Michel Foucault was a French philosopher known for his critical studies of social institutions and power structures. He was born in 1926 in France and held various academic positions before becoming a professor at the Collège de France. Foucault was politically active and protested on behalf of marginalized groups. He died of AIDS in 1984. Foucault analyzed discourses and power relations through concepts like discourse, knowledge/power, discipline, and governmentality/biopower. He studied how institutions shape realities and identities through regulatory practices and surveillance. His work criticized taken-for-granted "truths" through genealogical analysis and sought to uncover power dynamics.
A lecture on Foucault's History of Sexuality Volume 1, for Arts One (a first-year, interdisciplinary course) at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada.
This PowerPoint serves as an introduction to Michel Foucault and one of his most famous theories. It includes an example of his theory in action, and a short bibliography.
A lecture on Foucault's History of Sexuality Volume 1, for Arts One (a first-year, interdisciplinary course) at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada.
This PowerPoint serves as an introduction to Michel Foucault and one of his most famous theories. It includes an example of his theory in action, and a short bibliography.
One of the revolutionary ideas put forward by Foucault is the various measures of surveillance, to ensure discipline in a society. Such a consented voyeurism always has a panopticon structure. Foucault talks about the age old prison, and how such surveillance structures are employed in other institutions from mental asylums to public schools to ensure discipline. The 184 idea of a big brother watching has gained prominence today with the internet, satellites giving rise to a virtual panopticon today.
One of the revolutionary ideas put forward by Foucault is the various measures of surveillance, to ensure discipline in a society. Such a consented voyeurism always has a panopticon structure. Foucault talks about the age old prison, and how such surveillance structures are employed in other institutions from mental asylums to public schools to ensure discipline. The 184 idea of a big brother watching has gained prominence today with the internet, satellites giving rise to a virtual panopticon today.
This slide program defines pornography, its prevalence, addiction to pornography, Islam's condemnation of this evil. ways to protect oursleves and our children from this evil.
Here you will find; Marxism by Michel Foucault (1926-1984). Power and knowledge. Discipline and punish. Political thought. Archaeology. Genealogy. Discipline. Sexuality. Power. Biopower. Governmentality. Ethics.
Power is not centralized in one area or in the possession of specific people, according to Michel Foucault. However, power is present in all social interactions and is not only used by the government. Knowledge is closely related to power. Power and knowledge are thus mutually reinforcing. In order to gather more data, exercise more control over its citizens, and produce new sorts of knowledge, the state must have power. Discourse development is required for this.
· Through research, find an area where DNA is used in genetic tec.docxalinainglis
· Through research, find an area where DNA is used in genetic technology in current society that shows integration of new genetic technology into society and its usefulness, as well as any controversy in the use.
·
· 2. Go to the DNA Technology and Society discussion topic, and create a new thread of at least 500 words (excluding citations) containing the following information, using APA for citations and support:
·
· Identify and describe to your classmates the example of an area that shows integration of new genetic technology into society and discuss its usefulness, as well as any controversy in the use. In this example, you must describe how it is done, why it is done, its usefulness, its benefits to society, and any controversy in its use, including dangerous side effects.
You must also include whether or not you scientifically support this example. Your support basis should not be an emotional reaction; rather, it should be supported by science.
DNA Technology and Society discussion topic
Return to the discussion topic and reply to one of your classmates' posts who has not had a reply.
· The reply should be evident you read the post and have a thoughtful response.
· The reply should be at least five sentences total. Replies should not say "cool post", "good idea", etc., but answer the post based on the following criteria.
a. Is the post detailed enough to describe the discussion topic?
b. Does the post grab your interest? Why/not?
c. If applicable, is the post supported with proper scientific sources and citations?
· Comments will be taken into consideration for grading purposes.
Discipline and Punish
Michel Foucoult
General Summary
Discipline and Punish is a history of the modern penal system. Foucault seeks to analyze
punishment in its social context, and to examine how changing power relations affected
punishment. He begins by analyzing the situation before the eighteenth century, when public
execution and corporal punishment were key punishments, and torture was part of most criminal
investigations. Punishment was ceremonial and directed at the prisoner's body. It was a ritual in
which the audience was important. Public execution reestablished the authority and power of
the King. Popular literature reported the details of executions, and the public was heavily
involved in them.
The eighteenth century saw various calls for reform of punishment. The reformers, according to
Foucault, were not motivated by a concern for the welfare of prisoners. Rather, they wanted to
make power operate more efficiently. They proposed a theater of punishment, in which a
complex system of representations and signs was displayed publicly. Punishments related
obviously to their crimes, and served as an obstacle to lawbreaking.
Prison is not yet imaginable as a penalty. Three new models of penality helped to overcome
resistance to it. Nevertheless, great differences existed between this kind of coercive institution
.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. Michel Foucault
Foucault was born in Poitiers, France, on October 15, 1926.
He became academically established during the 1960s, when he held a
series of positions at French universities, before his election in 1969 to
the Collège de France, where he was Professor of the History of
Systems of Thought until his death.
Foucault was very active politically.
He was a founder of the Groupe d'information sur les prisons and often
protested on behalf of homosexuals and other marginalized groups.
He frequently lectured outside France, particularly in the United States.
In 1983 had agreed to teach annually at the University of California at
Berkeley.
An early victim of AIDS, Foucault died in Paris on June 25, 1984.
3. Michel Foucault
His academic formation was in psychology and its history as much as
in philosophy, his books were mostly histories of medical and social
sciences.
Like Jean Paul Sartre, Foucault’s early work started from an opposition
to bourgeois society and culture and with a spontaneous sympathy for
groups at the margins of the bourgeoisie (artists, homosexuals,
prisoners, etc.).
Philosophically, he rejected what he saw as Sartre's centralization of
the subject (which he mocked as “transcendental narcissism”).
Personally and politically, he rejected Sartre's role as what Foucault
called the “universal intellectual”, judging a society in terms of
transcendent principles.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy “Michel Foucault”
First published Wed Apr 2, 2003; substantive revision Wed May 22, 2013
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/foucault/
6. Discourse
Foucault was interested in the phenomenon of discourse throughout his
career, primarily in how discourses define the reality of the social world
and the people, ideas, and things that inhabit it.
For Foucault, a discourse is an institutionalized way of speaking or
writing about reality that defines what can be intelligibly thought and said
about the world and what cannot.
In The History of Sexuality, Foucault argued that sex as pleasure was
transformed into a discourse abut "sexuality“ in the act of confession .
This discourse was then transformed into science in psychoanalysis
which changed the way we think about desire, and pleasure.
In Foucault’s argument, discourses about sexuality did not discover
some pre-existing, truth about sexuality. It but rather reconstructed it
through particular practices of power and knowledge production.
Social Theory Re-Wired Routledge
http://theory.routledgesoc.com/profile/michel-foucault
7. Knowledge / Power
For Foucault, power and knowledge are
related.
knowledge is always an exercise of power
and power always a function of knowledge.
8. Knowledge/Power
In the History of Sexuality. He outlines this thesis through confession.
Confession was a practice of the Catholic Church, that proliferated during the 17th
century Counter Reformation. It then became diffused into secular culture in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Through the confession (a form of power) people were incited to “tell the truth”
(produce knowledge) about their sexual desires, emotions, and dispositions.
Through confessions, the idea of a sexual identity came into existence, an identity
that had to be monitored, and often controlled by state power.
Power/knowledge not only limits what we can do, but also opens up new ways of
acting and thinking about ourselves.
Read: Social Theory Re-Wired Routledge
http://theory.routledgesoc.com/profile/michel-foucault
9. Discipline
Discipline is a mechanism of power that regulates the thought
and behavior of social actors through subtle means.
In contrast to the centralized sovereign force exercised by
monarchs, discipline works within decentralized mechanisms of
government. It reorganizes space and time, and everyday
activities.
Surveillance is also an integral part of disciplinary practices.
In Discipline and Punish, Foucault argues that modern society is a
“disciplinary society. ” Power is exercised through disciplinary
institutions (prisons, schools, hospitals, militaries, etc.).
Read: Social Theory Re-Wired Routledge
http://theory.routledgesoc.com/profile/michel-foucault
10. Governmentality and Biopower
In Security, Territory, Population, Foucault coined the concept of
governmentality.
Governmentality is the “art of governing,” the populations.
In the History of Sexuality, Foucault demonstrates the decentralized
mechanisms government uses to control and “govern” sexual conduct of
population through the school s, statistics, hospitals and demographic
management.
Foucault was especially interested in how, in contemporary times, the
governing of conduct was increasingly focused on the management of
populations.
The management of populations relied on biopower, which institutionalizes
policies and procedures to manage births, deaths, reproduction, and health and
illness within the larger social body.
11. Foucault’s Methods of Analysis
Foucault developed two methods of analysis to de-scientify scientific
“truths” in the social sciences
Archeology
○ He studies historical systems of knowledge to demonstrate the discontinuity of
conceptual formations and discursive formations. The Archeology of Knowledge
1969, The Order of Things 1966.
Genealogy
○ A tactic of analysis he demonstrated in Discipline and Punish 1975. the History of
Sexulaity 1976.. Society Must Be Defended". Lectures at The College de France,.
1975-76, Security Territory and Population Lectures at the Collège de France 1977—
1978
○ How power uses conceptual formations to differentiate.
○ The aim is to distinguishes between the dominant discourse and the discourse of
resistance.
○ How does the discourse from below mobilizes power and changes the rules that
determine the legitimacy of power.
12. In Surveiller ET Punir: La Naissance De la Prison, Foucault evaluates the
juridical and philosophical discourses that led to the disappearance of
torture as the most obvious encounter of the power to punish, and the
birth of the prison as a new mechanism of punishment. This discourse
was concerned with protesting old and static laws that demonstrated
the brutality of sovereignty by torturing the condemned to death as a
form of punishment. Foucault argues:
« La protestation contre la supplices on la trouve partout dans la second
moitié du XVIIIe siècle : chez les philosophes et les théoriciens du
droit : chez le juristes, des hommes de loi, des parlementaires ; dans
les cahiers de doléances et chez les législateurs des assemblées. Il
faut punir autrement : défaire cet affrontement physique du souverain
avec le condamne ; dénouer ce corps a corps, qui se déroule entre la
vengeance du prince et la colère continue du peuple, par
l’intermédiaire du supplicié et du bourreau. Très vite le supplice est
devenu intolérable. Révoltent, si on regard ou cote du pouvoir, où il
trahit la tyrannie, l’excès, la soif de revanche, et « le cruel plaisir de
punir ». Foucault, 1975 :75).
Abir A. Chaaban, 2008, “Sovereignty, State Legitimacy and the Nation
State: The Case of Lebanon.” https://lau.academia.edu/AbirChaaban
13. In Surveiller ET Punir: La Naissance De la Prison, Foucault conducts his analysis
by demonstrating torture as a form of punishment protested by discourse.
Torture disappeared publicly by the institutionalization of new procedures and
mechanisms replacing torture as form of punishment implemented by the
system of law.
This in effect led to the change in the rule of recognition and the validity of torture
as a legitimate form of punishment. However, punishment itself did not
disappear; punishment becomes hidden and implemented within new legal
mechanisms and procedures, eliminating the protested brutality of torture,
while maintaining the power to punish in the institution of the prison.
Discourse that resisted old and static rules is the mechanism that led to the
emergence of new rules of recognition, consequently changing primary rules
of obligation, and defining the legal system and its validity. Nevertheless, the
sovereign power becomes hidden within mechanisms and procedures that
implement its rules within institutions as in the case of prison that replaced
torture.
Abir A. Chaaban, 2008, “Sovereignty, State Legitimacy and the Nation State: The
Case of Lebanon.” https://lau.academia.edu/AbirChaaban
14. The History of Sexuality
Foucault’s objective is to falsify what was known at the “repressive
hypothesis.”
This thesis stats that sexual desires have been repressed and silenced
since the eighteenth century.
Foucault demonstrates that sex as an object of knowledge was called into
being once people began talking about it through the confession.
According to Foucault, knowledge is expressed through discourse, or the
way we talk about things.
Discourse about sex through the act of confession brought into the
interplay of relations of power a certain truth about sexuality.
This truth is then reworked in the process of psychoanalysis and the
science of the sexual.
15. The History of Sexuality
Foucault is interested in uncovering what he called the
genealogy of knowledge.
He uses genealogy as a method to refute taken-for-
granted “truths.”
He then aims at refuting the “truth” claim attached to the
“Repressive Hypothesis.”
16. Ars erotica and Science
Sexualis
In Part III, Foucault distinguishes between two
ways sexuality was spoken about: ars erotica and
Science Sexualis.
Ars erotica or erotic art is an eastern conception of sex.
Sex is seen as an art and not something dirty and
shameful.
Scientia sexualis", the science of sexuality. This science
developed from the act of confession staring 17th century). Sex
is seen as something one should repress, a sin.
17. ars erotica
“In the erotic art, truth is drawn from pleasure
itself, understood as a practice and
accumulated in experience; pleasure is not
considered in relation to an absolute law of
the permitted and forbidden, nor by
reference to the criterion of utility, but first
and foremost in relation to itself; it is
experience as pleasure, evaluated in terms
of its intensity, its specific quality, its
duration, its reverberations in the body and
the soul.” (p.57)
18. scientia sexualis
“Let us put forward a general working
hypothesis. The society that emerged in the
nineteenth century – bourgeois, capitalist, or
industrial society, call it what you will – did not
confront sex with a fundamental refusal of
recognition. On the contrary, it put into
operation an entire machinery for producing
true discourses concerning it. Not only did it
speak of sex and compel everyone to do so; it
also set out to formulate the uniform truth of
sex.” (p. 69)
19. Confession and the Science of
Sex
According to Foucault, scienta sexualis developed in
the West.
It emerged from the act of Christian confession starting
the Counter Reformation.
Sex through the process of confession becomes
discourse, something to talk about.
A fixation with finding out the "truth" about sexuality
arises, a truth that is to be confessed.
20. scienta sexualis and
psychoanalysis
Foucault is presenting a critic of psychoanalysis
and the truth attached to sexuality in the process
of scientifying confession in the process of
scientific liberation of the subconscious.
21. We “Other Victorians”
This chapter starts with setting the argument of the
“Repressive Hypothesis.”
“The story goes” Through the European history,
human beings moved from the society where the talk
about sex and sexuality were freely expressed, into
the period where all these free expressions were
repressed and became forbidden.
Western society moved from the end of Renaissance
into the Victorian of 17th century. In this period,
sexuality was confined only within a home.
22. “At the beginning of the seventeenth century a
certain frankness was still common, it would
seem. Sexual practices had little need of
secrecy; words were said without undue
reticence, and things were done without too
much concealment…”
“But twilight soon fell upon this bright day,
followed by the monotonous nights of the
Victorian bourgeoisie. Sexuality was carefully
confined; it moved into the home. The conjugal
family took custody of it and absorbed it into the
serious function of reproduction. On the subject
of sex, silence became the rule.” (p. 1)”
23.
24.
25. We “Other Victorians” P-5-6
The “repressive hypothesis” claims that of the
reasons why this occurred, is the rise of capitalism
during that time:
Production is at the heart of capitalism. Thus any kind of
unproductive activity is incompatible with the work ethics.
Workers energy should be geared at production therefore
sexual activities are to be corrected and disciplined.
26.
27.
28. We “Other Victorians
Madness which was an integrated part of the society was
defined as abnormality.
It was viewed as a pathology that impaired social productivity
and should be put away from others. This gave birth to asylum
and mental hospital.
Any form of sexuality that was not productive was to be
corrected. Adultery was seen a wrong act while homosexuality
became a third sex. (Compare with Freud)
Non productive sexuality is then not essential to society. It
should be suppressed.� Such disciplinary methods were
deployed in all disciplinary institutions like prisons, hospitals
schools and universities.
Roy Hornsby, http://royby.com/philosophy/pages/love_sex_truth.html
29.
30.
31.
32. The Questions
Foucault raises three doubts about this repressive
hypothesis:
1) "Is sexual repression truly an established historical
fact?" (1.10);
2)"Are prohibition, censorship, and denial truly the forms
through which power is exercised in a general way, if not
in every society, most certainly in our own?" (1.10);
3) "Was there really a historical rupture between the age
of repression and the critical analysis of repression?"
(1.10).
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. The Repressive Hypothesis
The Incitement to Discourse
In Part II, Chapter I. Foucault starts with the
falsification of the “Repressive Hypothesis.”
The method he adopts is genealogy.
How did sexual activity transform from an act to a
discourse defining power relations in the state,
government and the government of the population.
38. “The Repressive Hypothesis”
The Incitement to Discourse
At the level of discourses and their domains,
however, practically the opposite
phenomenon occurred. There was a
steady proliferation of discourses
concerned with sex – specific discourses,
different from one another both by their
form and by their object: a discursive
ferment that gathered momentum from the
eighteenth century onward.” (p.18)
39. “The Incitement to Discourse”
Pages 18-21
The church played an important part during the seventeenth
century when repression took place. Catholic pastoral after the
Council of Trent. (p18)
The Christianity pastoral determined which acts are illicit
according to marital obligation.
Heterosexual monogamy was promoted as the only acceptable
sexuality where as homosexuals were criminals and that was
when sex had become associated with sin.
The church in the 17th century made into an obligation for
everyone to confess regularly of his or her sin.
Foucault viewed this as a tool that controlled the sexuality of
people in the form of discourse.
All details of their thoughts, fantasies, acts and movements had
to be told.
40. “The Incitement to Discourse”
Resistance to Victorian Puritanism My Secret Life *( page. ( 22-23)
Towards the beginning of the eighteenth century there emerged a political,
economic and technical incitement to talk about sex( p 23-24).
This discourse is not theoretical.
It was derived by morality and rationality
At the beginning of the eighteenth century sex became a police matter. ( p 24)
It became regulated in the internal power of the state.
The revolution against the king, led to the emergence of the of population and
the management of the population as an economic and political problem. ( p25)
Governments perceived that they were not dealing with subjects, but with population.
At the heart of this political and economic problem of population was sex. Government
must analyze, birth rates, the age of marriage, the legitimate and illegitimate births, the
frequency of sexual relations, the ways to make them fertile and sterile..etc (26)
* Note:
○ The Protestant English Revolutionaries were called Puritans.
○ The Victorians are the bourgeoisie meaning the middle class that won the revolution against king, the nobles, and aristocrats.
41. “The Incitement to Discourse”
Sex becomes an object of analysis. (26)
Regulation and organization of child sex and at schools (26-27)
Children sex
Secondary schools
The space and shape of classes
The segregation between boys and girls at schools.
It is because sex existed, it was talked about that such regulation,
organization were taking shape. (28)
Adolescent sex became a public problem dealt with by doctors that counseled students and
professors of the educational institutions that gave their opinions about it to parents.
A process of transformation of adolescent sex into discourse was taking shape,
where the child was not outside this discourse but a part of it by educational
programs directed at the child.
42. Government of the Population
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries discourses on sexuality in the fields of medicine,
psychiatry, pedagogy, criminal justice and social work emerged.
This occurred as sex became an object of administration and management through government
inquiry.
The analysis of population demographics led governments to focus on investigations into
birthrate, legitimate and illegitimate births, age of marriage, frequency of sexual relations, fertility
and so on.
The effect of these analyses was a grid of observations that related to sexual matters.
Sex became confined to the privacy of the home and the procreative couple and at the same
time it became an enmeshment of a web of discourses and forms of analysis between the state
and individuals.
Sex did not multiply against power, but in the very space and means of its exercise.
Smart, B. 1988, Michel Foucault, Routledge, London
Foucault, M, 1978 The History of Sexuality,
43. scientia sexualis
scientia sexualis is focused around the method of confession.
since the Middle Ages, confession has been a major tool used in the
West as a means to reveal the ‘truth’.
○ In this power relationship the confessor has produced knowledge/power
through discourse.
○ The confession provides a sense of purification for the confessor.
○ In that sense therefore, confession is a process where the confessor is the
instigator discourse of truth. He makes a choice to come to the
confessional booth.
Scientia sexualis is the process where confession moved from
the confessional booth in church, into the scientific and medical
world, into the world of psychiatry. It was here that these
confessions began to be noted, taken down, codified, and used
to develop an understanding of scientific truth.
44. Discussion Question
Read Part III, Sciencia Sexualis. Summarize the main
points
In two or three paragraphs ( 500-700 words) discuss the
statement below in your own words.
(Due Monday July 14, 2014 before class). 5% of
Participation mark. No exceptions are allowed.
“Foucault forms a strong criticism of psychoanalysis,
as the modern, scientific form of confession.