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Effect of Granite Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on Compressive, Split Tensil...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of adding granite powder and polypropylene fibers on the compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete. Granite powder was used to replace river sand in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Polypropylene fibers made up 0.25% of the cement weight. Specimens were tested for strengths at 7, 28, and 56 days and after exposure to 300°C. Results showed that concrete with 20% granite powder replacement had improved compressive strength compared to normal concrete. The study aimed to develop more durable and heat-resistant concrete using industrial waste materials.
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
IRJET- A Review on Behaviour of ECO Green Concrete in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document reviews the behavior of eco-friendly or "green" concrete in the construction industry. It discusses how green concrete uses industrial and construction waste materials like fly ash and demolished concrete rubble as partial replacements for natural aggregates and cement. Using these recycled materials reduces environmental impacts by lowering CO2 emissions in cement production and diverting waste from landfills. The document outlines the materials used in green concrete, its environmental benefits like increased longevity and reduced energy usage compared to traditional concrete. It also discusses production methods and properties of green concrete, concluding it can reduce the construction industry's CO2 emissions while benefiting from cost savings compared to conventional concrete.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE FOR REPLACEMENT OF SAND B...IAEME Publication
The demand of natural sand in the construction industry has consequently increased resulting in the reduction of sources and an increase in price. In such a situation stone dust can be an economical alternative to the river sand. The effect of water cement ratio on fresh and hardened properties of concrete with fully replacement of natural sand by stone dust was investigated. Concrete mix design of M40 grade was done according to Indian standard code (IS: 10262).The main
objective of the present investigation is two cements are selected Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) & Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) - 43 grade to evaluate the possibilities of using stone dust as a replacement by fine aggregate along with super plasticizers at a dosage of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% & 2.0% by weight of cement
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
This document summarizes a student project that investigates using granite cutting dust (GCD) and steel fibers to create an economical and stronger concrete. The project will test different replacement percentages of sand with GCD and steel fibers to determine optimum amounts. Tests will examine the composite material's compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, corrosion resistance, acid resistance, water absorption and sorptivity. If successful, the concrete could be used for industrial flooring, pavements, tunnel linings and other applications.
Effect of Granite Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on Compressive, Split Tensil...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of adding granite powder and polypropylene fibers on the compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete. Granite powder was used to replace river sand in proportions of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Polypropylene fibers made up 0.25% of the cement weight. Specimens were tested for strengths at 7, 28, and 56 days and after exposure to 300°C. Results showed that concrete with 20% granite powder replacement had improved compressive strength compared to normal concrete. The study aimed to develop more durable and heat-resistant concrete using industrial waste materials.
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
IRJET- A Review on Behaviour of ECO Green Concrete in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document reviews the behavior of eco-friendly or "green" concrete in the construction industry. It discusses how green concrete uses industrial and construction waste materials like fly ash and demolished concrete rubble as partial replacements for natural aggregates and cement. Using these recycled materials reduces environmental impacts by lowering CO2 emissions in cement production and diverting waste from landfills. The document outlines the materials used in green concrete, its environmental benefits like increased longevity and reduced energy usage compared to traditional concrete. It also discusses production methods and properties of green concrete, concluding it can reduce the construction industry's CO2 emissions while benefiting from cost savings compared to conventional concrete.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE FOR REPLACEMENT OF SAND B...IAEME Publication
The demand of natural sand in the construction industry has consequently increased resulting in the reduction of sources and an increase in price. In such a situation stone dust can be an economical alternative to the river sand. The effect of water cement ratio on fresh and hardened properties of concrete with fully replacement of natural sand by stone dust was investigated. Concrete mix design of M40 grade was done according to Indian standard code (IS: 10262).The main
objective of the present investigation is two cements are selected Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) & Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) - 43 grade to evaluate the possibilities of using stone dust as a replacement by fine aggregate along with super plasticizers at a dosage of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% & 2.0% by weight of cement
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
This document summarizes a student project that investigates using granite cutting dust (GCD) and steel fibers to create an economical and stronger concrete. The project will test different replacement percentages of sand with GCD and steel fibers to determine optimum amounts. Tests will examine the composite material's compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, corrosion resistance, acid resistance, water absorption and sorptivity. If successful, the concrete could be used for industrial flooring, pavements, tunnel linings and other applications.
This document studies the strength characteristics of concrete when sand is partially replaced by granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). Tests were conducted by replacing sand at 10%, 20%, and 30% with GBFS at various water-cement ratios of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7. The compressive strength was tested at curing ages of 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days. The results show that replacing sand with 10-20% GBFS increased the compressive strength at lower water-cement ratios of 0.4-0.5. However, replacing sand with 30% GBFS decreased the compressive strength.
Experimental investigation on concrete by replacing crusher dust as fine aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work we identified and investigated the use of crusher dust and granite floor slab chips in concrete as an alternative fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively, the tests were conducted on standard concrete cubes (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm), cylinders (150 mm x 300 mm) and prisms (100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm). Tests on the physical properties of crusher dust, granite chips and its influence on the strength of fresh and hardened state, along with a comparative study with the concrete of river sand are made. The properties investigated were specific gravity, fineness modulus, water absorption, free surface moisture, bulk density and grading zone. Tests were conducted on 6 cubes, 6 cylinders and 6 prisms for M20 grade mix design with sand and crusher dust as fine aggregates, granite metal and granite floor slab chips as coarse aggregates. The strength parameters compressive strength, Split-Tensile strength and flexural strength were compared at 7 days and 28 days respectively. Mix design procedure in accordance with IS 10262-2009, IS 456-2000 and Sp 23-1982 using 20mm coarse aggregate was adopted for investigation. The investigation indicates that crushed stone dust has vast potential as fine aggregate in concrete construction. Crusher dust not only reduces the cost of construction but also helps reduce the impact on environment by consuming the material hitherto considered as a waste product with few applications. Keywords: Crusher Dust, Granite Floor Slab Chips, Concrete Mix.
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
This study investigated the use of washed bottom ash (WBA) as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Cubes, cylinders, and prisms were cast with WBA replacing 0-50% of fine aggregate to test mechanical properties at 14 and 28 days. Results showed that compressive and flexural strengths increased up to 10-20% replacement of WBA but decreased with higher replacements. The 28 day strengths were generally higher than 14 day strengths. The study concluded that WBA can effectively replace up to 20% of fine aggregate in normal strength concrete.
Study on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self Compacting Concrete with Varie...IOSRJMCE
The objective of this paper is to study the properties of fresh and hardened self compacting concrete with varied percentages of metakaolin as mineral admixture (M40 grade). In this study cement is replaced by metakoalin with varied percentages, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36% & 38% with a constant packing factor of 1.14. In the present study, B233 GLENIUM super plasticizer is used. As per the European guidelines for Self-compacting concrete, the workability tests such as slump flow test, V-funnel test and L- box, U-box test were carried out in laboratory. The concrete specimens were cured in the tank for 7 and 28 days and tested for determining the compressive strength and split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively. From the study it is observed that workability and mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength test increased with increase in metakoalin up to 30% and decreased from 32% to 38%. Non Destructive Test is also performed to assess the quality of concrete in the hardened state.
Study Of Characteristics Strength of Concrete with Admixtures by Flexural and...IJERA Editor
Concrete is widely used in structural engineering with its high compressive strength, low cost and abandoned raw material, but common concrete has some deficiency, such as shrinkage and cracking, low tensile strength and flexural strength, high brittleness, that restrict its applications. To overcome these deficiencies’ additional materials are added to improve the performance of the concrete. Super plasticizer is a chemical added to conventional concrete mix that makes the concrete more workable and it can be placed easily. The aim of this project work to study the characteristics strengths of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, diametric strength and tensile strength by disc bending test. For the experimental work normal concrete M 40 has to be prepared and characteristics strength such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength have to be achieved. This strength has to be performed after 7 days and 28 days curing. After that in addition of super plasticizer the study of the strength have to be performed with various % of plasticizer such as 0.60% to 1.2 % by the weight of cement and study of strength of concrete have to be performed at 7 days and 28 days. A relative comparison of the strength of the concrete with addition of admixtures with normal concrete can be study.
Study of packing density of concrete in structural concrete using different s...habib ullah
The use of cement reasons air pollution so we can regulate it by replacing some amount of cement with marble dust.
In Pakistan budget is the key problem. Marble powder and kaolin clay are inexpensive. Marble powder is a waste.
Marble stone industry generates both solid waste and stone slurry. Leaving this waste material to the environment directly can cause environmental problem.
This document reviews research on using bottom ash as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. It summarizes findings from 10 research papers on the effect on properties such as workability, density, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength. The key findings are:
1) Workability and density of concrete decreases as the amount of bottom ash replacement increases, due to the lower specific gravity of bottom ash compared to sand.
2) Compressive strength is initially lower for bottom ash concrete but can reach or exceed normal concrete strengths at later ages, with replacements of 30-40% bottom ash achieving strengths equivalent to normal concrete at 28 days by 90 days.
3) Splitting tensile strength also decreases with
This document is a thesis submitted by Mohammed Riyaz Raja to partially fulfill the requirements for a Master's degree in structural engineering. The thesis investigates replacing sand with stone dust in concrete. It examines the effect of partial and full replacement of sand with stone dust on the compressive and split tensile strengths of M20 and M40 grade concrete. It also studies the effect of adding fly ash to concrete with partial replacement of sand with stone dust. The experimental program includes testing concrete cubes and cylinders to determine the optimum replacements of sand with stone dust and fly ash.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of adding a colloidal admixture to self-compacting concrete used in bored piles constructed in mud. Seven mixtures of mud with varying percentages of sand were created and used to fill PVC test piles. Self-compacting concrete with and without a colloidal admixture was then poured into the piles. Tests on cores taken from different pile locations showed that concrete with the colloidal admixture had higher ultrasonic velocities and compressive strengths, indicating a more uniform and dense microstructure. The mixture with the highest percentage of sand (20%) in the mud performed best when the colloidal admixture was added, demonstrating its role in preventing contamination from sand particles.
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand in the Preparation of Concreteiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An Experimental Study on Effects of Quarry Dust as Partial Replacement of San...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the effects of replacing natural sand with quarry dust in concrete mixtures. Various concrete mixtures with 10-60% replacement of sand with quarry dust were tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that 50% replacement of sand with quarry dust provided higher compressive strengths than normal concrete. Workability tests also showed that concrete with quarry dust was more workable than plain concrete. The study concluded that quarry dust can be effectively used as a partial replacement for natural sand in concrete.
Effect of Alccofine and Fly Ash Addition on the Durability of High Performanc...ijsrd.com
The aim of this Study is to evaluate the performance of concrete (HPC) containing supplementary cementitious materials such as Fly ash & Alccofine. The necessity of high performance concrete is increasing because of demands in the construction industry. Efforts for improving the performance of concrete over the past few years suggest that cement replacement materials along with Mineral & chemical admixtures can improve the strength and durability characteristics of concrete. Alccofine (GGBS) and Fly ash are pozzolanic materials that can be utilized to produce highly durable concrete composites. This study investigates the performance of concrete mixture containing Local Alccofine. in terms of Compressive strength, Sulphate Attack tests, Alkali test and RCPT (Rapid chloride penetration test) at age of 28 and 56 days. In addition find out the optimum dosage of alccofine and fly ash from that get M70 Strength, in final mix proportion perform a given test. Result show that concrete incorporating Alccofine and fly ash had higher compressive strength and alccofine enhanced the durability of concretes and reduced the chloride diffusion. An exponential relationship between chloride permeability and compressive strength of concrete is exhibited.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE USING GGBS AN...AM Publications
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product obtained from the blast furnaces used in the iron manufacturing industry. The disposal of the marble powder obtained from marble industry constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. One of the possible solutions for the effective use of GGBS and marble powder is to partially replace cement in concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on concrete in which the cement is partially replaced by both GGBS and marble powder. In this study, different percentages of GGBS and marble powder are used for partial replacement of cement by 30%. Tests conducted includes workability of fresh concrete (Slump test), strength of hardened concrete (Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength) and durability properties of concrete (Chloride resistance and Sulphate resistance).
Study on effect of Alccofine & Fly ash addition on the Mechanical properties ...ijsrd.com
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out for M-70 Grad Concrete and to evaluate the compressive strength and Flexural Strength of Concrete. High Performance Concrete is made by partial replacement of cement by alccofine, fly ash, silica fume. In this study the Class F fly ash used in various proportions 20 to 35%, alccofine 4 to 14% and silica fume 4% to 14% by weight of cement. The mix proportions of concrete had a water binder ratio for Alccofine mix concrete 0.30 and Silica-fume mix concrete 0.32.super plasticizer was added based on the required degree of workability. The total binder content was 600 kg/m3. The concrete specimens were cured on normal moist curing under normal atmospheric temperature. The compressive strength was determined at 7 , 28 , 56 days and flexural strength was determined at 28 and 56 days The results indicate the concrete made with these proportions generally show excellent fresh and hardened properties. The addition of Alccofine, silica fume shows early strength gaining property and that of fly ash shows a long term strength. The ternary system that is Portland cement-fly ash-Alccofine concrete was found to increase the compressive strength of concrete on all age when compared to concrete made with Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume.
IRJET- A Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete with Bagasse Ash as Su...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the compressive strength of concrete with 15% replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash, subjected to different curing methods. Concrete cubes were cured using conventional pond curing, curing agent, and steam curing at varying temperatures, delay periods, and curing periods. Compressive strength was tested after 28 and 56 days. Results showed that steam curing and curing agent developed higher compressive strength compared to conventional curing. Specifically, steam curing at 60°C for 8 hours with a 4-hour delay period resulted in the highest compressive strength. In conclusion, bagasse ash can be effectively used as a partial cement replacement and different curing methods can significantly improve the strength of
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Materi...IJRES Journal
The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial process has been the focus of waste reduction research for economical, environmental and technical reasons. This is because over 300 million tones of industrial waste are being produced per annual by agricultural and industrial process in India. The problem arising from continuous technological and industrial development is the disposal of waste material. If some of the waste materials are found suitable in concrete making not only cost of construction can be cut down, but also safe disposal of waste material can be achieved. The cement of high strength concrete is generally high which often leads to higher shrinkage and greater evaluation of neat of hydration besides increase in cost. A partial substitution of cement by an industrial waste is not only economical but also improves the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and enhance the durability characteristics besides the safe disposal of waste material thereby protecting the environment form pollution This paper deals with partial replacement of fine aggregate with the industrial waste from China Clay industries. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of conventional concrete and fine aggregate replaced concrete are compared and the results are tabulated.
This document presents research on the compressive strength of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) blended cement concrete cured in different sulphate environments. Concrete cubes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of cement with BLA were cured in water and sulphate solutions of varying concentrations for 21 and 28 days. Testing found that BLA concrete strengths generally increased with higher sulphate concentrations and longer curing times compared to plain cement concrete. Replacement of 10% cement with BLA produced the highest strengths. The results indicate BLA concrete has improved sulphate resistance and could be suitable for use in sulphate environments where early strength is not critical.
This study investigated the use of washed bottom ash (WBA) as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Cubes, cylinders, and prisms were cast with WBA replacing 0-50% of fine aggregate to test mechanical properties at 14 and 28 days. Results showed that compressive and flexural strengths increased up to 10-20% replacement of WBA but then decreased with further replacement. Replacement of up to 20% WBA provided higher strengths compared to the control mix at 28 days while maintaining adequate properties at 14 days. The study concluded that WBA can effectively replace fine aggregate up to 20% for use in normal strength concrete.
STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE WITH WASHED BOTTOM ASH PARTIALLY REPLACE...IAEME Publication
This paper was investigated on the possibilities of using Washed Bottom Ash (WBA) and its influence in mechanical properties of concrete. The experiment was done on normal strength concrete with grade chosen as M25. In order to find mechanical properties such as Compression, Splitting tension
and flexure, Cubes, Cylinders and Prisms were cast respectively. Washed Bottom Ash was partially replaced for fine aggregate in percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight. The usage of WBA on normal strength
concrete was showed considerable improvement in compression and flexural properties. All tests and discussions are elaborated better.
Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement by Fly Ash and Metakaolin on Concrete...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the effects of partially replacing cement with fly ash and metakaolin, and using manufactured sand (M-sand) instead of river sand on the compressive and split tensile strengths of concrete. Several concrete mixes were tested with cement replaced at 15% with metakaolin and fly ash at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The results showed improvements in strength properties compared to a control mix. Compressive strength was found to increase with greater percentages of metakaolin and fly ash replacement. The study concluded that using metakaolin and fly ash as partial replacements for cement can enhance concrete strength while reducing costs and environmental impacts.
This document studies the strength characteristics of concrete when sand is partially replaced by granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). Tests were conducted by replacing sand at 10%, 20%, and 30% with GBFS at various water-cement ratios of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7. The compressive strength was tested at curing ages of 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days. The results show that replacing sand with 10-20% GBFS increased the compressive strength at lower water-cement ratios of 0.4-0.5. However, replacing sand with 30% GBFS decreased the compressive strength.
Experimental investigation on concrete by replacing crusher dust as fine aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work we identified and investigated the use of crusher dust and granite floor slab chips in concrete as an alternative fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively, the tests were conducted on standard concrete cubes (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm), cylinders (150 mm x 300 mm) and prisms (100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm). Tests on the physical properties of crusher dust, granite chips and its influence on the strength of fresh and hardened state, along with a comparative study with the concrete of river sand are made. The properties investigated were specific gravity, fineness modulus, water absorption, free surface moisture, bulk density and grading zone. Tests were conducted on 6 cubes, 6 cylinders and 6 prisms for M20 grade mix design with sand and crusher dust as fine aggregates, granite metal and granite floor slab chips as coarse aggregates. The strength parameters compressive strength, Split-Tensile strength and flexural strength were compared at 7 days and 28 days respectively. Mix design procedure in accordance with IS 10262-2009, IS 456-2000 and Sp 23-1982 using 20mm coarse aggregate was adopted for investigation. The investigation indicates that crushed stone dust has vast potential as fine aggregate in concrete construction. Crusher dust not only reduces the cost of construction but also helps reduce the impact on environment by consuming the material hitherto considered as a waste product with few applications. Keywords: Crusher Dust, Granite Floor Slab Chips, Concrete Mix.
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
This study investigated the use of washed bottom ash (WBA) as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Cubes, cylinders, and prisms were cast with WBA replacing 0-50% of fine aggregate to test mechanical properties at 14 and 28 days. Results showed that compressive and flexural strengths increased up to 10-20% replacement of WBA but decreased with higher replacements. The 28 day strengths were generally higher than 14 day strengths. The study concluded that WBA can effectively replace up to 20% of fine aggregate in normal strength concrete.
Study on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self Compacting Concrete with Varie...IOSRJMCE
The objective of this paper is to study the properties of fresh and hardened self compacting concrete with varied percentages of metakaolin as mineral admixture (M40 grade). In this study cement is replaced by metakoalin with varied percentages, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36% & 38% with a constant packing factor of 1.14. In the present study, B233 GLENIUM super plasticizer is used. As per the European guidelines for Self-compacting concrete, the workability tests such as slump flow test, V-funnel test and L- box, U-box test were carried out in laboratory. The concrete specimens were cured in the tank for 7 and 28 days and tested for determining the compressive strength and split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively. From the study it is observed that workability and mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength test increased with increase in metakoalin up to 30% and decreased from 32% to 38%. Non Destructive Test is also performed to assess the quality of concrete in the hardened state.
Study Of Characteristics Strength of Concrete with Admixtures by Flexural and...IJERA Editor
Concrete is widely used in structural engineering with its high compressive strength, low cost and abandoned raw material, but common concrete has some deficiency, such as shrinkage and cracking, low tensile strength and flexural strength, high brittleness, that restrict its applications. To overcome these deficiencies’ additional materials are added to improve the performance of the concrete. Super plasticizer is a chemical added to conventional concrete mix that makes the concrete more workable and it can be placed easily. The aim of this project work to study the characteristics strengths of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, diametric strength and tensile strength by disc bending test. For the experimental work normal concrete M 40 has to be prepared and characteristics strength such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength have to be achieved. This strength has to be performed after 7 days and 28 days curing. After that in addition of super plasticizer the study of the strength have to be performed with various % of plasticizer such as 0.60% to 1.2 % by the weight of cement and study of strength of concrete have to be performed at 7 days and 28 days. A relative comparison of the strength of the concrete with addition of admixtures with normal concrete can be study.
Study of packing density of concrete in structural concrete using different s...habib ullah
The use of cement reasons air pollution so we can regulate it by replacing some amount of cement with marble dust.
In Pakistan budget is the key problem. Marble powder and kaolin clay are inexpensive. Marble powder is a waste.
Marble stone industry generates both solid waste and stone slurry. Leaving this waste material to the environment directly can cause environmental problem.
This document reviews research on using bottom ash as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. It summarizes findings from 10 research papers on the effect on properties such as workability, density, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength. The key findings are:
1) Workability and density of concrete decreases as the amount of bottom ash replacement increases, due to the lower specific gravity of bottom ash compared to sand.
2) Compressive strength is initially lower for bottom ash concrete but can reach or exceed normal concrete strengths at later ages, with replacements of 30-40% bottom ash achieving strengths equivalent to normal concrete at 28 days by 90 days.
3) Splitting tensile strength also decreases with
This document is a thesis submitted by Mohammed Riyaz Raja to partially fulfill the requirements for a Master's degree in structural engineering. The thesis investigates replacing sand with stone dust in concrete. It examines the effect of partial and full replacement of sand with stone dust on the compressive and split tensile strengths of M20 and M40 grade concrete. It also studies the effect of adding fly ash to concrete with partial replacement of sand with stone dust. The experimental program includes testing concrete cubes and cylinders to determine the optimum replacements of sand with stone dust and fly ash.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of adding a colloidal admixture to self-compacting concrete used in bored piles constructed in mud. Seven mixtures of mud with varying percentages of sand were created and used to fill PVC test piles. Self-compacting concrete with and without a colloidal admixture was then poured into the piles. Tests on cores taken from different pile locations showed that concrete with the colloidal admixture had higher ultrasonic velocities and compressive strengths, indicating a more uniform and dense microstructure. The mixture with the highest percentage of sand (20%) in the mud performed best when the colloidal admixture was added, demonstrating its role in preventing contamination from sand particles.
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand in the Preparation of Concreteiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
An Experimental Study on Effects of Quarry Dust as Partial Replacement of San...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the effects of replacing natural sand with quarry dust in concrete mixtures. Various concrete mixtures with 10-60% replacement of sand with quarry dust were tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that 50% replacement of sand with quarry dust provided higher compressive strengths than normal concrete. Workability tests also showed that concrete with quarry dust was more workable than plain concrete. The study concluded that quarry dust can be effectively used as a partial replacement for natural sand in concrete.
Effect of Alccofine and Fly Ash Addition on the Durability of High Performanc...ijsrd.com
The aim of this Study is to evaluate the performance of concrete (HPC) containing supplementary cementitious materials such as Fly ash & Alccofine. The necessity of high performance concrete is increasing because of demands in the construction industry. Efforts for improving the performance of concrete over the past few years suggest that cement replacement materials along with Mineral & chemical admixtures can improve the strength and durability characteristics of concrete. Alccofine (GGBS) and Fly ash are pozzolanic materials that can be utilized to produce highly durable concrete composites. This study investigates the performance of concrete mixture containing Local Alccofine. in terms of Compressive strength, Sulphate Attack tests, Alkali test and RCPT (Rapid chloride penetration test) at age of 28 and 56 days. In addition find out the optimum dosage of alccofine and fly ash from that get M70 Strength, in final mix proportion perform a given test. Result show that concrete incorporating Alccofine and fly ash had higher compressive strength and alccofine enhanced the durability of concretes and reduced the chloride diffusion. An exponential relationship between chloride permeability and compressive strength of concrete is exhibited.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE USING GGBS AN...AM Publications
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product obtained from the blast furnaces used in the iron manufacturing industry. The disposal of the marble powder obtained from marble industry constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. One of the possible solutions for the effective use of GGBS and marble powder is to partially replace cement in concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on concrete in which the cement is partially replaced by both GGBS and marble powder. In this study, different percentages of GGBS and marble powder are used for partial replacement of cement by 30%. Tests conducted includes workability of fresh concrete (Slump test), strength of hardened concrete (Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength) and durability properties of concrete (Chloride resistance and Sulphate resistance).
Study on effect of Alccofine & Fly ash addition on the Mechanical properties ...ijsrd.com
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out for M-70 Grad Concrete and to evaluate the compressive strength and Flexural Strength of Concrete. High Performance Concrete is made by partial replacement of cement by alccofine, fly ash, silica fume. In this study the Class F fly ash used in various proportions 20 to 35%, alccofine 4 to 14% and silica fume 4% to 14% by weight of cement. The mix proportions of concrete had a water binder ratio for Alccofine mix concrete 0.30 and Silica-fume mix concrete 0.32.super plasticizer was added based on the required degree of workability. The total binder content was 600 kg/m3. The concrete specimens were cured on normal moist curing under normal atmospheric temperature. The compressive strength was determined at 7 , 28 , 56 days and flexural strength was determined at 28 and 56 days The results indicate the concrete made with these proportions generally show excellent fresh and hardened properties. The addition of Alccofine, silica fume shows early strength gaining property and that of fly ash shows a long term strength. The ternary system that is Portland cement-fly ash-Alccofine concrete was found to increase the compressive strength of concrete on all age when compared to concrete made with Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume.
IRJET- A Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete with Bagasse Ash as Su...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the compressive strength of concrete with 15% replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash, subjected to different curing methods. Concrete cubes were cured using conventional pond curing, curing agent, and steam curing at varying temperatures, delay periods, and curing periods. Compressive strength was tested after 28 and 56 days. Results showed that steam curing and curing agent developed higher compressive strength compared to conventional curing. Specifically, steam curing at 60°C for 8 hours with a 4-hour delay period resulted in the highest compressive strength. In conclusion, bagasse ash can be effectively used as a partial cement replacement and different curing methods can significantly improve the strength of
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Waste Materi...IJRES Journal
The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial process has been the focus of waste reduction research for economical, environmental and technical reasons. This is because over 300 million tones of industrial waste are being produced per annual by agricultural and industrial process in India. The problem arising from continuous technological and industrial development is the disposal of waste material. If some of the waste materials are found suitable in concrete making not only cost of construction can be cut down, but also safe disposal of waste material can be achieved. The cement of high strength concrete is generally high which often leads to higher shrinkage and greater evaluation of neat of hydration besides increase in cost. A partial substitution of cement by an industrial waste is not only economical but also improves the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and enhance the durability characteristics besides the safe disposal of waste material thereby protecting the environment form pollution This paper deals with partial replacement of fine aggregate with the industrial waste from China Clay industries. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of conventional concrete and fine aggregate replaced concrete are compared and the results are tabulated.
This document presents research on the compressive strength of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) blended cement concrete cured in different sulphate environments. Concrete cubes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of cement with BLA were cured in water and sulphate solutions of varying concentrations for 21 and 28 days. Testing found that BLA concrete strengths generally increased with higher sulphate concentrations and longer curing times compared to plain cement concrete. Replacement of 10% cement with BLA produced the highest strengths. The results indicate BLA concrete has improved sulphate resistance and could be suitable for use in sulphate environments where early strength is not critical.
This study investigated the use of washed bottom ash (WBA) as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Cubes, cylinders, and prisms were cast with WBA replacing 0-50% of fine aggregate to test mechanical properties at 14 and 28 days. Results showed that compressive and flexural strengths increased up to 10-20% replacement of WBA but then decreased with further replacement. Replacement of up to 20% WBA provided higher strengths compared to the control mix at 28 days while maintaining adequate properties at 14 days. The study concluded that WBA can effectively replace fine aggregate up to 20% for use in normal strength concrete.
STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE WITH WASHED BOTTOM ASH PARTIALLY REPLACE...IAEME Publication
This paper was investigated on the possibilities of using Washed Bottom Ash (WBA) and its influence in mechanical properties of concrete. The experiment was done on normal strength concrete with grade chosen as M25. In order to find mechanical properties such as Compression, Splitting tension
and flexure, Cubes, Cylinders and Prisms were cast respectively. Washed Bottom Ash was partially replaced for fine aggregate in percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight. The usage of WBA on normal strength
concrete was showed considerable improvement in compression and flexural properties. All tests and discussions are elaborated better.
Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement by Fly Ash and Metakaolin on Concrete...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the effects of partially replacing cement with fly ash and metakaolin, and using manufactured sand (M-sand) instead of river sand on the compressive and split tensile strengths of concrete. Several concrete mixes were tested with cement replaced at 15% with metakaolin and fly ash at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The results showed improvements in strength properties compared to a control mix. Compressive strength was found to increase with greater percentages of metakaolin and fly ash replacement. The study concluded that using metakaolin and fly ash as partial replacements for cement can enhance concrete strength while reducing costs and environmental impacts.
This paper presents part of the results of an ongoing laboratory study carried out to study on
strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with and without ternary mixtures of
cement-fly ash- silica fume. In the present work an attempt has been made to study the strength
properties of ternary concrete in compression, tension and flexure and also durability aspects of
ternary blended concrete. In the investigation, M25 Grade concrete mix is designed with different
percentages of cementitious materials (5%, 7.5%, 10% & 12.5%) and tests are conducted for
compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Test results
indicate that the replacement of cement by 10% had attained a maximum strength in M25 Grade
concrete. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement.
This document summarizes the results of a study on the strength and durability characteristics of ternary concrete made with cement, fly ash, and silica fume. Cubes, cylinders, and beams were cast with M25 grade concrete containing 5%, 7.5%, 10%, or 12.5% replacements of cement. Testing found that compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths at 7, 28, and 56 days were highest with 10% replacement, reaching maximum increases of 132% in compressive strength compared to conventional concrete. Durability was also assessed through weight loss and compressive strength testing of cubes exposed to acids and seawater. The study provides data on using supplementary cementitious materials to improve concrete properties
“EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH AND...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the partial replacement of cement with sewage sludge ash (SSA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in concrete. Concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams were cast with cement replaced by 7.5-15% SSA and 10-60% GGBS. The specimens were tested at 7 and 28 days to determine compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results showed that concrete with 30% GGBS and 10.5% SSA replacement achieved the highest strengths, with compressive strengths increasing from 19.7-24.56 MPa at 7 days and 30.21-39.91 MPa at 28
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Sand by Quarry Du...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation on the effects of partially replacing sand with quarry dust in concrete. Several concrete mixes were prepared with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 100% replacement of sand with quarry dust. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the concrete generally decreased as the replacement level increased, though 20% replacement achieved slightly higher compressive strength than the control mix. The modulus of elasticity also decreased with higher replacement levels but remained within specifications. The study concluded that quarry dust can replace up to 20% of sand as a suitable alternative with minimal effects on strength properties.
This study investigated the engineering properties of fly ash concrete for rigid pavement construction. Concrete cubes and beams were prepared with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% fly ash replacement of cement by weight. The specimens were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and workability at various ages. Results showed that compressive and flexural strength increased up to 30% fly ash replacement, with the highest 28-day compressive strength of 45.95 MPa. Workability decreased with increasing fly ash content. The study concluded that 30% fly ash replacement provided superior performance while reducing cement costs and waste.
Laboratory Analysis of Fly Ash Mix Cement Concrete for Rigid Pavement.IJERA Editor
This study investigated the engineering properties of fly ash concrete for rigid pavement construction. Concrete cubes and beams were prepared with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% fly ash replacement of cement by weight. The specimens were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and workability at various ages. Results showed that compressive and flexural strength increased up to 30% fly ash replacement compared to the control mix. Workability decreased with higher fly ash content due to the spherical shape of fly ash particles. The study concluded that 30% fly ash concrete provides acceptable strength for rigid pavements while providing environmental and economic benefits over traditional concrete.
ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE PREPARED BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT ...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the compressive strength of concrete prepared by partially replacing fine aggregate with waste glass.
2) Cubes and cylinders were cast with 0%, 5%, 15%, 25%, and 35% replacements of fine aggregate with waste glass powder.
3) Testing found that replacement levels of 15% and 25% achieved higher compressive and split tensile strengths than the control mix without replacement.
IRJET-Study on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete by Replacement of Coal B...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the mechanical properties of concrete with coal bottom ash used as a partial replacement for fine aggregate at percentages ranging from 0% to 100%. Thirty concrete cubes, fifteen cylinders, and fifteen beams were cast using an M-40 grade concrete mix with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.40. Tests were performed to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the samples at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that as the percentage of bottom ash replacement increased, the measured strengths generally decreased, with strengths reducing most significantly above 50% replacement. Up to 30% replacement, the strength properties were approximately equivalent to the controlled concrete mix without bottom ash.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Concrete using Perlite as Partialy Repla...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on using perlite as a partial replacement for fine aggregate and steel slag as a full replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete. Tests were conducted on concrete mixtures with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% replacement of fine aggregate with perlite and 100% replacement of coarse aggregate with steel slag. The compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of the concrete mixtures were evaluated at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that concrete with 50% perlite replacement of fine aggregate achieved comparable strengths to normal concrete, while higher perlite replacements resulted in lower strengths. This indicates potential use of industrial byproducts like perlite and steel slag in producing economical and environmentally friendly lightweight
This document presents the results of a study on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams containing high volumes of fly ash. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can partially replace cement in concrete production. The study tested concrete cubes and beams made with 0%, 30%, 50%, and 70% replacements of cement with fly ash. It was found that compressive and flexural strengths decreased slightly with up to 50% fly ash but dropped significantly from 50-70%. However, deflections of beams remained within serviceability limits up to 70% fly ash replacement according to code standards. In conclusion, high fly ash concrete can be used structurally up to 50% replacement and economically up to 70% replacement for non-structural
– In this work experimental approach is carried
out to analyze the feasibility of papercrete brick in practical
field. In past research we found that researchers conclude that
water absorption for papercrete brick is nearly about 35%
which is not accepted. Basically the work is contribute to make
papercrete brick as a practical brick work. Different
parameters such as strength, durability, density and water
absorption is determined to check the feasibility.
Highly compressed flyash based papercrete brickIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on producing and testing highly compressed flyash-based papercrete bricks as a sustainable building material. Various mix proportions of paper pulp, flyash, cement, and sand were used to cast papercrete brick specimens. The specimens were then tested to determine their compressive strength, water absorption, acid resistance, and fire resistance. The results showed that mixes with higher sand content had higher compressive strength and lower water absorption compared to mixes with more paper. However, the papercrete bricks were still lightweight and exhibited elastic, non-brittle behavior under compression. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using papercrete bricks for practical construction applications.
IRJET - Utilization of Alternative Materials in Manufacturing of Paver Bl...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that utilized alternative materials in the manufacturing of paver blocks to reduce costs and waste plastic. Specifically, the study replaced cement with plastic waste in producing plastic paver blocks. Various mixtures replaced plastic waste for cement and included other materials like m-sand, iron ore tailings, and ceramic waste. The plastic paver blocks were tested and found to have compressive strengths ranging from 30-60% of conventional concrete paver blocks depending on the mixture. Additionally, the blocks resisted temperatures up to 100°C but melted at 150°C and absorbed minimal water. The study concluded plastic paver blocks can be used for light traffic or footpaths while providing an environmentally friendly use of plastic waste.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FLAX FIBRE AND TILE POWDER AS PARTIALREPLACEMEN...IRJET Journal
This document investigates using flax fiber and tile powder as partial replacements for cement in M25 grade concrete. Concrete mixtures were prepared with 5%, 10%, and 15% replacements of flax fiber and tile powder. The concrete was tested at 7, 14, and 28 days for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. Test results showed that both 10% flax fiber and 10% tile powder concrete mixtures exhibited higher strengths compared to conventional concrete without cement replacement, indicating that flax fiber and tile powder can be used to partially replace cement in concrete.
AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON STRENGTH PROPERETIES OF CONCRETE BY THE INFLUENCE...IAEME Publication
With the aim of lessening the carbon dioxide emissions because of the manufacture of cement there is an emergence to find an opportunity answer for this problem. As a solution we will add fly ash and nano silica to regular Portland cement which reduces the environmental effect, but additionally improves the electricity traits of concrete. Latest developments in nano-era and availability of nano-silica (nS) have made using such materials in improving concrete residences possible. it is possible because the silica( S ) in the sand reacts with calcium hydrate (CH) within the cement at Nano scale to shape C-S-H gel and thereby it improves the strengthening element of concrete, which might be in turn useful within the accomplishing high Compressive power even in early days. This experimental thesis consists of state of the artwork of nS application in concrete, importance of nS, the nS manufacturing manner, the determination of compressive energy, split tensile strength, flexural strength at and comparing the consequences to controlled concrete of M30 grade
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A Study on Partial Replacement of Natural Granite Aggregate with Pelletized Fly Ash Aggregate
1. ISSN (e): 2250 – 3005 || Vol, 04 || Issue, 12 || December – 2014 ||
International Journal of Computational
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 31
A Study on Partial Replacement of Natural Granite Aggregate
with Pelletized Fly Ash Aggregate
1
Dr. V.Bhaskar Desai , 2,
A.Sathyam
1
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapuramu – 515002, A.P.
2
Conservation Assistant Gr-I, Archaeological Survey of India, Anantapuramu Sub Circle, Central Stores Road,
Anantapuramu & Research Scholar, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapuramu – 515002, A.P.
I. INTRODUCTION
Presently, in the construction industry throughout the world most of the concrete prepared is with
natural granite aggregate as a major constituent. It‟s extensive usage results in geological and environmental
imbalance. Also naturally available granite aggregate resources get depleted and it will be left nothing for future
generations. Hence there is a necessity for preparing artificial aggregates making use of waste materials from
agricultural products and industrial wastes. From the earlier studies, it appears that much less attention has been
made towards study of usage of artificial coarse aggregate. An attempt has been made to use fly ash as the basic
ingredient in preparing the artificial coarse aggregate which is also light in nature.Fly ash, a by-product of coal
based material collected from Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant (RTPP), Muddanur village of Andhrapradesh
state has been used in this investigation. It consists of vitreous particles with a surface area is around 8.20
m2
/gm when measured by nitrogen absorption techniques with particles approximately 100 to 150 times smaller
than the cement particle. Because of its extreme fineness, it is an effective pozzolanic material and is used in
concrete to improve its properties. One of the main properties of fly ash is its pozzolanic reactivity; hence it is
suitable for most of its applications in various areas.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Pelletization process is used to manufacture light weight Coarse aggregate. Some of the parameters
need to be considered for the efficiency of the production of pellets are speed of revolution of pelletizer disc,
moisture content, and angle of pelletizer disc and duration of Pelletization (HariKrishnan and RamaMurthy,
2006)1
. In the cold bonded method increase of strength of pellets is by increase the fly ash / lime & cement ratio
by weight. Moisture content and angle of drum influence the size growth of pellets. Different types of pelletizer
machines earlier were used to make the pellets such as disc or pan type, drum type, cone type and mixer type.
With mixer type pelletizer small grains are formed initially and are subsequently increased. The dosage of
binding agent is more important for making the fly ash balls. Initially some percentage of water is added to the
binder and remaining water is sprayed during the rotation period because while rotating without water in the
drum, the fly ash and binders (Lime & Cement) tend to form lumps and do not ensure the even distribution of
particle size. The pellets are formed approximately in duration of 6 to 7 minutes. The cold bonded pellets are
hardened by normal water curing method. The aggregates so prepared are fly ash based light weight
aggregates(Gal‟pern et al. 1990; Voortam et al. 1998; Watanable)2-4
. The pelletized fly ash aggregate is light
weight in nature and its use in concrete reduces the self weight of the structure (Bomhard, 1980; Roberts, 1992)5,
6
besides attaining better thermal insulation properties. It is known that from the recent basic studies that the
pelletized silica fume aggregate gives satisfactory strengths (Bhaskardesai and Sathyam, 2013)7
. The setup of
machine for manufacture of fly ash aggregate is as shown in plate 1.
ABSTRACT : In this paper the use of pelletized fly ash aggregate in concrete as a partial replacement
of granite aggregate has been examined. The concrete so produced is light weight in nature and the
development of such concrete with cold bonded pelletized fly ash aggregate is to minimize the
conventional aggregate, which results in protection of the natural environment. With the partial
replacement (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of natural granite aggregate by pelletized fly ash
aggregate, the strength properties of concrete such as compressive strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength and young’s modulus of elasticity are studied.
KEY WORDS: Pelletization, cold bond, fly ash, light weight aggregate.
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(Owens, 1993)8
has stated that Light weight aggregate concrete is used for structural purposes
since the 20th
century. As per this study, the Light weight aggregate concrete is a material with low unit
weight and often made with spherical aggregates. The density of structural Light weight aggregate
concrete typically ranges from 1400 to 2000 kg/m³ when compared with that of normal weight aggregate
concrete whose density is around 2400 kg/m3
.(Siva lingaRao et al. 2011)9
concluded that 60 percent
replacement of conventional aggregate with cinder by volume along with cement replaced by 10 percent
of silica fume by weight, yields the target mean strength of M20 concrete. It is worth to be noted that
there is a slight increase in strength and other properties due to extended curing periods and the unit
weight of the cinder concrete varies from 1980 kg/m³ to 2000 kg/m³ with different percentages of cinder.
III. MATERIALS:
The following materials are used for this investigation and properties of materials are shown in table 1.
Tab. 1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Sl.No Name of the material Properties of material Result
1 OPC – 53 Grade
Specific Gravity 3.07
Initial setting time 60 min
Final Setting time 489 min
Fineness 4.00 %
Normal consistency 33.50 %
2 Fine Aggregate passing 4.75mm sieve
Specific Gravity 2.60
Fineness modulus 3.24
3
FA Aggregate passing
20 – 10 mm
Specific Gravity 1.70
Fineness modulus 4.69
Bulk density compacted 1056 Kg/m3
4
Natural Aggregate passing
20 – 10 mm
Specific Gravity 2.68
Fineness modulus 3.37
Bulk density compacted 1620 Kg/m3
5 Water
Locally available potable water which is free from concentration
of acids and organic substances has been used in this work.
The constituent materials are presented from plate 2 to 7.
IV. EXPERMENTAL INVESTIGATION
An experimental study has been conducted on concrete with partial replacement of
conventional coarse aggregate i.e., granite by light weight aggregate i.e., FA aggregate. The test program
consists of carrying out compressive tests on cubes, split tensile tests on cylinders, modulus of
elasticity tests on cylinders and flexural strength on beams. Analysis of the results has been done to
investigate effect of FA aggregate on the properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength,
flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. Variations of various combinations have been studied.
V. CASTING OF SPECIMENS
The M20 concrete mix is designed using ISI method which gives a mix proportion of 1:1.55:3.04 with
water cement ratio of 0.50. Five different mixes have been studied which are designated as follows as presented
in table 2:
Tab. 2 DESIGNATION DETAILS OF SPECIMENS
Sl. No
Name of the
Mix
Percentage by volume of natural coarse aggregate and fly ash
aggregate
No of specimens cast and tested
Natural aggregate Pelletized Fly Ash Aggregate Cubes Cylinders
Flexure
beams
1 FA-0 100 0 6 12 6
2 FA-25 75 25 6 12 6
3 FA-50 50 50 6 12 6
4 FA-75 25 75 6 12 6
5 FA-100 0 100 6 12 6
Total specimens 30 60 30
To proceed with the experimental program initially steel moulds of size 150x150x150 mm were
cleaned brushed with machine oil on all inner faces to facilitate easy removal of specimens afterwards.
First fine aggregate and cement were added and mixed thoroughly and then conventional coarse
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aggregates with partially replaced FA aggregate was mixed with them. All of these were mixed thoroughly
by hand mixing. Each time 3 no of cubes and 6 no of cylinders were cast. For all test specimens, moulds
were kept on the plat form and the concrete was poured into the moulds in three layers each layer
being compacted thoroughly with tamping rod to avoid honey combing. Finally all specimens were
vibrated on the table vibrator after filling up the moulds up to the brim. The vibration was effected for
7 seconds and it was maintained constant for all specimens and all other castings. However the
specimens were demoulded after 24 hours of casting and were kept immersed in a clean water tank
for curing. After 28 and 90 days of curing the specimens were taken out of water and were allowed
to dry under shade for few hours.
VI. TESTING OF SPECIMENS
The cube or cylindrical specimen was kept vertically between the platens of the testing machine.
The load is applied uniformly until the specimens fails, and ultimate loads were recorded. The test results
of cube and cylinder compressive strengths are furnished in table 3 and 4 respectively. The cylindrical specimen
was kept horizontally for finding the split tensile strength and the test results are furnished in table 5. The
density and the ratio of cylinder to cube compressive strength results are furnished in table 6 & 7 respectively.
An attempt to find out the modulus of elasticity has been done by the 3000 KN automatic compression
testing machine with 0.5 KN/sec rate of loading. The results of modulus of elasticity are furnished in
table no 8. The loading arrangement to test the specimens for flexural strength is simply supported over the
span of 500mm. The loading was applied on the specimen using 15 ton pre-calibrated proving ring at regular
intervals. The load was transmitted to the element through I- section and two 16mm diameter rods were placed
at 166.67mm from each support. For each increment of loading the deflection at the centre and at 1/3rd
points of
beam were recorded using dial gauge. Continuous observations were made. Before the ultimate stage the
deflection meters were removed and the process of load application was continued. As the load was increased
the cracks got widened and extended to top and finally the specimen collapsed in flexure. At this stage the load
was recorded as the ultimate load. The results have been tabulated and graphical variations have been studied.
The test results are tabulated in table 9 and test set up are represented in plate 8.
VII. DISCUSSION OF CRACK PATTERN AND TEST RESULTS:
In case of cubes under compression test initial cracks are developed at top and propagated to bottom
with increase in load and then the cracks are widened at failure along the edge of the cube and more
predominantly along the top side of casting. In case of cylinders under compression cracks are developed at top
and bottom and with increase in load the cracks are widened at central height. In case of cylinders subjected to
split tensile strength the cylinder is splitted into two pieces. In case of beams the first crack developed at
bending zone on tension side of beam and propagates to compression side of beam and the major crack is
developed at bending zone only.
VIII. INFLUENCE OF FA AGGREGATE ON CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The superimposed variation between compressive strength versus percentage of pelletized fly ash
aggregate replacing natural aggregate for 28 and 90 days curing periods are shown in fig 1. It is observed that
with the addition of FA aggregate the cube compressive strength decreases continuously up to 100%
replacement of Granite by FA aggregate. More than the target mean strength of M20 concrete i.e., 26.6
N/mm² has been achieved even when the natural granite aggregate is replaced with 75% of FA
aggregate as tabulated in table 3 i.e. 31.87 N/mm2
for 28 days curing period. With the increase in curing
period from 28 days to 90 days the compressive strength is found to increase marginally.
IX. INFLUENCE OF FA AGGREGATE ON CYLINDER COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
The superimposed variation between compressive strength versus percentage of pelletized fly ash
aggregate replacing natural aggregate for 28 and 90 days curing periods are shown in fig 2. It is observed that
with the addition of FA aggregate the cylinder compressive strength decreases continuously up to 100%
replacement of Granite by FA aggregate. The values are tabulated in table 4. With the increase in curing period
from 28 days to 90 days the cylinder compressive strength is found to increase marginally.
INFLUENCE OF FA AGGREGATE ON SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH ON CYLINDER SPECIMENS:
With increase in percentage replacement of granite by FA aggregate, the split tensile strength is found
to decrease continuously up to 100%. The superimposed variation between split tensile strength versus
percentage of pelletized fly ash aggregate replacing natural aggregate for 28 and 90 days curing periods as
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shown in fig 3, and the values are tabulated in table 5. With the increase in curing period from 28 days to 90
days the split tensile strength is found to increase marginally.
INFLUENCE OF FA AGGREGATE ON DENSITY : The superimposed variation of density and percentage
of FA aggregate replacing natural aggregate is presented in fig 4. From the fig it is observed that with the
addition of FA aggregate the density of the specimens decreases continuously up to 100% replacement.
The corresponding values are tabulated in table no 6. With the increase in curing period from 28 days to 90 days
the densities are found to increase marginally.
INFLUENCE OF FA AGGREGATE ON YOUNG’S MODULUS (E) : The young‟s modulus is calculated
by two approaches. i.e. by I.S.Code method10
and using an empherical formula for light weight concrete11
.
As per I.S.Code formula
E1 = 5000√fck N/mm2
Where fck = Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete at 28 days of curing.
Secondly another formula suggested by Takafumi Naguchi et.al11
for light weight aggregate concrete, is given
by
E2 = k1 x k2 (1.486 x 10-3
) x σb
⅓
x γ2
N/mm².
Where k1 = correction factor for coarse aggregate i.e. 0.95
k2 = correction factor for mineral admixture i.e. 1.026
σb = compressive strength of concrete in MPa.
γ = Density of concrete in kg/m3
The superimposed variation between young‟s modulus versus percentage of pelletized fly ash
aggregate replacing natural aggregate for 28 and 90 days curing periods are shown in fig 6 & 7 respectively.
With increase in percentage of replacement of granite by FA aggregate, the E values are found to
decrease continuously up to 100% replacement. These values are tabulated in table 8. From these results it
can be found that the E-values calculated using I.S.Code formula are higher than those calculated from the
suggested empherical formula for light weight concrete.
INFLUENCE OF FA AGGREGATE ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH ON BEAMS: The flexural strength
is also calculated by two approaches. In the first approach the flexural strength is calculated by using the
following standard formula. i.e.
fth = in N/mm2
Where fth = Flexural strength of the beam in N/mm2
P = Ultimate Load in N
L, b, d = Sectional dimensions of the beam
Another formula as per I.S.code method10
is
f fck
Where f = Flexural strength of beam in N/mm2
fck = Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete at 28 days of curing.
The superimposed variation between flexural strength versus percentage of pelletized fly ash
aggregate replacing natural aggregate for 28 and 90 days curing periods are shown in fig 8 & 9 respectively.
With increase in percentage of replacement of granite aggregate by FA aggregate, the flexural strength values
are found to decrease continuously up to 100% replacement. Further by extending the curing period from 28
days to 90 days the flexural strength values are found to increase. These values are tabulated in table 9.
X. CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of limited experimental investigations conducted and the analysis of results, the following
conclusions are drawn to be valid.
[1] From the experimental investigation it is observed that the production of structural light weight aggregate concrete from cold
bonded pelletized fly ash aggregate is possible.
[2] The pelletized fly ash aggregates are lighter and porous in nature; having bulk density around 1056 kg/m3
which is less than that for
conventional aggregate and hence it is light weight aggregate.
[3] The cold bonded pelletized fly ash aggregates are spherical in shape and hence it improves the workability of content mixes with
lesser water content when compared with conventional concrete.
[4] From the study it is concluded that the compressive strength, split tensile strength, young‟s modulus, flexural strength and density
are decreased continuously with the increasing FA aggregate concrete replacing the natural aggregate; and also increased with
increasing curing period.
[5] E1 values calculated as per I.S.Code formula are higher when compared with E2 values calculated using another empherical formula
suggested for light weight aggregate concrete.
[6] Flexural strengths calculated as per I.S.Code formula are lower when compared with those flexural strengths calculated
experimentally.
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Tab. 3 CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULTS
Sl. No Name of the mix
Percentage by volume of natural coarse aggregate and fly ash aggregate Compressive strength N/mm2
Natural aggregate Pelletized Fly Ash Aggregate 28 days 90 days
1 FA-0 100 0 41.08 47.39
2 FA-25 75 25 34.80 34.96
3 FA-50 50 50 32.74 34.03
4 FA-75 25 75 31.87 32.47
5 FA-100 0 100 22.93 23.76
Tab. 4 CYLINDER COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULTS
Sl. No Name of the mix
Percentage by volume of natural coarse aggregate and fly ash aggregate Compressive strength N/mm2
Natural aggregate Pelletized Fly Ash Aggregate 28 days 90 days
1 FA-0 100 0 28.01 28.04
2 FA-25 75 25 18.04 18.31
3 FA-50 50 50 16.48 17.72
4 FA-75 25 75 13.84 16.23
5 FA-100 0 100 12.99 15.84
Tab. 5 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH RESULTS
Sl. No Name of the mix
Percentage by volume of natural coarse aggregate and fly ash aggregate Split Tensile strength N/mm2
Natural aggregate Pelletized Fly Ash Aggregate 28 days 90 days
1 FA-0 100 0 3.58 4.00
2 FA-25 75 25 2.84 3.40
3 FA-50 50 50 2.65 3.12
4 FA-75 25 75 2.52 3.30
5 FA-100 0 100 2.00 2.65
Tab. 6 DENSITY RESULTS
Sl. No
Name of the
mix
Percentage by volume of natural coarse aggregate
and fly ash aggregate
Density in Kg/m3
Natural aggregate Pelletized Fly Ash Aggregate 28 days 90 days
1 FA-0 100 0 2309 2396
2 FA-25 75 25 2280 2350
3 FA-50 50 50 2230 2241
4 FA-75 25 75 2134 2138
5 FA-100 0 100 2007 2123
Tab. 7 RATIO OF CYLINDER TO CUBE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Sl.No
Name of
the mix
Percentage by volume of natural coarse
aggregate and fly ash aggregate
Compressive strength N/mm2 Ratio of cube to cylinder
compressive
Natural aggregate
Pelletized Fly Ash
Aggregate
Cylinder Cube
28
days
90
days
28
days
90
days
28
days
90
days
1 FA-0 100 0 28.01 28.04 41.08 47.39 0.68 0.59
2 FA-25 75 25 18.04 18.31 34.80 34.96 0.52 0.52
3 FA-50 50 50 16.48 17.72 32.74 34.03 0.50 0.52
4 FA-75 25 75 13.84 16.23 31.87 32.47 0.43 0.50
5 FA-100 0 100 12.99 15.84 22.93 23.76 0.57 0.67
Tab. 8 YOUNGS MODULUS
Sl.
No
Name of the
mix
Percentage by volume of natural
coarse aggregate and fly ash
aggregate
E1=Young‟s modulus in
KN/mm2
using I.S.Code
formula
E2= Young‟s modulus
in KN/mm2
using
Takafumi formula
E2 / E1
Natural
aggregate
Pelletized Fly Ash
Aggregate
28 days 90 days 28 days 90 days
28
days
90
days
1 FA-0 100 0 32.05 34.42 26.32 29.71 0.82 0.86
2 FA-25 75 25 29.50 29.56 24.29 25.85 0.82 0.87
3 FA-50 50 50 28.61 29.17 22.78 23.30 0.80 0.80
4 FA-75 25 75 28.23 28.49 20.67 20.88 0.73 0.73
5 FA-100 0 100 23.94 24.37 16.40 18.57 0.69 0.76
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Tab. 9 FLEXURAL STRENGTH RESULTS
Sl.
No
Name of the
mix
Percentage by volume of natural
coarse aggregate and fly ash
aggregate
Flexural Strength (fex) in
KN/mm2
Flexural strength (fth) in
KN/mm2 (fex)/(fth)
Natural
aggregate
Pelletized Fly Ash
Aggregate
28 days 90 days 28 days 90 days
28
days
90
days
1 FA-0 100 0 6.83 7.35 4.49 4.82 1.52 1.53
2 FA-25 75 25 4.20 4.73 4.13 4.14 1.02 1.14
3 FA-50 50 50 3.15 3.68 4.01 4.08 0.79 0.90
4 FA-75 25 75 2.63 3.15 3.95 3.99 0.66 0.79
5 FA-100 0 100 2.10 2.63 3.35 3.41 0.63 0.77
REFERENCES
[1] Harikrishnan KI, Ramamurthy (2006). Influence of Pelletization Process on the Properties of Fly Ash Aggregates. Waste Manag., 26:
846-852..
[2] E I Gal‟pern, L A Kotkina and I O Mnskin. „porous aggregates from beneficiated thermal power plant ash (USSR).‟ Energ stroit, vol
2, 1990, pp 38-39.
[3] H.Voortam, R Visser and B V Vastam. „Light Weight Aggregate for advanced and Profitable Civil Engineering Production properties
and Use.‟ Int conf on fly ash disposal and utilisation, CBIP, January 20-22, vol 1, 1998, New Delhi, pp IV-1-10.
[4] H Watanable. „Artificial stone from fly ash for building materials (Watanable Hikotoshi).‟ Jpn kokai Tokyo Koho JP02, 116, 653,
[90, 116, 653], (C1.C04 B28/02).
[5] Bomhard. “Light weight concrete structures, potentialities, limits and realities, in light weight concrete.” Concrete society, The
construction press Ltd, Lancaster, England, 1980, pp 277-307.
[6] J E Roberts. “Light weight concrete bridges for California highway system” in “structural light weight aggregate concrete
performance.” Holm T A, Vaysburd, AM(Ed), ACI, SP-136 Detroit, 1992, pp 255-272.
[7] V.Bhaskar desai, A.Sathyam. ‟Basic properties of artificial light weight aggregate by using industrial by product (Silica fume)‟,
RCEE, 2013, vol 1 (04), pp 195-201.
[8] Owens, P.L. (1993). “Light weight aggregates for structural concrete,” Structural Light weight Aggregate Concrete,
Chapman & Hall, London, pp.1-18.
[9] N. Siva lingaRao, G. VenkataRamana, V. Bhaskar Desai, B. L.P. Swamy, “Properties of lightweight aggregate concrete
with cinder and silicafume admixture”, International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 6, October
2011, pp. 907-912.
[10] I.S.Code 456-2000 “Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[11] Takafumi Noguchi, et.al (2009) “ A Practical Equation for Elastic Modulus of Concrete”. ACI structural journal/Sept-Oct 2009,
technical paper title no. 106-SXX.
0 25 50 75 100
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
CubecompressivestrengthinN/mm
2
Percentage of pelletized fly ash aggregate replacing natural aggreagte
Curing Periods
28 Days
90 Days
Scale
x-axis 1 unit = 25%
y-axis 1 unit = 5N/mm
2
Fig 1. Superimposed Variation Between Cube Compressive Strength And Percentage Of Pelletized Fly Ash
Aggregate Replacing Natural Aggregate
0 25 50 75 100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
CylindercompressivestrengthinN/mm
2
Percentage of pelletized fly ash aggregate replacing natural aggreagte
Curing Periods
28 Days
90 Days
Scale
x-axis 1 unit = 25%
y-axis 1 unit = 2N/mm
2
Fig 2. Superimposed Variation Between Cylinder Compressive Strength And Percentage Of Pelletized Fly Ash
Aggregate Replacing Natural Aggregate
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0 25 50 75 100
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
SplittensilestrengthinN/mm
2
Percetage of pelletized aggregate replacing natural aggregate
Curing Periods
28 Days
90 Days
Scale
x-axis 1 unit = 25%
y-axis 1 unit = 5N/mm
2
Fig 3. Superimposed Variation Between Split Tensile Strength And Percentage Of Pelletized Fly Ash Aggregate
Replacing Natural Aggregate
0 25 50 75 100
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Curing Periods
28 Days
90 Days
Scale
x-axis 1 unit = 25%
y-axis 1 unit = 500Kg/m
3
Percentage of pelletized fly ash aggregate replacing natural aggreagte
DensityinKg/m
3
Fig 4. Superimposed Variation Between Density And Percentage Of Pelletized Fly Ash Aggregate Replacing
Natural Aggregate
0 25 50 75 100
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
Percentage of pelletized fly ash aggregate replacing natural aggreagte
Curing Periods
28 Days
90 Days
Scale
x-axis 1 unit = 25%
y-axis 1 unit = 0.05
Ratioofcylindertocubecompressivestrength
Fig 5. Superimposed Variation Between Ratio Of Cylinder To Cube Compressive Strength And Percentage Of
Pelletized Fly Ash Aggregate Replacing Natural Aggregate
0 25 50 75 100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
Curing Periods
28 Days
90 Days
Scale
x-axis 1 unit = 25%
y-axis 1 unit = 2KN/mm
3
Young'smodulus(Eexp
)inKN/mm
2
Percentage of pelletized fly ash aggregate replacing natural aggregate
Fig 6. Superimposed Variation Between Young‟s Modulus (Eexp) And Percentage Of Pelletized Fly Ash
Aggregate Replacing Natural Aggregate
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0 25 50 75 100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Curing Periods
28 Days
90 Days
Scale
x-axis 1 unit = 25%
y-axis 1 unit = 2KN/mm
3
Young'smodulus(Ethe
)inKN/mm
2
Percentage of pelletized fly ash aggregate replacing natural aggregate
Fig 7. Superimposed Variation Between Young‟s Modulus (Ethe) And Percentage Of Pelletized Fly Ash
Aggregate Replacing Natural Aggregate
0 25 50 75 100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
FlexuralStrength(fex
)inN/mm2
Percentage of peletized fly ash aggregate replacing natural aggregate
Curing Periods
28 Days
90 Days
Scale
x-axis 1 unit = 25%
y-axis 1 unit = 1 N/mm
2
Fig 8. Superimposed Variation Between Fluxural Strength (Fex) And Percentage Of Pelletized Fly Ash
Aggregate Replacing Natural Aggregate
0 25 50 75 100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
FlexuralStrength(fth
)inN/mm2
Percentage of peletized fly ash aggregate replacing natural aggregate
Curing Periods
28 Days
90 Days
Scale
x-axis 1 unit = 25%
y-axis 1 unit = 1 N/mm
2
Fig 9. Superimposed Variation Between Fluxural Strength (Fth) And Percentage Of Pelletized Fly Ash
Aggregate Replacing Natural Aggregate
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Plate 1. Pelletization Machine
Plate 2. Fly Ash Powder
Plate 3. Lime
PLATE 4. CEMENT
PLATE 5. PELLETIZED FLY ASH AGGREGATE
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PLATE 6. FINE AGGREGATE
PLATE 7. NATURAL COARSE AGGREGATE
Plate 8: Test Set Up For Flexural Strength Before Testing