The proposed work presents the studies on stability, flow, and volumetric properties of fibre reinforced bituminous concrete in comparison with properties of conventional bituminous concrete .Marshall’s stability tests were conducted to determine optimum binder content of ordinary mix. By varying the amount of 10mm polypropylene fibre (4%,6%,8% and 10% by weight of bitumen) optimum fibre content was obtained as 5.33% by weight of binder. By varying the binder content (3.5%,4%, 4.5%, 5% and 5.5%) and keeping the optimum fibre content as constant, optimum bitumen content was determined (4.41% by weight of mix). The results indicate that addition of PP fibre increases the stability value and decreases the flow value.
Asphalt mixtures are made up of aggregates, binder and air voids. In order to make a economic and satisfactory performing asphalt mixture the quantity of these individual constituent is required. Mixture design is a tool to determine these optimum quantities.
Asphalt mixtures are made up of aggregates, binder and air voids. In order to make a economic and satisfactory performing asphalt mixture the quantity of these individual constituent is required. Mixture design is a tool to determine these optimum quantities.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
The penetration test is used as a measure of consistency. Higher values of penetration indicate softer consistency.
The test is widely used all over the world for classifying bituminous materials into different grades.
Astm designation c 136 for coarse aggregatesMuhammad Ahmad
Sieve Analysis for Coarse Aggregate as per ASTM. Slides contain all the relevant data and steps that would be required for the performance of sieve analysis of coarse aggregates.
A sample lab report on Marshall method of mix design for bituminous mixtures with all calculations.
Please request with your mail ID if you want to download this document.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Flexural Strength of Poly Propylene Fiber Reinforced PMMAinventionjournals
Poly Methyl Methacrylate based restorations are widely accepted in dental and medical field due to the excellent biocompatibility and easy fabrication, however these restorations exhibit inferior mechanical properties. Therefore, the present study conducted to enhance the flexural strength of PMMA based material by reinforcing conventional PMMA with poly propylene fiber. 10 different test groups were prepared by varying the weight percentage (2.5, 5 & 10 Wt %) and aspect ratio (3mm/220μm, 6mm/220μm & 12mm/220μm) of the poly propylene fibers. Results obtained were statistically analyzed using One – Way Anova followed by Tukey Kramer multiple comparison test. All fiber reinforced test groups showed improved flexural strength and 6mm long fiber in 2.5 Wt% showed the highest flexural strength among the fiber reinforced test groups.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
The penetration test is used as a measure of consistency. Higher values of penetration indicate softer consistency.
The test is widely used all over the world for classifying bituminous materials into different grades.
Astm designation c 136 for coarse aggregatesMuhammad Ahmad
Sieve Analysis for Coarse Aggregate as per ASTM. Slides contain all the relevant data and steps that would be required for the performance of sieve analysis of coarse aggregates.
A sample lab report on Marshall method of mix design for bituminous mixtures with all calculations.
Please request with your mail ID if you want to download this document.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Flexural Strength of Poly Propylene Fiber Reinforced PMMAinventionjournals
Poly Methyl Methacrylate based restorations are widely accepted in dental and medical field due to the excellent biocompatibility and easy fabrication, however these restorations exhibit inferior mechanical properties. Therefore, the present study conducted to enhance the flexural strength of PMMA based material by reinforcing conventional PMMA with poly propylene fiber. 10 different test groups were prepared by varying the weight percentage (2.5, 5 & 10 Wt %) and aspect ratio (3mm/220μm, 6mm/220μm & 12mm/220μm) of the poly propylene fibers. Results obtained were statistically analyzed using One – Way Anova followed by Tukey Kramer multiple comparison test. All fiber reinforced test groups showed improved flexural strength and 6mm long fiber in 2.5 Wt% showed the highest flexural strength among the fiber reinforced test groups.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Indirect Tensile Strength of Modified Bitumen Mixturedbpublications
The performance of flexible pavements depends on bituminous mixture and external factors such as traffic loading and weather conditions. Bitumen mixture is elastic, viscoelastic and plastic material where rate of traffic loading and weather conditions plays very significant role on its behavior .Conventional bitumen mixture is unable bear the present traffic volume and environmental conditions by considering this an attempt has been made to study the indirect tensile strength of modified bitumen mixture using cellulose fiber as a modifier. Higher tensile strength resist the cracks, fatigue and rutting which are common failure in the flexible pavements. For preparation of bituminous concrete mixture (BC) gradation has been taken as per MORTH (table no: 500-18) specification. Bitumen content is optimized at 5% and cellulose binder content has been varied such as 1%, 3% and 5% of total mix. Conducted different types of tests such as penetration, ductility, softening point and indirect tensile strength . It has been observed that the behavior of asphalt cement after adding the modifier differ from percentage to another, At 5% an ideal improvement to the fatigue and rutting resistance properties of the asphalt cement in terms of indirect tensile strength as compared with 1%,2% of modifier and conventional bitumen . The addition of 5% Cellulose is found more significant.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
A study on the marshall properties of dbm mix prepared using vg 30 and crmb-5...eSAT Journals
produce a mix which is supposed to be sufficiently sturdy, long-lasting,
resistive.DBM is used as a binder course in the highway pavement. Binder is a prime material in the bituminous mix. Marshall
properties of bituminous mix varies from binder to binder. In this work an effort has been ended to evaluate the Marshall
properties of dense bituminous macadam prepared using VG-30 and CRMB-55 as binder materials. DBM mix is prepared using
2% lime as filler material and VG-30, CRMB-55 as binder material. Marshall method of bituminous mix design is adopted to
decide the optimum bitumen content (OBC )and Marshall properties were determined at optimum bitumen content. On the basis
of limited laboratory studies carried out, it is conclude that CRMB-55 is superior binder material in terms of Marshall properties.
Key Words: VG-30, CRMB-55, Lime, and DBM.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modified bituminious mix prepared using natural fibreashahit
The present study is carried out with
and without natural fibre. Here, we can use the jute
fibre. Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that
can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is
produced from plants in the genus Corchorus,
family Malvaceae. Different experiments were
conducted on bitumen with and without using fibre.
The results were analysized with the use of
Marshall Stability test. In addition to it cost
analysis was also done.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
2 Peter 3: Because some scriptures are hard to understand and some will force them to say things God never intended, Peter warns us to take care.
https://youtu.be/nV4kGHFsEHw
Why is this So? ~ Do Seek to KNOW (English & Chinese).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
A Presentation for developing morality, concentration and wisdom and to spur us to practice the Dhamma diligently.
The texts are in English and Chinese.
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
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Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
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You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
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Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
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Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
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The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content of Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Concrete
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 11, Issue 03 (March 2015), PP.73-82
73
Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content of Fibre Reinforced
Bituminous Concrete
Remadevi M.1
, Anu Mathew, Arya M.G2
Bincy Babu2
, Febymol K.B.2
1
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
2
Students, Department of Civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
Abstract:- The proposed work presents the studies on stability, flow, and volumetric properties of fibre
reinforced bituminous concrete in comparison with properties of conventional bituminous concrete .Marshall’s
stability tests were conducted to determine optimum binder content of ordinary mix. By varying the amount of
10mm polypropylene fibre (4%,6%,8% and 10% by weight of bitumen) optimum fibre content was obtained as
5.33% by weight of binder. By varying the binder content (3.5%,4%, 4.5%, 5% and 5.5%) and keeping the
optimum fibre content as constant, optimum bitumen content was determined (4.41% by weight of mix). The
results indicate that addition of PP fibre increases the stability value and decreases the flow value.
Keywords:- Fibre reinforced, PP fibres, FRBC, Marshall’s test, OBC
I. INTRODUCTION
The development of transportation plays an important role in the development of a nation. Bituminous
Concrete (BC) is the most widely used material for pavement construction. Bituminous concrete pavements are
often subjected to various types of distresses like rutting ravelling etc., due to repeated traffic load, high traffic
density and heavy load. Since bituminous concrete pavements are widely used in India, steps must be taken to
increase the life of these pavements.
Usage of modified binders with additives found to be effective in improving the performance of
bituminous concrete pavements. A comprehensive review of the literature shows that polypropylene, polyester,
coir and glass fibres are the most commonly used fibres in Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Concrete (FRBC).
However Polypropylene (PP) fibres are preferred due to their low cost and good consistency. These fibres have
been found to increase Marshall stability value and decrease flow value.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Remadevi M., Anjali G. Pillai, Elizabeth Baby George , Priya Narayanan addition of
poly propelene fibres to bituminous mixtures increased the marshall stability value ad decreased the flow value.
Addition of 5.33% of fibre and 4.83% of binder provide good stability and volumetric properties.
According to Ashok Pareek, Trilok Gupta and Ravi Sharma Polymer Modified Bitumen has high
elastic recovery (79%), better age resistance, increment in marshall stability (27%) and high rutting resistance.
According to Abtahi, Ebrahimi, Kunt, Hejazi and Esfandiarpour addition of polypropelene fibre
showed an increase in marshall stability (26.3%) and the percentage of air voids (67.5%) while decrease in flow
property(38%).
According to Abtahi, Kunt, Hejazi and Ebrahimi[1], polypropylene fibre modified bituminous concrete
samples exhibits superior performance compared to other fibre reinforced samples. Polypropylene fibres
decreases penetration and ductility of modified bitumen while the softening point value is increased compared
unmodified bitumen specimen. They also suggested that Polypropylene (PP) fibres are preferred due to their
low-cost and good consistency with bituminous pavement.
III. METHODOLOGY
2. Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content of Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Concrete
74
IV. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The tests were conducted to ascertain various properties of selected aggregate and VG-30 bitumen. The
results are shown in Table 1 and 2.
Table 1. PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATE
Sl.No Property Test Results
1 Aggregate
crushing value
32%
2 Impact value 21%
3 Specific gravity 2.73
4 Los-Angeles
Abrasion value
35%
5 Flakiness Index 11.92%
6 Elongation
Index
13.82%
Table 2. PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN
No. Properties Test
Results
1 Softening point of
Bitumen
41.5℃
2 Ductility Sl.value 87cm
3 Specific gravity of
Bitumen
0.98
3 Penetration value of
Bitumen
66
5 Viscosity of
Bitumen
70sec
Polypropylene fibres were selected for obtaining FRBC. The fibres were 100% virgin homo- polymer
containing no reprocessed olefin material and were specifically engineered and manufactured in an ISO 9002
facility (Refer Table 3).
Table 3. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE
Absorption Nil
Melting Point 324°F
Thermal Conductivity Low
Acid and Salt Resistance High
Specific Gravity 0.91
Ignition point 1,100°F
Electrical Conductivity Low
Alkali Resistance Alkali Proof
V. MIX DESIGN
The following steps were adopted for the rational design of bituminous mix:
3. Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content of Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Concrete
75
A. Gradation of aggregate
Aggregates which posses sufficient strength, hardness, toughness were chosen, keeping in view the
availability and economic consideration. Aggregates of size 20mm (A), 12mm (B), 6mm (C) and M -sand were
selected and graded.
Based on the individual grading of aggregates, a suitable gradation for the mix was arrived upon as
shown in Table 4. Fig.1. shows the gradation curve of the selected proportion of aggregates
Table 4. FINAL GRADATION OF AGGREGATE
Size of sieve in mm % finer MORTH Specification
26.5 100 100
19 97.5 79-100
13.2 78 59-79
9.5 65.8 52-72
4.75 47.2 35-55
2.36 38 28-44
1.18 31.02 20-34
0.6 24.2 15-27
0.3 14.4 20-10
0.15 8 13-5
0.075 3 2-8
Pan 0 0
The following proportions were obtained:
Aggregate A- 15%
Aggregate B- 25%
Aggregate C- 15%
Aggregate D- 45%
B.Marshall test method- ordinary mix
To obtain the optimum bitumen content for the selected gradation of aggregates, test specimens were
prepared with binder contents 4.5, 5, 5.5 and 6% by weight of mix. For each binder content, 3 specimens were
prepared.
The graded aggregates were heated to a temperature of 150⁰c - 170⁰c and the required proportions of
bitumen by weight of aggregates were also heated to a temperature of 150⁰c - 160⁰c. the heated bitumen and
aggregates were mixed at temperature of 160⁰c. the test specimens were then cast and tested under specified
conditions.
C. Marshall test method - Fibre reinforced mix.
To determine the optimum bitumen content, three specimens each with optimum fibre content but
varying bitumen content of 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5% and 5.5% by weight of aggregate were cast and the Marshall’s
test was conducted on them. The results are given in table 8& 9.
4. Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content of Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Concrete
76
Applying the correction factors as per table 5, the Marshall Stability values and flow values were obtained and
are tabulated in Table 6. Marshall Properties of the samples are shown in Table 7
Table 5: Correction Factors For Marshall Stability Values
Volume of
specimen
(cc)
Thickness of
specimen
(mm)
Correction
factor
457 – 470 57.1 1.19
471 – 482 58.7 1.14
483 – 495 60.3 1.09
496 – 508 61.9 1.04
509 – 522 63.5 1.00
523 – 535 65.1 0.96
536 – 546 66.7 0.93
547 – 559 68.3 0.89
560 – 573 69.9 0.86
Table 6: Marshall Test Results Of Ordinary Mix
Bitumen
by weight
of mix
(in %)
Bitumen by
weight of
aggregate
Marshall value (in kg ). Flow (mm)
observed correction corrected average observed Average
4.5 4.71
1407.8 0.93 1309.2
1440.53
4.9
4.421498.7 0.93 1393.8 4.2
1735.1 0.93 1613.6 4.15
5.0 5.26
1558.4 0.93 1449.3
1472.33
4.4
4.571610.38 0.93 1497.65 4.8
1580.7 0.93 1470.1 4.52
5.5 5.82
1062.3 0.96 1019.8
1122.1
4.9
4.751207.8 0.96 1159.5 4.7
1236.36 0.96 1186.9 4.65
6 6.38 1029.9 0.96 988.7
1040.2
4.85 4.86
1168.8 0.96 1122.04 4.45
1051.9 0.96 1009.8 5.3
7. Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content of Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Concrete
79
Table 9. Marshall’s Test Results of FRBC
Bitumen
by weight
of
aggregate
(in %)
Fibre by
weight of
bitumen
(in %)
Marshall value (in kg ). Flow (mm)
observe
d
correctio
n
correct
ed
averag
e
observed average
3.5 5.33
1107.24 1 1107.24
1265.4
2
3.2
3.231344.51 1 1344.51 2.3
1594.96 1 1594.96 4.2
4 5.33
2095.85 1 2095.85
2139.79
3.9
3.271977.22 1 1977.22 3.5
2346.3 1 2346.30 2.4
4.5 5.33
1779.50 1 1779.50
1775.10
3.1
2.972003.58 1 2003.58 3.1
1542.23 1 1542.23 2.7
5 5.33
2029.95 1.04 2111.15
1769.75
3.2
3.21621.32 1.04 1686.17 3.2
1449.96 1.04 1507.95 3.2
5.5 5.33
1146.78 1 1146.78
1384.05
3.8
3.81094.06 1 1094.06 3.8
1911.31 1 1911.31 3.8
Fig.2. PP Fibres mixed with bitumen
V. RESULTS
The graphs were plotted for ordinary mix and FRBC with bitumen content on X-axis andfollowing values on
Y-axis
1.marshall stability
2. flow value
3. %voids in total mix
4. unit weight
5. VFB
8. Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content of Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Concrete
80
A. Ordinary mix
Fig. 3. Stability v/s Bitumen content Fig. Flow value v/s Bitumen content
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3 5 7
%voidsintotalmix
Bitumen content (%)
Voids
Fig. 5. Unit weight v/s Bitumen content Fig. 6. %voids in mix v/s Bitumen content
0
20
40
60
80
3 5 7
VFB
Bitumen content (%)
VFB
Fig. 7. VFB v/s Bitumen content
The optimum bitumen content of the mix is calculated by taking the average of bitumen content obtained from
above graphs.
1. Bitumen content corresponding to maximum stability
2. Bitumen content corresponding to unit weight
3. Bitumen content corresponding to median of % of air voids in total mix.
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38
2.4
2.42
2.44
2.46
3 5 7
Unitweight
Bitumen content (%)
9. Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content of Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Concrete
81
The optimum binder content is 4.83% by weight of mix.
B. FRBC Mix.
Fig.8. Stability v/s Bitumen content Fig .9. Flow value v/s Bitumen content
Fig. 10. % voids in mix v/s Bitumen content. Fig .11. Unit weight v/s Bitumen content
Fig .12. VFB v/s Bitumen content
The optimum bitumen content of the mix is calculated by taking the average of bitumen content obtained from
above graphs.
1. Bitumen content corresponding to maximum stability
2. Bitumen content corresponding to unit weight
3. Bitumen content corresponding to median of % of air voids in total mix.
10. Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content of Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Concrete
82
The optimum binder content is 4.41% by weight of mix
VI. CONCLUSION
Fig. 13.Variation of flow value Fig.14. Variation of Marshall Stability Value
The addition of PP fibre to bituminous mixtures increased the stability value and decreased the flow
value as depicted in fig 13 and 14. A fibre content of 5.33% and binder content of 4.41% provide good stability
and volumetric properties. The variation in stability and flow values improves the structural resistance of
bituminous concrete to distresses occurring in flexible pavements.
REFERENCES
[1]. K.Thulasiraja, V.L. Narasimha, “Studies on Coir Fibre Reinforced bituminous concrete”, International
Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, ISSN 0974-5904.
[2]. Sayyed Mahdi Abthai, Saman Esfandiarpour, Mehmet Kunt, Sayyed Mahdi Hejazi, Milad Ghorban
Ebrahimi, “Hybrid Reinforcement of Asphalt Concrete mixtures using Glass and Polypropylene
fibres”, Journal of Engineered Fibres and Fabrics.
[3]. T. Subramani, “Experimental Investigations on Coir fibre reinforced bituminous mixes”, International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications.
[4]. Kamil E Kaloush, Waleed A Zeiade, “Evaluation of Fibre Reinforced Asphalt mixtures using advanced
material characterization tests”.
[5]. J. Murali Krishnan “Asphalt Mix Design”, HINCOL Training Program – 2013.
[6]. Amit Goel,Animesh Das, “ Emerging road materials and innovative applications”, National conference
on materials and their application in Civil Engg,2004.
[7]. Highway Research Record No. 38, “General Report on Road Research Work Done In India during
2010-11”, IRC Highway Research Board, New Delhi.
[8]. Gomaa K. Moussa, “Effect of addition of short fibres of poly-acrylic and polyamide to asphalt
mixtures”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 42(3), 329-336, (2003).
[9]. Remadevi M, Anjali G. Pillai, Elizabeth Baby George, Priya Narayanan, Sophiya Sunny, “Study of
Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Concrete”, International Journal of Engineering Research and
Development , Volume 10, Issue 4 (April 2014), PP.49-56.