are determined by the nature of reality, to be discovered by man's mind.Rand chose the name because her preferred term for a philosophy based on the primacy of existence, existentialism, had already been taken.

4. Habitus:Thesystem of “durable, transpotabledispositions, structuredstructurespredisposedtostructuringstructures, thatis, as a principleswhichgenerate and organizepractices and representationsthat can beobjectivelyadaptedtotheiroutcomeswithoutpresupposing a consciousaiming at theendsoranexpressmastery of theoperationsnecessary in ordertoattainthem. Objectively “regulated” and “regular” withoutbeing in anywaytheproduct of obedienceto rules, they can becollectevelyorchestratedwithoutbeingtheproduct of theorganizingaction of a conductor. Symbolic Capital: can be referred to as the resources available to an individual on the basis of honor, prestige or recognition, and functions as an authoritative embodiment of cultural value.

5. Field: is a setting in which agents and their social positions are located. The position of each particular agent in the field is a result of interaction between the specific rules of the field, agent's habitus and agent's capital (social, economic and cultural). Fields interact with each other, and are hierarchical (most are subordinate of the larger field of power and class relations). Field of power:The set of dominantpowerrelations in societyor, in otherwords, therulingclasses.

6. Field of cultural production:Isstructuredbyanoppositionbetweentwo sub-fields: thefield of restrictedproduction and thefield of large-scaleproduction. Thefield of restrictedproductionconcernswhatwenormallythink of as “high” art, forexample “classical” music , thaplasticarts, so-called “serious” literature.