In the present study bitumen is replaced by bitumen emulsion for the construction of flexible pavement. The conventional method of road construction involves the burning of bitumen which produces toxic gases which degrades the environment. In colder region it is difficult to maintain the paving temperature of hot mix. To overcome these problems and conserve the energy bitumen emulsion is considered as good option. Likewise emulsion can be used in the areas having higher rate of rainfall where the hot mix plant is closed most of the time because of rain. Emulsified bitumen can be used during rainy season and colder regions. To study the suitability of emulsion Marshal Test is carried out to find the stability value, flow value and optimum binder content. Experiments performed shows that bitumen emulsion (Cold Mix) have high stability value therefore it can be used as binder
Study on the Granulation of FLY Ash from Thermal Power StationScientific Review SR
The effect of the type and amount of binding substance on the yield and strength of granules prepared from fly ash was studied. The highest yield of granules was achieved with clayish slip used as binder. The granules obtained are brittle, with compression strength 0,1МРа. The apparent density of the sintered granulates was in the range1200-1500kg/m3 and the total porosity was 55-40%.
Strength Characteristics of Concrete with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregateijsrd.com
This paper gives a research on Sintered fly ash. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant . The sintered fly ash is procuder from Gallantt group of industries .This industries is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. The plant is an establishment of 14th November, 2006 .It has a generation capacity of 25 MW. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) namely: 33, 43 and 53 which are commonly used in construction industry.This research paper in use of the Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 43grade and use the sintered fly ash many percentage 5%, 10% ,15%, and 20% remove the aggregate. The high emission of CO2 from cement industry, steel plants, waste products from the thermal plants for the generation of electric power to meet the demand of growing population resulted in the production of 70 million tons of coal ash per year from burning about 200 million tons of coal per year for electric power generation .This research paper explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concrete.
Modified Behaviour of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregates with Coal Fly Ashijtsrd
The prime objective of the study was to evaluate the structural properties and potential of concrete containing coal fly ash that of concrete containing no coal fly ash of corresponding mix proportions and strength. The cubes were tested for the compressive strength and beams specimens were tested for flexural strength. Splitting tensile strength tests were conducted on cylinder specimens. The total numbers of 60 cubes, 40 beams specimens and 40 numbers of cylinders were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength respectively at different ages to study the following aspect. The effect on unit weight of concrete after incorporating varying proportions of bottom ash. The effect of coal fly ash on workability C.F of fresh concrete. The effect on compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strength using bottom ash in varying percentages as a partial replacement of fine aggregates. Mix containing 30 and 40 bottom ash, at 90 days, attains the compressive strength equivalent to 109.13 and 105.17 of compressive strength of normal concrete at 28 days and attains flexural strength in the range of 112 116.3 at 90 days of flexural strength of normal concrete at 28 days. Dev Karan | Er. Sunil Kumar | Er. Vikram ""Modified Behaviour of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregates with Coal Fly Ash"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25191.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25191/modified-behaviour-of-concrete-by-replacing-fine-aggregates-with-coal-fly-ash/dev-karan
Effect of robo sand on strength characteristic of recycled aggregate concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
With increased depletion of natural construction materials, alternative means must be sought for substitution of the same. Excessive energy consumption in the production of construction materials, environmental setbacks and debris disposal are some of the other burning issues fuelling the need for reuse of the raw materials. With the need of natural sand, there is an urgent need for a product that matches the properties of natural sand in concrete. Construction- Demolition waste and ROBO Sand are some of the upcoming resources which enables effective replacement of the materials of mineral origin. In the present work, natural coarse aggregate was replaced with recycled coarse aggregate and river sand was replaced with ROBO Sand in different percentages in plain cement concrete. Different strength test were conducted with combination of ROBO Sand and recycled aggregate to study the effect of these two materials on strength Concrete with a characteristic compressive strength of 30 N/mm2 (M30 grade), was used for our study. In total, 16 sets of 6 cubes each were cast and tested.
Keywords: ROBO Sand, recycled aggregate
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates for Making L...ijsrd.com
The present research establishes a relationship of bulged diameter with densification and hydrostatic stress in forming of sintered fly ash. In present study A mix design has been done for M25 Grade of concrete by IS method. Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade is selected and sintered fly ash aggregates were prepared by mixing sintered fly ash with cement and water for making low cost concrete. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant.The sintered fly ash is obtained from Gallant group of industries. This industry is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. In this paper author investigate the Compressive Strength and Flexural strength test of the concrete at different ages i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days. Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates is replaced 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the place of Corse aggregate. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects.
Study on the Granulation of FLY Ash from Thermal Power StationScientific Review SR
The effect of the type and amount of binding substance on the yield and strength of granules prepared from fly ash was studied. The highest yield of granules was achieved with clayish slip used as binder. The granules obtained are brittle, with compression strength 0,1МРа. The apparent density of the sintered granulates was in the range1200-1500kg/m3 and the total porosity was 55-40%.
Strength Characteristics of Concrete with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregateijsrd.com
This paper gives a research on Sintered fly ash. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant . The sintered fly ash is procuder from Gallantt group of industries .This industries is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. The plant is an establishment of 14th November, 2006 .It has a generation capacity of 25 MW. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) namely: 33, 43 and 53 which are commonly used in construction industry.This research paper in use of the Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 43grade and use the sintered fly ash many percentage 5%, 10% ,15%, and 20% remove the aggregate. The high emission of CO2 from cement industry, steel plants, waste products from the thermal plants for the generation of electric power to meet the demand of growing population resulted in the production of 70 million tons of coal ash per year from burning about 200 million tons of coal per year for electric power generation .This research paper explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concrete.
Modified Behaviour of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregates with Coal Fly Ashijtsrd
The prime objective of the study was to evaluate the structural properties and potential of concrete containing coal fly ash that of concrete containing no coal fly ash of corresponding mix proportions and strength. The cubes were tested for the compressive strength and beams specimens were tested for flexural strength. Splitting tensile strength tests were conducted on cylinder specimens. The total numbers of 60 cubes, 40 beams specimens and 40 numbers of cylinders were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength respectively at different ages to study the following aspect. The effect on unit weight of concrete after incorporating varying proportions of bottom ash. The effect of coal fly ash on workability C.F of fresh concrete. The effect on compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strength using bottom ash in varying percentages as a partial replacement of fine aggregates. Mix containing 30 and 40 bottom ash, at 90 days, attains the compressive strength equivalent to 109.13 and 105.17 of compressive strength of normal concrete at 28 days and attains flexural strength in the range of 112 116.3 at 90 days of flexural strength of normal concrete at 28 days. Dev Karan | Er. Sunil Kumar | Er. Vikram ""Modified Behaviour of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregates with Coal Fly Ash"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25191.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25191/modified-behaviour-of-concrete-by-replacing-fine-aggregates-with-coal-fly-ash/dev-karan
Effect of robo sand on strength characteristic of recycled aggregate concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
With increased depletion of natural construction materials, alternative means must be sought for substitution of the same. Excessive energy consumption in the production of construction materials, environmental setbacks and debris disposal are some of the other burning issues fuelling the need for reuse of the raw materials. With the need of natural sand, there is an urgent need for a product that matches the properties of natural sand in concrete. Construction- Demolition waste and ROBO Sand are some of the upcoming resources which enables effective replacement of the materials of mineral origin. In the present work, natural coarse aggregate was replaced with recycled coarse aggregate and river sand was replaced with ROBO Sand in different percentages in plain cement concrete. Different strength test were conducted with combination of ROBO Sand and recycled aggregate to study the effect of these two materials on strength Concrete with a characteristic compressive strength of 30 N/mm2 (M30 grade), was used for our study. In total, 16 sets of 6 cubes each were cast and tested.
Keywords: ROBO Sand, recycled aggregate
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates for Making L...ijsrd.com
The present research establishes a relationship of bulged diameter with densification and hydrostatic stress in forming of sintered fly ash. In present study A mix design has been done for M25 Grade of concrete by IS method. Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade is selected and sintered fly ash aggregates were prepared by mixing sintered fly ash with cement and water for making low cost concrete. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant.The sintered fly ash is obtained from Gallant group of industries. This industry is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. In this paper author investigate the Compressive Strength and Flexural strength test of the concrete at different ages i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days. Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates is replaced 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the place of Corse aggregate. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects.
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement by Various Per...IJERA Editor
Over 15 million tons of fly ash (FA) and 3 million tons of phospho-gypsum (PG) are produced every year. The utilization of these industrial by-product materials is important in terms of environmental and economical issues are concerned. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the technical possibilities of incorporating FA and PG in production of concrete .In this study Combination of FA and PG is use as a mineral admixture with, phosphogypsum 0%., 5%,10%, 15% and fly ash is constant as 20% , Last proportion was taken PG- 5% and FA- 25%. . The compressive, tensile and flexural strength are studied by casting and testing specimens for 7, 14 and 28 days. It is shown that a part of ordinary Portland cement can be replaced with PG and FA to develop a good and hardened concrete to achieve economy; above 10% replacement of phosphogypsum and 20% replacement of F in concrete lead to drastic reduction not only in the compressive strength but also in Flexural and split tensile strength of concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study on the marshall properties of dbm mix prepared using vg 30 and crmb-5...eSAT Journals
produce a mix which is supposed to be sufficiently sturdy, long-lasting,
resistive.DBM is used as a binder course in the highway pavement. Binder is a prime material in the bituminous mix. Marshall
properties of bituminous mix varies from binder to binder. In this work an effort has been ended to evaluate the Marshall
properties of dense bituminous macadam prepared using VG-30 and CRMB-55 as binder materials. DBM mix is prepared using
2% lime as filler material and VG-30, CRMB-55 as binder material. Marshall method of bituminous mix design is adopted to
decide the optimum bitumen content (OBC )and Marshall properties were determined at optimum bitumen content. On the basis
of limited laboratory studies carried out, it is conclude that CRMB-55 is superior binder material in terms of Marshall properties.
Key Words: VG-30, CRMB-55, Lime, and DBM.
Stabilization of soft soil with granulated blast furnace slag and fly asheSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The Research on Improvement of Low Temperature Stability for Diatomite Modifi...IJERA Editor
In light of the lake of low temperature stability for diatomaceous which used as asphalt modifier.Stat the research with the diatomite produced at Jilin Changbai, using the way of low temperature bending test to evaluate the PE and diatomite composite modified asphalt mixture’s low temperature crack resistance performance. The results showed that after the diatomite and PE composite modified asphalt mixture has the best advantage of anti-cracking performance under low-temperature environment,which is better than PE modified asphalt mixture and the matrix asphalt mixture. As a result,asphalt mixture being composite modified by diatomite and PE could significantly improve asphalt mixture’s low temperature stable performance.
Ijsrdv1 i2070Experimental Investigations of Chemical and Geotechnical Propert...ijsrd.com
Fly Ash generation and utilization both are expected to increase but the gap between them will also increase. Researchers are finding out new area for utilization of Fly Ash to minimize its environmental impact. One such area is Geotechnical Engineering. Black Cotton Soil is a problematic soil with respect to Soil-Structure interaction. In this paper, various properties of Black Cotton Soil like pH, plasticity index, volume change behavior and dry density are studied after mixing Fly Ash in different proportion and are presented. It can be concluded that 30% Fly Ash by weight mixed with Black Cotton soil gives optimum result for most of the properties.
Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content of Fibre Reinforced Bituminous ConcreteIJERD Editor
The proposed work presents the studies on stability, flow, and volumetric properties of fibre reinforced bituminous concrete in comparison with properties of conventional bituminous concrete .Marshall’s stability tests were conducted to determine optimum binder content of ordinary mix. By varying the amount of 10mm polypropylene fibre (4%,6%,8% and 10% by weight of bitumen) optimum fibre content was obtained as 5.33% by weight of binder. By varying the binder content (3.5%,4%, 4.5%, 5% and 5.5%) and keeping the optimum fibre content as constant, optimum bitumen content was determined (4.41% by weight of mix). The results indicate that addition of PP fibre increases the stability value and decreases the flow value.
An Experimental Study on Strength Properties of Concrete When Cement Is Parti...IOSR Journals
Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as major construction material throughout the world.
Cement is responsible for about 5% - 8% of global co2 emissions. Therefore the utilization of industrial waste
has been increased which is environment friendly. In this paper an attempt has been made to utilize sugarcane
bagasse ash (S.C.B.A) a residue from sugar industry as a supplementary cement replacement material.
The present study investigates with the strength and durability properties of the concrete when the
cement is replaced with S.C.B.A in different proportions. In the first stage the S.C.B.A (B.A.1) is partially
replaced in the percentages of 0 to 40% in increasing steps of 5%. Further in the second stage the S.C.B.A
(B.A.2) is heated up to 8500
c for about 8 hours in a muffle furnace and is replaced in the percentages of 0 to
40% in increasing steps of 5%. Cubes, Cylinders and Beams are casted and tests are conducted and
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength obtained for both the conditions.
Experimental Determination of Compacting Characteristics of Copper–Redmud Com...IJERA Editor
Composite materials are capable of providing higher temperature operating limits than their base metal counter
parts and they can be tailored to give improved strength, stiffness, hardness, thermal conductivity, abrasion
resistance, creep resistance and dimensional stability .Powder metallurgy is an appropriate process for the
preparation of composite materials. Copper appears to have a potential as a base metal for composites for
obtaining various improved properties. Red Mud is an industrial waste obtained in both solid state and powder
form produced during the production of Alumina by Bayer‟s Process. The objective of the present work is to
prepare copper red mud composite specimens using conventional powder metallurgy and to determine green
characteristics of these compacts
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Behaviour of mine waste as reinforced soileSAT Journals
Abstract Mining in Goa is done by open cast method, which gives rise to huge quantity of mining waste that occupies space and forms a source for series of problems. The enomerous amount of mine waste dumped around the regions of mining activity need to be reused constructively. Hence, if the mine waste is studied for its use as a reinforced soil, then burning issue of environmental pollution caused by mining dumps lying unprotected and unstabilized can be tackled to a certain extent. Also, it will be a step towards finding an alternative material for cohesionless soil in reinforced soil construction. In this study an attempt is made to check the suitability of soil from one of the mining dumps in Goa to be used as reinforced soil. The mine waste soil samples are studied for its compressive strength and shear strength behaviour by conducting two types of tests, unconfined compressive strength test and triaxial tests on unreinforced and reinforced soil samples. The reinforcement used in the form of a grid made from natural material bamboo. The bamboo grid reinforcement is placed in one, two and three layers, for studying the effect of reinforcement on compressive strength, shear strength parameters, stiffness and modes of failure of mining waste soil. The results of the tests on mining waste show improvement in strength as a reinforced soil mass. Index Terms: Mine waste, bamboo reinforcement, unconfined compression strength and triaxial tests
An Experimental Investigation of Use of Phosphogypsum and Marble Powder for M...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the detailed experimental investigation was done to study the effect of partial replacement of ce-ment by phosphogypsum (PG) and marble powder (MP) in combine proportion started from 5% PG and 25% MP mix together in concrete by replacement of cement with the gradual increase of PG by 5% upto 15% whe-reas MP is constant at 25%.Last proportion was taken after decreasing PG by 5% and increasing MP by 10%. The tests on hardened concrete were destructive in nature which includes compressive test on cube for size (150 x 150 x 150 mm) at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing as per IS: 516 1959, Flexural strength on beam (150 x 150 x700 mm) at 28 days of curing as per IS: 516 1959 and split tensile strength on cylinder (150 mm ø x 300mm) at 28 days of curing as per IS: 5816 1999. The work presented in this paper reports the effects on the behavior of con-crete produced from cement with combination of PG and MP at different proportions on the mechanical proper-ties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. Investigation reported that compressive strength decreases by 16.89% in compared with targeted strength and decreases by 12.78% compared with control concrete at 28 days, flexural strength decreases by 26.46% compared with control con-crete at 28 days, split tensile strength increases by 10.833% compared with conventional concrete at 28 days, were obtained at combination of (5% PG and 25% MP). Partial replacement of PG and MP reduces the envi-ronmental effects, produces economical and eco-friendly concrete.
Cloud Forensics: Drawbacks in Current Methodologies and Proposed SolutionIJERA Editor
Cloud Computing is a heavily evolving domain in technology. Many public and private entities are shifting their workstations on the cloud due to its robust, remote, virtual environment. Due to the enormity of this domain, it has become increasingly easier to carry out any sort of malicious attacks on such cloud platforms. There is a very low research done to develop the theory and practice of cloud forensics. One of the main challenges includes the inability to collect enough evidence from each and every subscriber of a Cloud Service Provider(CSP) and thus not being able to trace out the roots of the malicious activity committed. In this paper we compare past research done in this field and address the gaps and loopholes in the frameworks previously suggested. Overcoming these, our system/framework facilitates the collection, organization, and thereby the analysis of the evidence sought, hence preserving the essential integrity of the sensitive and volatile data.
Self-Controlling Rig for Jaw Crusher AssemblyIJERA Editor
The aim of the work is to develop a method for easy assembly of the bearing in the housing by standardized way. The assembly of bearing should take place on the atomized set up. Based on this method a assembly setup was constructed which enables to assembly of the shaft with bearing of different models of jaw crusher. First tests were done with manual alignment and it shows that with proper alignment shaft assembly is very easy operation and also safe. Results of those tests show that the developed system provides as good or better results than the manual assembly method by placing on wooden block and aligns by using jacking. The alignment process itself runs automatically. The results are reliable, independent form the user and reproducible. Furthermore the whole assembling of the bearings on a shaft should be automated without to interrupt the process of mounting in order to fatigue for assembler and misalignment in bearing . the assembly of the shaft with bearing in the swing jaw is very critical as well important so it needs attention because any mistake can cause the failuare of the system which result in breakdown and also the bearing failure which is the highest cost element . so the propose system eliminate the manual alignment and the safety issue and also the problem of incorrect assembly of the bearing in jaw by aligning the jaw bore and then only pushing the shaft in straight line so there is no shock load on the bearing which may result the misplacement and misalignment of thr roller in the bearing housing
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement by Various Per...IJERA Editor
Over 15 million tons of fly ash (FA) and 3 million tons of phospho-gypsum (PG) are produced every year. The utilization of these industrial by-product materials is important in terms of environmental and economical issues are concerned. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the technical possibilities of incorporating FA and PG in production of concrete .In this study Combination of FA and PG is use as a mineral admixture with, phosphogypsum 0%., 5%,10%, 15% and fly ash is constant as 20% , Last proportion was taken PG- 5% and FA- 25%. . The compressive, tensile and flexural strength are studied by casting and testing specimens for 7, 14 and 28 days. It is shown that a part of ordinary Portland cement can be replaced with PG and FA to develop a good and hardened concrete to achieve economy; above 10% replacement of phosphogypsum and 20% replacement of F in concrete lead to drastic reduction not only in the compressive strength but also in Flexural and split tensile strength of concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study on the marshall properties of dbm mix prepared using vg 30 and crmb-5...eSAT Journals
produce a mix which is supposed to be sufficiently sturdy, long-lasting,
resistive.DBM is used as a binder course in the highway pavement. Binder is a prime material in the bituminous mix. Marshall
properties of bituminous mix varies from binder to binder. In this work an effort has been ended to evaluate the Marshall
properties of dense bituminous macadam prepared using VG-30 and CRMB-55 as binder materials. DBM mix is prepared using
2% lime as filler material and VG-30, CRMB-55 as binder material. Marshall method of bituminous mix design is adopted to
decide the optimum bitumen content (OBC )and Marshall properties were determined at optimum bitumen content. On the basis
of limited laboratory studies carried out, it is conclude that CRMB-55 is superior binder material in terms of Marshall properties.
Key Words: VG-30, CRMB-55, Lime, and DBM.
Stabilization of soft soil with granulated blast furnace slag and fly asheSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The Research on Improvement of Low Temperature Stability for Diatomite Modifi...IJERA Editor
In light of the lake of low temperature stability for diatomaceous which used as asphalt modifier.Stat the research with the diatomite produced at Jilin Changbai, using the way of low temperature bending test to evaluate the PE and diatomite composite modified asphalt mixture’s low temperature crack resistance performance. The results showed that after the diatomite and PE composite modified asphalt mixture has the best advantage of anti-cracking performance under low-temperature environment,which is better than PE modified asphalt mixture and the matrix asphalt mixture. As a result,asphalt mixture being composite modified by diatomite and PE could significantly improve asphalt mixture’s low temperature stable performance.
Ijsrdv1 i2070Experimental Investigations of Chemical and Geotechnical Propert...ijsrd.com
Fly Ash generation and utilization both are expected to increase but the gap between them will also increase. Researchers are finding out new area for utilization of Fly Ash to minimize its environmental impact. One such area is Geotechnical Engineering. Black Cotton Soil is a problematic soil with respect to Soil-Structure interaction. In this paper, various properties of Black Cotton Soil like pH, plasticity index, volume change behavior and dry density are studied after mixing Fly Ash in different proportion and are presented. It can be concluded that 30% Fly Ash by weight mixed with Black Cotton soil gives optimum result for most of the properties.
Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content of Fibre Reinforced Bituminous ConcreteIJERD Editor
The proposed work presents the studies on stability, flow, and volumetric properties of fibre reinforced bituminous concrete in comparison with properties of conventional bituminous concrete .Marshall’s stability tests were conducted to determine optimum binder content of ordinary mix. By varying the amount of 10mm polypropylene fibre (4%,6%,8% and 10% by weight of bitumen) optimum fibre content was obtained as 5.33% by weight of binder. By varying the binder content (3.5%,4%, 4.5%, 5% and 5.5%) and keeping the optimum fibre content as constant, optimum bitumen content was determined (4.41% by weight of mix). The results indicate that addition of PP fibre increases the stability value and decreases the flow value.
An Experimental Study on Strength Properties of Concrete When Cement Is Parti...IOSR Journals
Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as major construction material throughout the world.
Cement is responsible for about 5% - 8% of global co2 emissions. Therefore the utilization of industrial waste
has been increased which is environment friendly. In this paper an attempt has been made to utilize sugarcane
bagasse ash (S.C.B.A) a residue from sugar industry as a supplementary cement replacement material.
The present study investigates with the strength and durability properties of the concrete when the
cement is replaced with S.C.B.A in different proportions. In the first stage the S.C.B.A (B.A.1) is partially
replaced in the percentages of 0 to 40% in increasing steps of 5%. Further in the second stage the S.C.B.A
(B.A.2) is heated up to 8500
c for about 8 hours in a muffle furnace and is replaced in the percentages of 0 to
40% in increasing steps of 5%. Cubes, Cylinders and Beams are casted and tests are conducted and
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength obtained for both the conditions.
Experimental Determination of Compacting Characteristics of Copper–Redmud Com...IJERA Editor
Composite materials are capable of providing higher temperature operating limits than their base metal counter
parts and they can be tailored to give improved strength, stiffness, hardness, thermal conductivity, abrasion
resistance, creep resistance and dimensional stability .Powder metallurgy is an appropriate process for the
preparation of composite materials. Copper appears to have a potential as a base metal for composites for
obtaining various improved properties. Red Mud is an industrial waste obtained in both solid state and powder
form produced during the production of Alumina by Bayer‟s Process. The objective of the present work is to
prepare copper red mud composite specimens using conventional powder metallurgy and to determine green
characteristics of these compacts
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Behaviour of mine waste as reinforced soileSAT Journals
Abstract Mining in Goa is done by open cast method, which gives rise to huge quantity of mining waste that occupies space and forms a source for series of problems. The enomerous amount of mine waste dumped around the regions of mining activity need to be reused constructively. Hence, if the mine waste is studied for its use as a reinforced soil, then burning issue of environmental pollution caused by mining dumps lying unprotected and unstabilized can be tackled to a certain extent. Also, it will be a step towards finding an alternative material for cohesionless soil in reinforced soil construction. In this study an attempt is made to check the suitability of soil from one of the mining dumps in Goa to be used as reinforced soil. The mine waste soil samples are studied for its compressive strength and shear strength behaviour by conducting two types of tests, unconfined compressive strength test and triaxial tests on unreinforced and reinforced soil samples. The reinforcement used in the form of a grid made from natural material bamboo. The bamboo grid reinforcement is placed in one, two and three layers, for studying the effect of reinforcement on compressive strength, shear strength parameters, stiffness and modes of failure of mining waste soil. The results of the tests on mining waste show improvement in strength as a reinforced soil mass. Index Terms: Mine waste, bamboo reinforcement, unconfined compression strength and triaxial tests
An Experimental Investigation of Use of Phosphogypsum and Marble Powder for M...IJERA Editor
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Modification of Asphalt by the Use of Crumb RubberIJERA Editor
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Disposal of tyre rubber is becoming a huge problem in India day by day.
Researchers are trying to use those rubber in civil engineering projects from long day
back. Crumb rubber replaced fine aggregate is qute a common practice now a days.
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have been taken to identify the potential application of waste tyres in civil engineering
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A Study on Partial Replacement of Natural Granite Aggregate with Pelletized F...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
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Use of Bitumen Emulsion for Flexible Road Construction
1. Shivani Singh Dhriyan. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 2, ( Part -3) February 2017, pp.82-85
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0702038285 82 | P a g e
Use of Bitumen Emulsion for Flexible Road Construction
Shivani Singh Dhriyan a
Yogesh Garg b
a
Department of Civil Engineering,Graphic Era University, Dheradun– 248002, INDIA,
b
Department of Civil Engineering,Graphic Era University, Dheradun– 248002, INDIA,
ABSTRACT
In the present study bitumen is replaced by bitumen emulsion for the construction of flexible pavement. The
conventional method of road construction involves the burning of bitumen which produces toxic gases which
degrades the environment. In colder region it is difficult to maintain the paving temperature of hot mix. To
overcome these problems and conserve the energy bitumen emulsion is considered as good option. Likewise
emulsion can be used in the areas having higher rate of rainfall where the hot mix plant is closed most of the
time because of rain. Emulsified bitumen can be used during rainy season and colder regions. To study the
suitability of emulsion Marshal Test is carried out to find the stability value, flow value and optimum binder
content. Experiments performed shows that bitumen emulsion (Cold Mix) have high stability value therefore it
can be used as binder.
Keywords: Bitumen emulsion, Cold Mix, Flow Value, Marshall Test, Stability value
I. INTRODUCTION
Road network play a very significant role
in the development of any nation. But the
development at cost of environment is also
dangerous. Therefore there is great need of
sustainable development for conservation of nature.
In India bitumen is used as main binder constituent
in construction of flexible pavement. The bitumen
is first of all heated to melt and then mixed with
aggregates to prepare road. This produces the huge
amount of harmful gases which creates pollution.
The other limitations of hot mix (bitumen) are that
it is not possible to heat the bitumen during rainy
season. Therefore areas having high rainfall the hot
mix plants are mostly shut down. In colder region it
is difficult to maintain the paving temperature thus
large amount of fuel is required to heat the mix
again and again as the hot mix solidify early. The
use of cold mix technology can be used to reduce
the problem of heating and pollution. In India use
of cold mix is very limited though it has great
advantages.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cold mix consists of aggregates and
bitumen emulsion. Emulsion consists of bitumen in
dispersed state in water in continuous phase. The
bitumen globules are positively charged due to the
NH3 + group cover which is formed around
bitumen droplets and provide stability for emulsion
by electrostatic repulsion. These bitumen droplets
have an affinity with the negatively charged
aggregate. Various emulsifiers are used to kept
bitumen globules in dispersed state. The Cationic
Bitumen Emulsion is chocolate brown and free
flowing at normal temperature. Once it breaks, the
bitumen breaks out and color changes to black. An
Emulsion is said to break when the organic and the
aqueous phase separate into two distinct layers i.e.
the dispersion ceases to exist. Emulsions are
classified as Rapid Setting-1(RS-1), Rapid Setting-
2(RS-2), Medium Setting (MS), Slow Setting-1
(SS-1), and Slow Setting-2 (SS-2).
In present study following tests are performed to
obtain the various properties of aggregates:
(i) Impact test for toughness
(ii) Los Angeles Test for hardness
(iii) Compression test for strength
(iv) Specific gravity
(v) Sieve analysis for coarse and fine aggregates
Since there is no universally accepted
method for the design of cold mix therefore in
present study Marshal Method has been adopted.
This test is carried out to find out the stability and
optimum binder content of the mix design. There
are two major features of the Marshall method of
designing mixes.
1) Stability – flow test
2) Density – void analysis
Marshal Stability value is the maximum
load bear by specimen without failing. The vertical
deformation of test specimen corresponding to
maximum load, expressed in mm units is known as
flow value.
Preparation of Marshall Specimen
The coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and
filler material should be proportioned and mixed in
such a way that the final mix after blending has the
gradation within the specified range. Grade A
aggregate are used here. The gradations of
aggregates for bituminous concrete surface course
are given below:
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Shivani Singh Dhriyan. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 2, ( Part -3) February 2017, pp.82-85
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0702038285 83 | P a g e
Table 1: Gradation of Aggregate
Sieve Size (mm) Weight Retained
(gram)
12.5mm -10.0mm 120
10.0 mm -4.75 mm 300
4.75 mm -2.36 mm 270
2.36 mm -600 micron 228
600 micron -300 micron 66
300 micron -150 micron 72
150 micron - 75 micron 60
75 micron - PAN 84
Binder content, % by wt of mix 6 - 14 %
Following steps are involved in preparing
a Marshall Specimen (Yadav Om prakash and
Manjunath K.R, 2012):
1) Approximately 1200 gram of the mixed
aggregates and filler are taken and heated to a
temperature of upto 60 degree centigrade for
10-15 minutes.
2) Now bitumen emulsion is mixed with
aggregate and filler and mixing is done
thoroughly for 3-4 minutes as required.
3) Now this mixture is poured into pre oiled
Marshall Mould.
4) Compaction of this mixture is done by
Marshall
5) Compaction hammers by giving 50 blows.
6) After compaction, sample is extruded and kept
it for 24 hours at room temperature.
7) After 24 hours, measure the dimensions of
sample (height) and weight of sample. Now
sample is immersed in water bath at 35-40
degree centigrade for 40-60 minutes.
8) After completion of time sample is taken out
and weight of the sample is noted. After taking
weight, keep the sample for 24 hours at room
temperature.
9) After completing 24 hours, curing is done for
48 hours and after the curing period, test the
sample in Marshall Apparatus and determine
stability value and flow value.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Following values are obtained from the testing of
aggregates.
Aggregate impact value = 17.86%
Abrasion value = 20.38 %
Crushing value = 17.88 %,
Aggregate specific gravity = 2.72
Numbers of specimens are prepared
having different bitumen emulsion content for
Marshall Test. The Marshall Stability value and
flow value are obtained from the dial gauge. The
other parameters such as air voids, bulk density,
voids filled with bitumen are calculated using
relations as given below.
a) Theoretical Specific Gravity (Gt)
Gt =
Where,
Wca= weight of coarse aggregate,
Wfa= weight of fine aggregates
Wf = weight of filler material,
Wb= weight of bitumen emulsion.
b) Bulk Specific Gravity (Gm)
Gm =
Where,
Wm is the weight of mix in air and Ww is the weight
of mix in water
c) Air Voids (Vv)
Vv =
Where Gt is the theoretical specific gravity of the
mix and Gm is the bulk or actual specific gravity of
the mix.
d) Percent Volume Of Bitumen ( Vb )
Vb=
Where, Wca is the weight of coarse aggregate in the
total mix, Wfa the weight of fine aggregate in the
total mix, Wf is the weight of filler in the total mix,
Wb is the weight of bitumen in the total mix,
Gb is the apparent specific gravity of bitumen, and
Gm is the bulk specific gravity of mix.
e) Voids Filled With Bitumen (VFB)
VFB =
Where Vb is percent bitumen content in the mix
and VMA is the percent voids in the mineral
aggregate.
Following graphs are plotted to show the variation
in different properties of cold mix design due to
change in bitumen emulsion content.
3. Shivani Singh Dhriyan. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 2, ( Part -3) February 2017, pp.82-85
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0702038285 84 | P a g e
Table 2. Various properties of Bituminous mix
Bitumen
Emulsion
(%)
Unit
Weight
(g/cc)
Flow
value
(mm)
Stability
Value
(kg)
VFB
(%)
VMA
(%)
V b
(%)
Vv
( % )
G t
Value
(g/cc)
Gm
Value
(g/cc)
7 2.376 8.50 2104 77.704 29.153 20.322 8.831 2.140 1.951
9 2.408 14.20 2600 79.832 30.656 24.475 6.181 2.087 1.958
11 2.425 17.35 1952 89.172 32.168 28.685 3.483 2.038 1.967
13 2.408 21.85 1880 96.942 33.817 32.783 1.034 1.993 1.967
Fig1. Flow value graph
Fig2. Stability graph
Fig3. Air voids graph
Fig4. Unit weight vs emulsion content
Fig5. VFB vs Emulsion content
From the obtained graph the optimum
bitumen emulsion required for mix design is
calculated by taking average value of three bitumen
content corresponding to maximum Marshall
stabilty value , maximum unit weight and air voids
at 4 % . The calculated value for optimum binder
content is 10 %.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
1) Heating is not required when bitumen
emulsion is used as binder for the construction
of the road. Therefore the construction is
possible during rainy season and colder
regions.
2) Optimum binder content for mix design is
10%.
3) Hot mix design have minimum stability value
of 300 kg and here in cold mix design, stability
value of samples is greater than 300 kg so it
can be used in road construction.
4) It is economical and high production is
possible with low investment.
4. Shivani Singh Dhriyan. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 2, ( Part -3) February 2017, pp.82-85
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0702038285 85 | P a g e
REFERENCES
[1]. Yadav Om prakash and Manjunath K.R.
2012. Cold Mix Design of Semi Dense
Bituminous Concret. Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering. 1(6),
9-16.
[2]. Pundhir N.K.S, Grover Maj Shalinder
Grover and Veeraragvan. Cold mix design
of semi Dense Bituminous Concrete”,
IRC, Indian Highway 2010.
[3]. Choudhary Rajan, Mondal Abhijit and
Kaulgud Harshad. International
Conference on Emerging Frontiers in
Technology for Rural Area. 2012.
[4]. Bureau of Indian Standards. Bitumen
emulsion for roads (cationic type)-
Specification (Second Revision). IS
8887:2004, March, 2004
[5]. Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways. “Specifications for road and
bridge works”.
[6]. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
(MoRTH 2001), “Specifications for Road
and Bridge Works (Fourth Revision)”,
Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi,
Section 500, Bituminous cold mix, Clause
519.1., pp 227-232.
[7]. S.K. Khanna and C.E.G. Justo, Highway
Material testing (Labouratory Manual),
Nemchand and Bros, Roorkee 1997
[8]. S.K. Khanna and C.E.G. Justo “Highway
Engineering” 2005