This document describes a study that examined the fracture surfaces of epoxy resin modified with ground tire rubber to investigate toughening mechanisms. Five surface treatment techniques were used to improve compatibility between the rubber particles and epoxy matrix, including two silane coupling agents, oxygen plasma, acrylic acid, and a mixture of acrylic acid and benzoylperoxide. Fracture toughness tests found the treatments increased toughness by improving the interface, leading to crack deflection as the main toughening mechanism. Secondary mechanisms included shear deformation and some debonding initiated at the interface, as shown by fractographic analysis of the fracture surfaces.
Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer ConcreteIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
study on comparison of self curing of concrete by using normal coarse aggreg...Ijripublishers Ijri
Curing is the name given to the procedure used for promoting the hydration of the cement and consist a control of temperature
and moisture movement from the concrete. Curing allows continuous hydration of cement and consequently
continuous gain in the strength, once curing stops strength gain of the concrete also stops. Proper moisture conditions
are critical because the hydration of the cement virtually ceases when the relative humidity within the capillaries drops
below 80%. Proper curing of concrete structures is important to meet performance and durability requirements. In conventional
curing this is achieved by external curing applied after mixing, placing and finishing. Self-curing or internal
curing is a technique that can be used to provide additional moisture in concrete for more effective hydration of cement
and reduced self-desiccation. When concrete is exposed to the environment evaporation of water takes place and loss of
moisture will reduce the initial water cement ratio which will result in the incomplete hydration of the cement and hence
lowering the quality of the concrete.
A Literature Review on the Role of Zycotherm as an Additive used in Bitumenijtsrd
Water is one of the prominent damaging elements in asphalt pavement due to its enormous detrimental effects on pavement performance. Moisture damage induced by the actions of water reduces the strength as well as durability of asphalt mixtures, tends to cause various types of distress such as potholes, stripping, and others to the pavement, formed by lack of cohesion and adhesion. To sort out this problem, the modification of bitumen is needed to enhance its properties for pavement surface. Ergo, the current paper introduces the findings of prior research studies on Zycotherms effect as an anti stripping agent, recently developed, chemically reactive nanomaterial that imparts strength to the surface of the pavement. In this study, optimum bitumen content by Marshal Mix Design, without and with necessary dosages of Zycotherm upgraded from Zycosoil and alterations in properties are reported through various tests. Dr. Maninder Singh | Dr. Kunal Jain | Sukhjinder Singh Kahlon "A Literature Review on the Role of Zycotherm as an Additive used in Bitumen" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33650.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/33650/a-literature-review-on-the-role-of-zycotherm-as-an-additive-used-in-bitumen/dr-maninder-singh
Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer ConcreteIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
study on comparison of self curing of concrete by using normal coarse aggreg...Ijripublishers Ijri
Curing is the name given to the procedure used for promoting the hydration of the cement and consist a control of temperature
and moisture movement from the concrete. Curing allows continuous hydration of cement and consequently
continuous gain in the strength, once curing stops strength gain of the concrete also stops. Proper moisture conditions
are critical because the hydration of the cement virtually ceases when the relative humidity within the capillaries drops
below 80%. Proper curing of concrete structures is important to meet performance and durability requirements. In conventional
curing this is achieved by external curing applied after mixing, placing and finishing. Self-curing or internal
curing is a technique that can be used to provide additional moisture in concrete for more effective hydration of cement
and reduced self-desiccation. When concrete is exposed to the environment evaporation of water takes place and loss of
moisture will reduce the initial water cement ratio which will result in the incomplete hydration of the cement and hence
lowering the quality of the concrete.
A Literature Review on the Role of Zycotherm as an Additive used in Bitumenijtsrd
Water is one of the prominent damaging elements in asphalt pavement due to its enormous detrimental effects on pavement performance. Moisture damage induced by the actions of water reduces the strength as well as durability of asphalt mixtures, tends to cause various types of distress such as potholes, stripping, and others to the pavement, formed by lack of cohesion and adhesion. To sort out this problem, the modification of bitumen is needed to enhance its properties for pavement surface. Ergo, the current paper introduces the findings of prior research studies on Zycotherms effect as an anti stripping agent, recently developed, chemically reactive nanomaterial that imparts strength to the surface of the pavement. In this study, optimum bitumen content by Marshal Mix Design, without and with necessary dosages of Zycotherm upgraded from Zycosoil and alterations in properties are reported through various tests. Dr. Maninder Singh | Dr. Kunal Jain | Sukhjinder Singh Kahlon "A Literature Review on the Role of Zycotherm as an Additive used in Bitumen" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33650.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/transport-engineering/33650/a-literature-review-on-the-role-of-zycotherm-as-an-additive-used-in-bitumen/dr-maninder-singh
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyCompar...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Flow time analysis of blended mixes using Marsh cone apparatusAbdulRazakBH
Abstract -Admixture-Cement interaction in concrete is a complex blend of chemical and physical mechanism that are independent. Every admixture at optimum dosage gives better results when used with cement. The proposed research is aimed to study the compatibility of super plasticizer with different types of blended cements by investigatingflow time value. The present work is to study the behaviour of blended mixes (OPC+GGBS+ALCCOFINE) with the PCE (poly carboxylic ether) based admixtures at various dosages of both GGB,ALCCOFINE and chemical admixture. It was observed that most of the blended mixes were compatible with PCE based admixtures at dosages of around 3%. Increase in flow time has been observed with the addition of ALCCOFINE.
Key Words: GGBS, ALCCOFINE, PCE based admixture, Compatibility
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in CementIJAEMSJORNAL
This project mainly deals with the replacement of cement with Bagasse ash in fixed proportions. Bagasse ash partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%by weight of cement in four different experiment to find out maximum compressive strength and tensile strength compare it with the strength of normal concrete by using grade M-20 at 7days and 28 days. The test result indicate that the strength of concrete increase up to 20% Sugar cane bagasse ash replacement with cement.
An Experimental Investigation of Use of Phosphogypsum and Marble Powder for M...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the detailed experimental investigation was done to study the effect of partial replacement of ce-ment by phosphogypsum (PG) and marble powder (MP) in combine proportion started from 5% PG and 25% MP mix together in concrete by replacement of cement with the gradual increase of PG by 5% upto 15% whe-reas MP is constant at 25%.Last proportion was taken after decreasing PG by 5% and increasing MP by 10%. The tests on hardened concrete were destructive in nature which includes compressive test on cube for size (150 x 150 x 150 mm) at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing as per IS: 516 1959, Flexural strength on beam (150 x 150 x700 mm) at 28 days of curing as per IS: 516 1959 and split tensile strength on cylinder (150 mm ø x 300mm) at 28 days of curing as per IS: 5816 1999. The work presented in this paper reports the effects on the behavior of con-crete produced from cement with combination of PG and MP at different proportions on the mechanical proper-ties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. Investigation reported that compressive strength decreases by 16.89% in compared with targeted strength and decreases by 12.78% compared with control concrete at 28 days, flexural strength decreases by 26.46% compared with control con-crete at 28 days, split tensile strength increases by 10.833% compared with conventional concrete at 28 days, were obtained at combination of (5% PG and 25% MP). Partial replacement of PG and MP reduces the envi-ronmental effects, produces economical and eco-friendly concrete.
Study on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self Compacting Concrete with Varie...IOSRJMCE
The objective of this paper is to study the properties of fresh and hardened self compacting concrete with varied percentages of metakaolin as mineral admixture (M40 grade). In this study cement is replaced by metakoalin with varied percentages, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36% & 38% with a constant packing factor of 1.14. In the present study, B233 GLENIUM super plasticizer is used. As per the European guidelines for Self-compacting concrete, the workability tests such as slump flow test, V-funnel test and L- box, U-box test were carried out in laboratory. The concrete specimens were cured in the tank for 7 and 28 days and tested for determining the compressive strength and split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively. From the study it is observed that workability and mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength test increased with increase in metakoalin up to 30% and decreased from 32% to 38%. Non Destructive Test is also performed to assess the quality of concrete in the hardened state.
Effect of Different Types of Coarse Aggregates on Physical Properties of Most...IOSRJMCE
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and binder (cement/blended cement), are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete with required shape and sizeAggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and coarse. The most important property of concrete is its compressive strength. For the purpose of comparison of such compressive strength, three types of coarse aggregates, quartzite, granite, and river gravel, were used. The fine aggregate is normal sand obtained from a borrow pit. This experimental investigation describes the influence of aggregate type and size on the density, compressive, split tensile strength of concrete. To investigate the effect of type and size of aggregate on the compressive strength, density, split tensile strength of concrete an experimental program shall be carried out in GRIET Laboratory. Three different types with three different sizes of course aggregates shall used for developing mix design. The sizes of coarse aggregate shall be 40mm, 20mm, and 12 mm. Ordinary Portland cement is intended to be used as binding material. Different samples shall be tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength and density of concrete. Cylinders of size 150mmx150mm shall be cast in laboratory and tested in testing machines. For each type of coarse aggregate cubes of 150x150mm size to be cast to allow the compressive strength 7 and 28 days. Based on test results, conclusion shall follow
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyCompar...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Flow time analysis of blended mixes using Marsh cone apparatusAbdulRazakBH
Abstract -Admixture-Cement interaction in concrete is a complex blend of chemical and physical mechanism that are independent. Every admixture at optimum dosage gives better results when used with cement. The proposed research is aimed to study the compatibility of super plasticizer with different types of blended cements by investigatingflow time value. The present work is to study the behaviour of blended mixes (OPC+GGBS+ALCCOFINE) with the PCE (poly carboxylic ether) based admixtures at various dosages of both GGB,ALCCOFINE and chemical admixture. It was observed that most of the blended mixes were compatible with PCE based admixtures at dosages of around 3%. Increase in flow time has been observed with the addition of ALCCOFINE.
Key Words: GGBS, ALCCOFINE, PCE based admixture, Compatibility
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in CementIJAEMSJORNAL
This project mainly deals with the replacement of cement with Bagasse ash in fixed proportions. Bagasse ash partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%by weight of cement in four different experiment to find out maximum compressive strength and tensile strength compare it with the strength of normal concrete by using grade M-20 at 7days and 28 days. The test result indicate that the strength of concrete increase up to 20% Sugar cane bagasse ash replacement with cement.
An Experimental Investigation of Use of Phosphogypsum and Marble Powder for M...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the detailed experimental investigation was done to study the effect of partial replacement of ce-ment by phosphogypsum (PG) and marble powder (MP) in combine proportion started from 5% PG and 25% MP mix together in concrete by replacement of cement with the gradual increase of PG by 5% upto 15% whe-reas MP is constant at 25%.Last proportion was taken after decreasing PG by 5% and increasing MP by 10%. The tests on hardened concrete were destructive in nature which includes compressive test on cube for size (150 x 150 x 150 mm) at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing as per IS: 516 1959, Flexural strength on beam (150 x 150 x700 mm) at 28 days of curing as per IS: 516 1959 and split tensile strength on cylinder (150 mm ø x 300mm) at 28 days of curing as per IS: 5816 1999. The work presented in this paper reports the effects on the behavior of con-crete produced from cement with combination of PG and MP at different proportions on the mechanical proper-ties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. Investigation reported that compressive strength decreases by 16.89% in compared with targeted strength and decreases by 12.78% compared with control concrete at 28 days, flexural strength decreases by 26.46% compared with control con-crete at 28 days, split tensile strength increases by 10.833% compared with conventional concrete at 28 days, were obtained at combination of (5% PG and 25% MP). Partial replacement of PG and MP reduces the envi-ronmental effects, produces economical and eco-friendly concrete.
Study on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self Compacting Concrete with Varie...IOSRJMCE
The objective of this paper is to study the properties of fresh and hardened self compacting concrete with varied percentages of metakaolin as mineral admixture (M40 grade). In this study cement is replaced by metakoalin with varied percentages, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36% & 38% with a constant packing factor of 1.14. In the present study, B233 GLENIUM super plasticizer is used. As per the European guidelines for Self-compacting concrete, the workability tests such as slump flow test, V-funnel test and L- box, U-box test were carried out in laboratory. The concrete specimens were cured in the tank for 7 and 28 days and tested for determining the compressive strength and split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively. From the study it is observed that workability and mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength test increased with increase in metakoalin up to 30% and decreased from 32% to 38%. Non Destructive Test is also performed to assess the quality of concrete in the hardened state.
Effect of Different Types of Coarse Aggregates on Physical Properties of Most...IOSRJMCE
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and binder (cement/blended cement), are an essential ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete with required shape and sizeAggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and coarse. The most important property of concrete is its compressive strength. For the purpose of comparison of such compressive strength, three types of coarse aggregates, quartzite, granite, and river gravel, were used. The fine aggregate is normal sand obtained from a borrow pit. This experimental investigation describes the influence of aggregate type and size on the density, compressive, split tensile strength of concrete. To investigate the effect of type and size of aggregate on the compressive strength, density, split tensile strength of concrete an experimental program shall be carried out in GRIET Laboratory. Three different types with three different sizes of course aggregates shall used for developing mix design. The sizes of coarse aggregate shall be 40mm, 20mm, and 12 mm. Ordinary Portland cement is intended to be used as binding material. Different samples shall be tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength and density of concrete. Cylinders of size 150mmx150mm shall be cast in laboratory and tested in testing machines. For each type of coarse aggregate cubes of 150x150mm size to be cast to allow the compressive strength 7 and 28 days. Based on test results, conclusion shall follow
For instance, a beacon can label a bus stop so your phone knows to have your ticket ready, or a museum app can provide background on the exhibit you’re standing in front of.
Advanced Social Media Techniques in Higher EducationChristopher Rice
Slidedeck for a presentation to College Business Management Institute on advanced techniques and program concepts using social media in higher education, specifically student recruitment and engagement.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Developments of nano clay particle reinforced plastics are of growing interest towards the
emergence of new materials which enhance optimal utilization of natural resources and particularly of
renewable resources. The effects of nano clay as filler in Basalt–epoxy composite systems on the
tribological properties have been discussed in this article. Basalt fiber reinforced epoxy (BE) composite
finds widespread application in erosive environment due to its several advantages like high wear
resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio and low cost. Experiments were carried out to study the effects
of impingement angle, particle velocity and filler material on the solid particle erosive wear behavior of
BE composite. The erosive wear is evaluated at different impingement angles from 30° to 90° at three
different velocities of 23, 42, & 60 m/s. The erodent used is silica sand with the size range (150 – 280 µm)
of irregular shape. The result shows semi-ductile behavior with maximum erosion rate at 60°
impingement angle. It is observed that wear rate increases with increasing particle velocity and
decreases with increases of filler percentage. The morphology of the eroded surfaces was examined by
using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
ROOF TILE POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO CEMENT IN MASONRY MORTARcivej
Ordinary Portland cement is an inevitable material for construction. However, it is highly energy intensive
and liable for the emission of green house gases. In this context, utilization of pozzolanic materials as
supplementary cementing materials has become the leading research interest in recent decades. Roof tile
industries generate huge amount of solid waste materials during their manufacturing processes. Disposal
of these waste materials is serious environmental concern. This paper presents the results of the study
conducted on the potential of roof tile powder (RTP) as a cement replacement material in mortar. The
physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions of RTP were investigated. Strength characteristics of
masonry mortar with varying proportions of RTP as cement replacement were tested. The test results verify
the potential of roof tile powder as partial replacement to cement in masonry mortar upto an extend of 15-
20% in 1:3 and 1:5 mortar proportions respectively.
Mechanical and Physical Performance of Concrete Including Waste Electrical Ca...Salih Taner YILDIRIM
Solid wastes are important environmental problem all over the World. Consumption
of the plastic solid waste covers big portion within the total solid waste. Although a numerous
plastic material is subjected to the recycling process, it is not easy to be destroyed by nature.
One of the recommended way to prevent is to utilize as an aggregate in cement-based material.
There are many researches on use of recycling rubber in concrete. However, studies on
recycling of waste electrical cable rubber (WECR) in concrete is insufficient although there are
many research on waste tyre rubbers in concrete. In this study, fine aggregate was replaced
with WECR which were 5%, 10%, and 15 % of the total aggregate volume in the concrete and
researched workability, unit weight, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength,
ultrasonic pulse velocity, modulus of elasticity, and abrasion resistance of concrete. As a result
of experimental studies, increase of WECR amount in concrete increases workability due to
lack of adherence between cement paste and WECR, and hydrophobic structure of WECR
while it influences negatively mechanical properties of concrete. It is possible to use WECR in
concrete taking into account the reduction in mechanical properties.
Experimental Investigation on Ferro-Geopolymer Flat PanelsSuhail Shaikh
To find out the effective utilization of the abundant quantity of Indian fly ash polluting the environment.
To find out the suitability of quarry sand as a fine aggregate.
To determine the suitability of Geopolymer mortar in practical application of the Civil Engineering Field.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
Utilisation of Waste Materials in the Construction Of RoadsIJERD Editor
Expansive soils are so widely spread that it becomes impossible to avoid them for highway construction to keep the network structure for mobility and accessibility. These soils are prevalent as large tracts in many parts of the world. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the feasibility and environmental suitability. It is necessary to utilize the waste affectively with technical development in each field. Cyclic plate load tests were carried out on the tracks with optimum percentage of reinforcement materials like waste plastics and waste tyre rubber in gravel/flyash subbase laid on expansive subgrade. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity associated with less value of rebound deflection is obtained for gravel/flyash reinforced subbase compared to unreinforced subbase.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
A fractographic study on toughening of epoxy resin using ground tyre rubber
1. A fractographic study on toughening of epoxy resin using ground
tyre rubber
C. Kaynaka,b,*, E. Sipahi-Saglama
, G. Akovalia
a
Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey
b
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey
Received 21 February 2000; received in revised form 1 August 2000; accepted 28 September 2000
Abstract
This study is a fractographic examination of epoxy resin modi®ed with scrap car tyre regrinds used as toughening phase. Five different
surface treatment techniques, used to improve the compatibility at the interface between the rubber particles and the epoxy matrix, were:
oxygen plasma, two silane coupling agents, acrylic acid and acrylic acid/benzoylperoxide mixture. Rubber parts of ground scrap car tyres
with a size range of 355±500 mm after surface treatment were mixed with epoxy. This mixture was poured into molds to obtain fracture
toughness test specimens. After curing, plane strain fracture toughness tests were performed and the fractured surfaces of the specimens were
examined under the scanning electron microscope. Fractographic studies indicated that the increase in fracture toughness values were due to
the improved interface leading to crack de¯ection as the main rubber toughening mechanism. Secondary rubber toughening mechanisms
observed were shear deformation and some debonding initiated at the interface. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Recycled rubber; Rubber toughening mechanisms; Fracture toughness
1. Introduction
Scrap tyres have become a symbol of the global waste
problem, despite their accounting only for about 2% of the
total amount of waste. Every year 2 Mtonnes of tyres are
scrapped in Europe and 2.8 Mtonnes in the USA [1]. There
is a continuous effort on the recycling of scrap rubber.
Rubber recycling has been extended to the use of rubber
in asphalt, scrap rubber as fuel, rubber pyrolysis, tire
splitting and other uses. Many scrap tires are chopped,
ground, or powdered for use in a wide variety of products
such as ¯oor mats, adhesives, gaskets, shoe soles, and elec-
trical insulators, or blended into asphalt for use in pavement
binders and sealants, or as an aggregate substitute. Some of
the chopped scrap tires become ®ll and cover material in
construction and landscaping, arti®cial reefs and break-
waters for beach erosion control, playground surfacing
material and equipment, sound barriers, boat dock shock
absorbers, and even materials for building houses. The use
of scrap tires as fuel increases every year, and it is currently
the largest single use of scrap tires.
Scrap rubber to be used as a ®ller and toughening agent in
epoxy resin is recently under consideration, because epoxides
are the most widely used and studied thermosetting materials.
Theyare used in a widerange ofindustrialapplicationssuchas
coatings, as matrices for composites, as adhesives and as
encapsulating materials. Neat epoxides however have a very
low crack growth resistance and are amongst the most brittle
polymeric materials.
Actually, addition of a second dispersed rubbery
particulate phase with a particle size of several microns,
i.e. rubber modi®cation, has been successfully applied to
overcome the brittleness of many epoxides over the past
25 years. However, these approaches were based on using
reactive liquid elastomers [2±8]. The reactive liquid rubber
used in this method is dissolved in the epoxy ®rst. After
adding curing agent, as the resin begins to cure and the
molecular weight rises, the rubber precipitates out and
forms the second phase particles. The volume fraction and
size of the rubber domains are controlled by the degree of
compatibility of the two phases and the kinetics of gelation.
Butadiene±acrylonitrile based rubbers are the principal
liquid elastomers used for toughening of epoxies.
In reactive liquid rubber toughening, especially for
concentrations of more than 5 vol%, these studies [2±8]
indicated that decreasing the size of the rubber domains
down to a few microns in the epoxy matrix increased the
effectiveness of the toughening process. For instance, in the
Polymer 42 (2001) 4393±4399
0032-3861/01/$ - see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0032-3861(00)00734-5
www.elsevier.nl/locate/polymer
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 190-312-210-5920; fax: 190-312-210-
1267.
E-mail address: ckaynak@metu.edu.tr (C. Kaynak).
2. work of Hwang et al. [8], two different reactive liquid
rubbers, an amino-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber
(ATBN) and an epoxy-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile
rubber (ETBN), used with a concentration of 15 phr
(parts per 100 parts of resin) leading to a particle size
range of 1±20 mm, increased impact strength, plane strain
fracture toughness (KIC) and fracture energy (GIC). In these
researches, two major toughening mechanisms were
suggested; the increased size of the plastic zone at the
crack tip and rubber-enhanced shear deformation of the
matrix.
A recent study of Bagheri et al. [9] indicated that scrap
rubber particles might also be used as toughening agents in
epoxies. The advantage of this approach is that the particle
size and volume fraction of the second phase is usually not
affected by the resin type and by processing conditions.
Compatibility with the epoxy resin and adhesion to the
matrix can be achieved via chemical modi®cation of the
surfaces of the particles. Some of the methods used for
rubber surfaces are plasma surface modi®cation and silane
coupling agent treatment.
The aim of this investigation was to explore the
toughening mechanisms developed when coarser surface
treated recycled rubber particles are used in epoxy matrix.
For this purpose scanning electron microscopy was used on
the fractured surfaces of plane strain fracture toughness test
specimens.
2. Experimental
The epoxy resin used was a liquid diglycidylether of bis-
phenol A (DGEBA)-based epoxy resin (Ciba-Geigy/LY556).
The hardener and the accelerator used were methyltetra-
hydrophthalicanhydride (Ciba-Geigy/HY917), and a tertiary
amine (Ciba-Geigy/DY062), respectively. Rubber particles
were obtained from used car tires (LASSAe). These scrap
tires were cleaned with tap water and dried. After being cut
into small ¯akes they were cryogenically and mechanically
ground, and sizes between 355±500 mm were selected by
sieve analysis. For the surface treatment of these rubber parti-
cles ®ve different methods were used.
As the ®rst silane coupling agent treatment
vinyltriethoxysilane (Fluka) [CH2yCHSi(OC2H5)3] was
used. In this treatment three different weight percentages:
1, 2 and, 4% with respect to the amount of rubber
particles were applied. Since the 2% vinyltriethoxysi-
lane resulted in the highest toughness values, further
treatments were based on this amount. The second silane
coupling agent used was 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
(Fluka) [H2NCH2CH2CH2Si(OC2H5)3]. Only 2 wt% was
used.
The third treatment used was oxygen plasma modi®cation
of the 2 wt% vinyltriethoxysilane treated rubber particles.
As the fourth method, rubber particles were treated with
acrylic acid (Merck) [CH2yCH COOH]. The amount of
acrylic acid selected was 5% by weight with respect to the
rubber particles. In the ®fth method, a mixture of acrylic
acid and benzoylperoxide (Merck) [(C6H5COO)2] was used.
Benzoylperoxide was added at a concentration of 5% by
weight with respect to the amount of acrylic acid, in order
to initiate the polymerization of acrylic acid to polyacrylic
acid.
These surface treatments were applied to mixtures of the
required compositions in diethylether as solvent. The
oxygen plasma treatments were carried out using an APS
Advanced Plasma Systems (Model D Series 18, RF,
13.56 MHz) generator with a power of 50 W for 15 min.
The mixing ratio of the epoxy, hardener, and accelerator
was kept constant for all experiments, at 10:9:0.2 by weight,
respectively. The treated rubber particles were mixed with
liquid epoxy resin mechanically at a concentration of 5% by
volume. To observe the in¯uence of higher rubber contents,
25 vol% was also used for only two different surface
treatment methods. In order to provide better mixing and
to prevent bubble formation, epoxy and rubber mixtures
were preheated for 3 h at 908C in the oven. Then the hard-
ener and the accelerator were added in the given ratios to the
rubber±epoxy mixture. The overall slurry mixture was
poured into PTFE (polytetra¯uoroethylene) moulds
designed for fracture toughness test specimens and cured
for 1 h at 1408C.
For the plane strain fracture toughness tests, single edge
notched bend specimens measuring 44 £ 10 £ 5 mm3
were
used. Fracture toughness values were determined according
to the procedure given in ASTM D5045 standard. Tests
were performed using a Lloyd screw-driven universal
testing machine. The machine had a constant crosshead
speed with a loading rate of 10 mm/min. All specimens
were tested at room temperature. For each testing condition,
at least 6 specimens were used. Fractured surfaces obtained
from plane-strain fracture toughness tests were examined at
various magni®cations using a JEOL JSM-6400 scanning
electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV.
Samples were coated with a thin layer of gold before
examination to protect the fracture surfaces from the beam
damage and the charge build-up.
3. Results and discussion
It is clear that epoxy resin (with hydrophilic groups) is
incompatible with the untreated rubber particles from scrap
tyres (mostly hydrophobic). First of all, in order to observe
this incompatibility, epoxy matrix was mixed with untreated
scrap tyre rubber particles at a concentration of 5 vol%.
Specimens obtained from this mixture were fractured
using the Charpy impact test, because of its simplicity and
short duration. Then fracture surfaces were examined under
a scanning electron microscope. Fig. 1 shows typical fracto-
graphs, indicating the large amount of separation at the
interface due to incompatibility or lack of adhesion.
C. Kaynak et al. / Polymer 42 (2001) 4393±43994394
3. Over the years, several methods have been developed to
modify polymer surfaces for improved adhesion,
wettability, printability, dye uptake, etc. These include
mechanical treatments, wet chemical treatments, exposure
to ¯ame, corona discharges, and glow discharge plasma. A
basic objective of any such treatment is to remove loosely
bonded surface contamination and to provide intimate
contact between the two interacting materials on a
molecular scale, for molecular energies across an interface
decrease drastically with increasing intermolecular
distance.
When two materials are incompatible it is often possible
to bring about compatibility by introducing a third material
that has properties intermediate between those of the other
two. Therefore for better rubber toughening, surfaces of
recycled rubber particles were treated by ®ve different
methods as mentioned before. The ®rst two methods
involved the use of silane coupling agents.
Organosilicon compounds were ®rst developed in the
1940s as potential coupling agents for glass reinforced
polymers since the silicon ends of the molecules are similar
to glass, and organic groups on silicon could be synthesized
for compatibility with organic polymers. Nowadays, they
have various applications in the areas of reinforced
composites, coatings, adhesives, paints, inks and
elastomers. Silicon coupling agents have two types of
components and their general structure is R±Si±(ORH
)3
where R is the organofunctional group (e.g. vinyl, amino,
mercapto), and ORH
is a group capable of hydrolysis (e.g.
ethoxy, methoxy, acetoxy).
The ®rst silicon-coupling agent used was vinyltriethoxy-
silane with three different weight percentages: 1, 2 and 4%.
The in¯uences of this treatment are indicated in Figs. 2 and
3 through fractographs of the fracture toughness specimens.
Fig. 2 shows the fractographs of interfaces with better
adhesion after vinyltriethoxysilane treatment. Improved
interface after this treatment will de¯ect the propagating
main crack from its growth plane and/or lead to crack tip
blunting. Therefore, crack de¯ection may be considered as
the main rubber toughening mechanism. However, this was
not possible to indicate on the SEM fractographs, which
only shows fractured surfaces of the ®nal failure stage. In
C. Kaynak et al. / Polymer 42 (2001) 4393±4399 4395
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1. Two examples (a) and (b) of SEM fractographs with incompatible
interfaces between epoxy and untreated rubber particles showing lack of
adhesion.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. SEM fractographs of compatible interfaces between epoxy and
vinyltriethoxysilane treated rubber particles showing better adhesion:
(a) with 4 wt%; and (b) with 2 wt%.
4. further studies, in order to reveal this mechanism, surface
microscopy should be used on the specimen surfaces before
the ®nal failure. Fig. 3a indicates shear deformation lines
started at the interface, while in Fig. 3b there is some slight
interface debonding together with shear deformations. This
might be considered that shear deformation and slight
debonding are secondary mechanisms of rubber toughening
in epoxy.
The second silicon-coupling agent used was 3-amino-
propyltriethoxysilane. Only 2 wt% was chosen because of
the best fracture toughness value (Table 1) of the previous
treatment. The effects of this treatment are indicated in
Figs. 4 and 5. Similarly, Fig. 4 shows the fractographs of
interfaces with better adhesion after 3-aminopropyl-
triethoxysilane treatment. Again, Fig. 5a indicates shear
deformation lines started at the interface, while in Fig. 5b
there is some slight interface debonding together with shear
deformations.
As the third treatment method plasma surface
modi®cation was applied. Plasma is partially or full ionized
gases and vapors, with substantial proportion of the
constituent particles (molecules, atoms, ions) being in
excited states. Plasma can be ignited and supported with
electromagnetic ®elds. They typically emit in a wide
spectrum, including optical range, and so recognizable
through their glow. The molecules, atoms, and ions in
electronically excited states, UV and light emission, and
high kinetic energy particles (especially ions) activate
and/or etch surfaces, induce polymerization of many
substances in the gas phase and/or on surfaces, and lead to
®lm building on the substrate surface. Plasma can provoke
reactions even with compounds, which are totally inert
under normal conditions.
In plasma four major effects on surfaces are normally
observed. Each is always present to some degree but one
may be favored over the others, depending on the substrate
and the gas chemistry, the reactor design, and the operating
parameters. The four major effects are: (i) surface cleaning,
that is removal of organic contamination from the surfaces;
(ii) ablation, or etching of material from the surface, which
can remove a weak boundary layer and increase the
surface area; (iii) crosslinking or branching of near surface
molecules, which can cohesively strengthen the surface
layer; and (iv) chemical modi®cation in which the
C. Kaynak et al. / Polymer 42 (2001) 4393±43994396
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3. SEM fractographs of interfaces between epoxy and vinyltriethox-
ysilane treated rubber particles showing shear deformation lines started at
the interface with some debonding: (a) with 4 wt%, only deformation lines;
and (b) with 2 wt%, deformation lines plus debonding.
Table 1
Plane-strain fracture toughness test results
Materials Fracture toughness
KIC (MPa
m
p
)
EPa
0.98 ^ 0.23
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 1 wt% VSb
1.12 ^ 0.11
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 2 wt% VSc
1.13 ^ 0.06
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 4 wt% VSd
1.06 ^ 0.12
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 2 wt% ASe
1.43 ^ 0.25
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 OP/2 wt% VSf
1.02 ^ 0.13
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 5 wt% AAg
1.26 ^ 0.08
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 5 wt% AA/BPh
1.54 ^ 0.19
EP 1 25 vol% R 1 5 wt% AA/BPi
1.05 ^ 0.04
EP 1 25 vol% R 1 2 wt% ASj
1.05 ^ 0.05
a
Materials designation: EP: Neat epoxy resin.
b
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 1 wt% VS: Epoxy with 5 vol% rubber treated with
1 wt% vinyltriethoxysilane.
c
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 2 wt% VS: Epoxy with 5 vol% rubber treated with
2 wt% vinyltriethoxysilane.
d
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 4 wt% VS: Epoxy with 5 vol% rubber treated with
4 wt% vinyltriethoxysilane.
e
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 2 wt% AS: Epoxy with 5 vol% rubber treated with
2 wt% 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.
f
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 OP/2 wt% VS: Epoxy with 5 vol% rubber treated
with oxygen plasma and 2 wt% vinyltriethoxysilane.
g
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 5 wt% AA: Epoxy with 5 vol% rubber treated with
5 wt% acrylic acid.
h
EP 1 5 vol% R 1 5 wt% AA/BP: Epoxy with 5 vol% rubber treated
with 5 wt% acrylic acid and 5 wt% benzoylperoxide.
i
EP 1 25 vol% R 1 5 wt% AA/BP: Epoxy with 25 vol% rubber treated
with 5 wt% acrylic acid and 5 wt% benzoylperoxide.
j
EP 1 25 vol% R 1 2 wt% AS: Epoxy with 25 vol% rubber treated with
2 wt% 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.
5. surface region of the substrate is altered with new chemical
functionalities (hydroxyl, amine, and carboxyl groups)
capable of interacting with adhesives or materials deposited
on the polymer.
In this study, oxygen plasma modi®cation was applied to
the surfaces of rubber particles treated with 2 wt%
vinyltriethoxysilane before. Figs. 6 and 7 indicate the effects
of this treatment, which are very similar to other cases.
Again, much better adhesion at the interfaces is very clear
as shown in Fig. 6, and some slight interface debonding
together with shear deformations as indicated in Fig. 7.
The fourth rubber surface treatment method was the use
of acrylic acid. Acrylic acid swells the rubber particles
somewhat. Therefore it was used to improve the interface
between the rubber particles and epoxy after its diffusion
into rubber regions followed by polymerization while
dispersed in epoxy matrix. The amount of acrylic acid
was selected 5% by weight with respect to rubber particles.
As the ®fth and last surface treatment method benzoyl-
peroxide was added 5% by weight with respect to the
amount of acrylic acid in order to initiate the polymerization
of acrylic acid to polyacrylic acid. These treatments
resulted in similar in¯uences with other cases as explained
before.
For comparison, plane strain fracture toughness (KIC)
values for neat epoxy and all these different rubber surface
treatments are tabulated in Table 1. It is seen that fracture
toughness of epoxy modi®ed with surface treated scrap
rubber particles increases to a certain extent. This increase
in each surface treatment method for 5 vol% rubber is not so
different. However, two of the surface treatments methods,
2 wt% 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 5 wt% acrylic
acid/benzoylperoxide, resulted in higher KIC values than
the others. These treatments increased the fracture
toughness of neat epoxy as much as 50%.
In order to observe the effects of higher rubber content,
fracture toughness tests are also conducted for 25 vol%
rubber. In this case only the best two surface treatment
methods (2 wt% 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 5 wt%
acrylic acid/benzoylperoxide) were chosen. Table 1
indicates that fracture toughness values decreases slightly
C. Kaynak et al. / Polymer 42 (2001) 4393±4399 4397
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5. SEM fractographs of interfaces between epoxy and 3-aminopropyl-
triethoxysilane (2 wt%) treated rubber particles showing shear deformation
lines started at the interface with some debonding: (a) only deformation
lines; and (b) deformation lines plus debonding.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 4. SEM fractographs of compatible interfaces, (a) and (b), between
epoxy and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (2 wt%) treated rubber particles
showing better adhesion.
6. when rubber content is increased to 25 vol%, however it is
still higher than the fracture toughness of neat epoxy.
This decrease in KIC with 25 vol% rubber shows that the
improvement in fracture toughness of epoxy resin by the
addition of surface treated ground tyre rubber particles do
not obey the Rule of Mixtures in terms of KIC values.
However, the main additive effect of the rubber particles
may be due the their much higher tearing or fracture energy
(GIC) values than the epoxy resin. Therefore, in further
studies, it is worth to examine the in¯uence of rubber
content on the toughness of epoxy resin by direct measure-
ments of GIC values in samples with different compositions.
After improvement of interfaces between epoxy and
recycled rubber particles by these ®ve different surface
treatment methods as shown by the fractographs in Figs. 2,
4 and 6, the main rubber toughening mechanism observed
was crack de¯ection due to the nonlinear crack front
resulted from prevention and retardation of crack growth
rate, and/or crack tip blunting, when the main crack crosses
the rubber particle with better adhesion to the epoxy matrix.
Fractographic examinations also indicated that surface
treated rubber particles initiate shear deformations at the
interface as shown in Figs. 3a, 5a and 7a. These plastic
deformation lines absorb some of the fracture energy of
the propagating cracks leading to higher toughness values.
In some cases shear deformations also started at the slightly
debonded interface. These deformation lines are indicated
in Figs. 3b, 5b and 7b. The slightly debonded interfaces
create new surfaces, which need more energy absorption
from the system leading to higher toughness again. There-
fore, secondary toughening mechanisms of recycled surface
treated rubbers in epoxy might be shear deformation and
some debonding.
4. Conclusions
The interface between an epoxy resin matrix and recycled
scrap car tire rubber particles can be improved by the
modi®cation of the surfaces of rubber particles. In this
C. Kaynak et al. / Polymer 42 (2001) 4393±43994398
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6. SEM fractographs of compatible interfaces, (a) and (b), between
epoxy and oxygen plasma/vinyltriethoxysilane (2 wt%) treated rubber
particles showing better adhesion.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 7. SEM fractographs of interfaces, (a) and (b), between epoxy and
oxygen plasma/vinyltriethoxysilane (2 wt%) treated rubber particles show-
ing shear deformation lines started at the interface with some debonding.
7. study, the treatments leading to better adhesion at the interface
were vinyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,
oxygen plasma with vinyltriethoxysilane, acrylic acid, and
acrylic acid/benzoylperoxide mixture. These treatments
increased the fracture toughness of neat epoxy resin blended
with 5 vol% rubber. The increment in KIC values can be as
muchas50%.Increasingthe rubbercontentto25 vol%caused
a slight decrease in fracture toughness as compared with
5 vol%, but it was still higher than for neat epoxy. Fracto-
graphic examination indicated that the main toughening
mechanism was crack de¯ection due to better adhesion at
the interface, while the secondary mechanisms were shear
deformations and some debonding.
In summary, this study introduces an approach for rubber
toughening of engineering epoxies by blending with
surface-treated recycled scrap tire particles. In addition to
cost and environmental savings, this approach results in
improved fracture toughness values.
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C. Kaynak et al. / Polymer 42 (2001) 4393±4399 4399