1. The document describes the development of the urinary and genital systems from the intermediate mesoderm.
2. Three kidney systems form sequentially - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros persists to form the permanent kidneys.
3. The kidneys ascend from the pelvic region to the abdomen during development. The urinary bladder and urethra develop from the urogenital sinus which divides the cloaca.
The document summarizes the development of the gut tube and body cavities in an embryo over 4 weeks. It discusses how:
1) The endoderm rolls down to form the gut tube, creating a tube within a tube structure. The mesoderm holds the two tubes together.
2) By the 4th week, lateral body wall folds form and fuse in the midline, creating the primitive body cavity between two layers of mesoderm.
3) Some mesoderm becomes mesothelium and lines the body cavity, forming the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membranes that surround organs.
During the 3rd week of development, gastrulation occurs which involves the formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This transforms the bilaminar embryo into a trilaminar embryo with distinct layers. Neurulation also occurs, forming the neural tube which will later become the central nervous system. By the end of the 3rd week, the foundation is laid for all major organ systems as each germ layer gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long and around 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) in diameter.
gallbladder and the structure associated, hepatic duct, cystic duct, bile dduct, common bile duct, ampula of vater, sphincter of oddi, parts of gall bladder, relation of gall bladder, relation of Common bile duct, complication of bile stone, parts of CBD, blood supply of gall bladder, innervation of gall bladder, blood supply of common bile duct,lymphatic drainage of bile duct and gall bladder
The document summarizes the physiology of the human menstrual cycle. It describes the hormonal interplay between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries that regulates the cycle. Key points include:
- The hypothalamus secretes GnRH in pulses, stimulating the pituitary to release FSH and LH. These regulate follicle development and ovulation.
- Estrogen levels rise in the follicular phase, triggering the LH surge and ovulation. After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus if implantation occurs.
- If implantation does not occur, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins, restarting the cycle. A complex feedback system precisely regulates hormone production throughout
The document summarizes key developments during the 2nd week (days 8-13) of embryonic development:
- By day 8, the blastocyst is partially embedded and cells in the cytotrophoblast migrate and fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblast. The embryoblast also differentiates into the hypoblast and epiblast layers.
- By days 11-12, the blastocyst is completely embedded and the syncytiotrophoblast forms lacunar spaces that connect to maternal blood sinusoids, establishing uteroplacental circulation. Extraembryonic mesoderm also develops.
- By day 13, the implantation site has usually healed and the trophoblast develops villous structures
The document summarizes the development of the gut tube and body cavities in an embryo over 4 weeks. It discusses how:
1) The endoderm rolls down to form the gut tube, creating a tube within a tube structure. The mesoderm holds the two tubes together.
2) By the 4th week, lateral body wall folds form and fuse in the midline, creating the primitive body cavity between two layers of mesoderm.
3) Some mesoderm becomes mesothelium and lines the body cavity, forming the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membranes that surround organs.
During the 3rd week of development, gastrulation occurs which involves the formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This transforms the bilaminar embryo into a trilaminar embryo with distinct layers. Neurulation also occurs, forming the neural tube which will later become the central nervous system. By the end of the 3rd week, the foundation is laid for all major organ systems as each germ layer gives rise to specific tissues and organs.
The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long and around 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) in diameter.
gallbladder and the structure associated, hepatic duct, cystic duct, bile dduct, common bile duct, ampula of vater, sphincter of oddi, parts of gall bladder, relation of gall bladder, relation of Common bile duct, complication of bile stone, parts of CBD, blood supply of gall bladder, innervation of gall bladder, blood supply of common bile duct,lymphatic drainage of bile duct and gall bladder
The document summarizes the physiology of the human menstrual cycle. It describes the hormonal interplay between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries that regulates the cycle. Key points include:
- The hypothalamus secretes GnRH in pulses, stimulating the pituitary to release FSH and LH. These regulate follicle development and ovulation.
- Estrogen levels rise in the follicular phase, triggering the LH surge and ovulation. After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus if implantation occurs.
- If implantation does not occur, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins, restarting the cycle. A complex feedback system precisely regulates hormone production throughout
The document summarizes key developments during the 2nd week (days 8-13) of embryonic development:
- By day 8, the blastocyst is partially embedded and cells in the cytotrophoblast migrate and fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblast. The embryoblast also differentiates into the hypoblast and epiblast layers.
- By days 11-12, the blastocyst is completely embedded and the syncytiotrophoblast forms lacunar spaces that connect to maternal blood sinusoids, establishing uteroplacental circulation. Extraembryonic mesoderm also develops.
- By day 13, the implantation site has usually healed and the trophoblast develops villous structures
The urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm and includes three successive kidney structures - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys. It develops from the ureteric bud penetrating the metanephric mesoderm and inducing nephron formation. The kidneys ascend into the abdominal cavity during development and become fully functional by 12 weeks of gestation. The urinary bladder and urethra also develop from the intermediate mesoderm through partitioning of the cloaca.
This document summarizes key aspects of gastrulation and early embryonic development that occur during the third week. It describes how gastrulation establishes the three germ layers through cell migration along the primitive streak. It also discusses the formation of structures like the notochord and establishment of the body axes. Finally, it provides an overview of trophoblast development and how the chorionic cavity enlarges and the embryo attaches via the connecting stalk.
The document discusses the anatomy of the male and female urethra. The female urethra is shorter than the male urethra and passes anteriorly from the bladder to the external urethral orifice. The male urethra is divided into four parts - the intramural, prostatic, intermediate and spongy parts. It conveys urine from the bladder and provides an exit for semen. Both urethras receive blood supply from various arteries and innervation from pelvic plexuses.
The three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros - develop sequentially in humans. The pronephros is rudimentary and nonfunctional, while the mesonephros may function briefly in early fetal development. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys. It develops from the ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm, with the bud forming the collecting system and mesoderm forming nephrons. Nephrons continue developing until birth, and urine production begins early in gestation. The kidneys ascend from the pelvis to the abdomen during development. The urinary bladder and urethra also develop from the urogenital sinus and
During the second week of intrauterine life (days 8-13):
1. The blastocyst implants and differentiates into the trophoblast (outer layer) and inner cell mass. The inner cell mass then forms two layers - the hypoblast and epiblast. Together these layers form a flat disc called the bilaminar germ disc.
2. Within the disc, a cavity (the amniotic cavity) forms within the epiblast. Between the trophoblast and yolk sac, extraembryonic mesoderm starts to form and an extraembryonic cavity (the chorionic cavity) develops.
3. By the end of the second week, the formation of
This document discusses various methods of contraception in males and females. It begins by classifying contraceptive methods as either spacing methods, which are temporary, or terminal methods, which are permanent. In females, spacing methods include natural family planning, barrier methods like condoms, chemical contraceptives like oral pills, and intrauterine devices. Terminal methods for females include tubal ligation. For males, spacing methods consist of natural family planning, condoms, and chemical methods, while vasectomy is the terminal option. The document provides details on mechanisms of action and advantages and disadvantages of the major contraceptive methods.
Glands can be either simple or compound, with simple glands containing one duct and compound glands containing many ducts. Glands are also classified as either exocrine or endocrine, with exocrine glands secreting substances through ducts and endocrine glands secreting directly into the bloodstream without ducts. Additionally, glands can be categorized based on their secretions, such as mucous secreting glands which produce mucus or protiosecreting glands which secrete proteins.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on male urethra anatomy. It recommends freely editing and modifying the slides. It also suggests using blank slides to engage students by asking them questions and then showing answers. This active learning approach should be repeated over three revisions for best learning. The presentation can also be used for self-study. Bibliography notes are included at the end.
The document summarizes the key developmental changes that occur during the 2nd week of human development from days 8 to 13. During this period, the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall and differentiates into the trophoblast and inner cell mass. The trophoblast secretes HCG and further differentiates into the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast layers. The inner cell mass forms the hypoblast and epiblast layers that make up the bilaminar embryonic disc. By day 13, the blastocyst is fully embedded and utero-placental circulation is established as maternal blood enters the lacunar network. Germ layers also begin to form the basis for future tissues and organs.
The pancreas is an elongated gland that extends transversely across the posterior abdominal wall from the duodenum to the spleen. It has a head, neck, body, and tail. The head is flattened and occupies the concavity of the duodenum. The neck joins the head to the body. The triangular body extends to the left, crossing the median plane opposite L1. The tail passes between the layers of the lienorenal ligament to relate to the spleen. The main pancreatic duct drains the tail and passes towards the head, uniting with the common bile duct in the duodenum.
This document summarizes the physiology of the urinary bladder and micturition reflex. It begins with the anatomical components of the bladder, including the body, trigone, internal sphincter, and external sphincter. It then describes the nerve supply to the bladder, including sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nerves. The micturition reflex is a spinal reflex facilitated by higher brain centers that is initiated when urine fills the bladder and stretches its receptors, causing inhibition of the external urethral sphincter and allowing urination. Precise control of micturition involves a balance between inhibitory centers in the midbrain and cortex and facilitatory centers in the pons. Applied aspects discuss conditions like
The male reproductive system consists of both internal and external structures that work together to produce sperm. The testes contain seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production, occurs through the interactions of Sertoli and Leydig cells. Sertoli cells provide physical and nutritional support to germ cells and help maintain the blood-testis barrier. Leydig cells in the testes produce androgens like testosterone. Other structures like the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland help store and transport sperm and seminal fluid. Factors like temperature, season, and hormones regulate spermatogenesis.
(1) The neural crest cells migrate throughout the body and differentiate into many cell types including neurons and glial cells of the nervous system, adrenal medulla cells, pigment cells in the skin, and skeletal and connective tissues of the head.
(2) The mesoderm forms the somites which differentiate depending on their position into structures like vertebrae, ribs, muscles of the rib cage, limbs, back, and dermis of the skin.
(3) The endoderm develops structures of the digestive system like the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder as well as the respiratory system.
The document summarizes key stages in human fertilization and early embryonic development. It describes:
1) How sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction allow sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with the egg.
2) The formation of pronuclei and how the zygote undergoes cell division to become a morula and then a blastocyst.
3) The process of blastocyst implantation in the uterine lining and how trophoblast cells mediate attachment to the endometrium.
Development of Respiratory System ii trachea, bronchial tree & lungRohit Paswan
The respiratory system develops from the respiratory diverticulum. The larynx develops from the cranial part and the lungs develop from lung buds. The trachea develops from the part of the laryngotracheal diverticulum between the larynx and where it divides into bronchial buds. The lining of the trachea is derived from endoderm and its cartilage, muscle and connective tissue is from splanchno-pleuric mesoderm. Tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus caused by defective development of the tracheoesophageal septum. Bronchi develop from bronchial buds and undergo multiple subdivisions to form the bronchial tree within the lungs.
1. The urinary and genital systems develop from a common intermediate mesoderm and initially share a common cavity called the cloaca.
2. The kidneys develop through three successive stages - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros - with the metanephros forming the permanent kidneys.
3. The ureters develop from the mesonephric ducts and later join the bladder, which develops from the urogenital sinus. The bladder remains connected to the umbilicus by the urachus in early development.
Embryology-all basic definition,Stage wise development of fetus,development o...sonal patel
Embryology-all basic definition,Stage wise development of fetus,development of Zygote stage ,development of Embrionic Stage ,development of Fetus Stage all are according week development,Amnione,chorion,Fetal layer, Umbilical Cord developmentmade By sonal Patel
The document discusses the anatomy of the female perineum. It describes the boundaries and contents of the perineum, perineal body, urogenital diaphragm, and perineal pouches and fasciae. It also outlines the features of the anal triangle, including the ischio-anal fossae and pudendal canal. Finally, it covers the anatomy of the anal canal, internal and external anal sphincters, and their nerve and blood supply.
The body cavity forms from lateral plate mesoderm splitting into parietal and visceral layers. As the embryo develops, lateral body wall folds meet at the midline and fuse to close the ventral body wall except at the connecting stalk, forming the primitive body cavity. Cells of the parietal and visceral layers form serous membranes lining body cavities. The septum transversum and pleuropericardial folds divide the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, with the diaphragm developing from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, somites, and mesentery of the esophagus.
During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs which establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells migrate through the primitive streak and node, some displacing the hypoblast to form endoderm, while others become mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This results in the formation of the notochord, and the germ layers differentiate into various tissues and organs.
This document discusses the embryological development of the urinary and genital systems from the mesoderm. It describes the formation and regression of the three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros (permanent kidney) develops from the ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm. Molecular signals between the bud and mesoderm regulate nephron formation. Genes involved and some clinical correlates of kidney defects are also mentioned.
The kidney develops from intermediate mesoderm along the posterior abdominal wall. It progresses through three stages - the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidney. The ureteric bud induces metanephric mesenchyme to form nephrons. Nephrogenesis is complete by birth. The kidney ascends from the pelvis to the abdomen during development. Genetic factors like WT1 regulate kidney development. Anomalies can occur in kidney number, position, rotation and ascent during embryogenesis.
The urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm and includes three successive kidney structures - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys. It develops from the ureteric bud penetrating the metanephric mesoderm and inducing nephron formation. The kidneys ascend into the abdominal cavity during development and become fully functional by 12 weeks of gestation. The urinary bladder and urethra also develop from the intermediate mesoderm through partitioning of the cloaca.
This document summarizes key aspects of gastrulation and early embryonic development that occur during the third week. It describes how gastrulation establishes the three germ layers through cell migration along the primitive streak. It also discusses the formation of structures like the notochord and establishment of the body axes. Finally, it provides an overview of trophoblast development and how the chorionic cavity enlarges and the embryo attaches via the connecting stalk.
The document discusses the anatomy of the male and female urethra. The female urethra is shorter than the male urethra and passes anteriorly from the bladder to the external urethral orifice. The male urethra is divided into four parts - the intramural, prostatic, intermediate and spongy parts. It conveys urine from the bladder and provides an exit for semen. Both urethras receive blood supply from various arteries and innervation from pelvic plexuses.
The three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros - develop sequentially in humans. The pronephros is rudimentary and nonfunctional, while the mesonephros may function briefly in early fetal development. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys. It develops from the ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm, with the bud forming the collecting system and mesoderm forming nephrons. Nephrons continue developing until birth, and urine production begins early in gestation. The kidneys ascend from the pelvis to the abdomen during development. The urinary bladder and urethra also develop from the urogenital sinus and
During the second week of intrauterine life (days 8-13):
1. The blastocyst implants and differentiates into the trophoblast (outer layer) and inner cell mass. The inner cell mass then forms two layers - the hypoblast and epiblast. Together these layers form a flat disc called the bilaminar germ disc.
2. Within the disc, a cavity (the amniotic cavity) forms within the epiblast. Between the trophoblast and yolk sac, extraembryonic mesoderm starts to form and an extraembryonic cavity (the chorionic cavity) develops.
3. By the end of the second week, the formation of
This document discusses various methods of contraception in males and females. It begins by classifying contraceptive methods as either spacing methods, which are temporary, or terminal methods, which are permanent. In females, spacing methods include natural family planning, barrier methods like condoms, chemical contraceptives like oral pills, and intrauterine devices. Terminal methods for females include tubal ligation. For males, spacing methods consist of natural family planning, condoms, and chemical methods, while vasectomy is the terminal option. The document provides details on mechanisms of action and advantages and disadvantages of the major contraceptive methods.
Glands can be either simple or compound, with simple glands containing one duct and compound glands containing many ducts. Glands are also classified as either exocrine or endocrine, with exocrine glands secreting substances through ducts and endocrine glands secreting directly into the bloodstream without ducts. Additionally, glands can be categorized based on their secretions, such as mucous secreting glands which produce mucus or protiosecreting glands which secrete proteins.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on male urethra anatomy. It recommends freely editing and modifying the slides. It also suggests using blank slides to engage students by asking them questions and then showing answers. This active learning approach should be repeated over three revisions for best learning. The presentation can also be used for self-study. Bibliography notes are included at the end.
The document summarizes the key developmental changes that occur during the 2nd week of human development from days 8 to 13. During this period, the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall and differentiates into the trophoblast and inner cell mass. The trophoblast secretes HCG and further differentiates into the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast layers. The inner cell mass forms the hypoblast and epiblast layers that make up the bilaminar embryonic disc. By day 13, the blastocyst is fully embedded and utero-placental circulation is established as maternal blood enters the lacunar network. Germ layers also begin to form the basis for future tissues and organs.
The pancreas is an elongated gland that extends transversely across the posterior abdominal wall from the duodenum to the spleen. It has a head, neck, body, and tail. The head is flattened and occupies the concavity of the duodenum. The neck joins the head to the body. The triangular body extends to the left, crossing the median plane opposite L1. The tail passes between the layers of the lienorenal ligament to relate to the spleen. The main pancreatic duct drains the tail and passes towards the head, uniting with the common bile duct in the duodenum.
This document summarizes the physiology of the urinary bladder and micturition reflex. It begins with the anatomical components of the bladder, including the body, trigone, internal sphincter, and external sphincter. It then describes the nerve supply to the bladder, including sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nerves. The micturition reflex is a spinal reflex facilitated by higher brain centers that is initiated when urine fills the bladder and stretches its receptors, causing inhibition of the external urethral sphincter and allowing urination. Precise control of micturition involves a balance between inhibitory centers in the midbrain and cortex and facilitatory centers in the pons. Applied aspects discuss conditions like
The male reproductive system consists of both internal and external structures that work together to produce sperm. The testes contain seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production, occurs through the interactions of Sertoli and Leydig cells. Sertoli cells provide physical and nutritional support to germ cells and help maintain the blood-testis barrier. Leydig cells in the testes produce androgens like testosterone. Other structures like the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland help store and transport sperm and seminal fluid. Factors like temperature, season, and hormones regulate spermatogenesis.
(1) The neural crest cells migrate throughout the body and differentiate into many cell types including neurons and glial cells of the nervous system, adrenal medulla cells, pigment cells in the skin, and skeletal and connective tissues of the head.
(2) The mesoderm forms the somites which differentiate depending on their position into structures like vertebrae, ribs, muscles of the rib cage, limbs, back, and dermis of the skin.
(3) The endoderm develops structures of the digestive system like the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder as well as the respiratory system.
The document summarizes key stages in human fertilization and early embryonic development. It describes:
1) How sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction allow sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with the egg.
2) The formation of pronuclei and how the zygote undergoes cell division to become a morula and then a blastocyst.
3) The process of blastocyst implantation in the uterine lining and how trophoblast cells mediate attachment to the endometrium.
Development of Respiratory System ii trachea, bronchial tree & lungRohit Paswan
The respiratory system develops from the respiratory diverticulum. The larynx develops from the cranial part and the lungs develop from lung buds. The trachea develops from the part of the laryngotracheal diverticulum between the larynx and where it divides into bronchial buds. The lining of the trachea is derived from endoderm and its cartilage, muscle and connective tissue is from splanchno-pleuric mesoderm. Tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus caused by defective development of the tracheoesophageal septum. Bronchi develop from bronchial buds and undergo multiple subdivisions to form the bronchial tree within the lungs.
1. The urinary and genital systems develop from a common intermediate mesoderm and initially share a common cavity called the cloaca.
2. The kidneys develop through three successive stages - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros - with the metanephros forming the permanent kidneys.
3. The ureters develop from the mesonephric ducts and later join the bladder, which develops from the urogenital sinus. The bladder remains connected to the umbilicus by the urachus in early development.
Embryology-all basic definition,Stage wise development of fetus,development o...sonal patel
Embryology-all basic definition,Stage wise development of fetus,development of Zygote stage ,development of Embrionic Stage ,development of Fetus Stage all are according week development,Amnione,chorion,Fetal layer, Umbilical Cord developmentmade By sonal Patel
The document discusses the anatomy of the female perineum. It describes the boundaries and contents of the perineum, perineal body, urogenital diaphragm, and perineal pouches and fasciae. It also outlines the features of the anal triangle, including the ischio-anal fossae and pudendal canal. Finally, it covers the anatomy of the anal canal, internal and external anal sphincters, and their nerve and blood supply.
The body cavity forms from lateral plate mesoderm splitting into parietal and visceral layers. As the embryo develops, lateral body wall folds meet at the midline and fuse to close the ventral body wall except at the connecting stalk, forming the primitive body cavity. Cells of the parietal and visceral layers form serous membranes lining body cavities. The septum transversum and pleuropericardial folds divide the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, with the diaphragm developing from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, somites, and mesentery of the esophagus.
During the third week of development, gastrulation occurs which establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells migrate through the primitive streak and node, some displacing the hypoblast to form endoderm, while others become mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This results in the formation of the notochord, and the germ layers differentiate into various tissues and organs.
This document discusses the embryological development of the urinary and genital systems from the mesoderm. It describes the formation and regression of the three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros (permanent kidney) develops from the ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm. Molecular signals between the bud and mesoderm regulate nephron formation. Genes involved and some clinical correlates of kidney defects are also mentioned.
The kidney develops from intermediate mesoderm along the posterior abdominal wall. It progresses through three stages - the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidney. The ureteric bud induces metanephric mesenchyme to form nephrons. Nephrogenesis is complete by birth. The kidney ascends from the pelvis to the abdomen during development. Genetic factors like WT1 regulate kidney development. Anomalies can occur in kidney number, position, rotation and ascent during embryogenesis.
The kidneys develop from intermediate mesoderm and progress through three stages - pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys. It develops from interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. Nephrons develop from mesenchyme and the collecting system from the ureteric bud. The kidneys ascend during development due to body growth. Common anomalies include horseshoe kidney and abnormal rotation or position of the kidneys.
This document discusses renal embryology and kidney development. It begins by outlining the three main stages of kidney development - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. It then provides details on the development of each of these stages, including how they form from the intermediate mesoderm and their roles. The document also discusses genetic factors involved in kidney differentiation, abnormal kidney development including anomalies in number and position, and applied aspects such as hereditary polycystic kidneys.
This document summarizes the development of the urinary system and suprarenal gland. It discusses how they both originate from the intermediate mesoderm. It describes the development of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros, which give rise to the permanent kidneys. It also discusses the development of the ureters, bladder, and collecting system from the ureteric bud. Finally, it summarizes how the suprarenal glands develop from mesenchyme and neural crest cells to form the cortex and medulla, respectively.
The document discusses kidney development from the formation of the three germ layers during gastrulation to the development of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. It describes how the intermediate mesoderm forms the nephrogenic cord which develops into the metanephros. The ureteric bud branches to form the collecting system and induces nephron formation from the surrounding metanephric mesenchyme. Congenital anomalies of kidney development including anomalies of number, ascent, form and fusion, rotation, and the collecting system and vasculature are also summarized.
This document describes the embryology and anatomy of the kidney. It discusses how the kidney develops from the intermediate mesoderm through the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros stages. The metanephros forms the permanent kidney, with nephrons developing from the interaction of the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. The document also describes the positioning of the kidneys in the retroperitoneum and their blood supply, as well as the anatomy of the kidney including dimensions, surfaces, borders, poles and surrounding structures.
1) The kidneys develop from intermediate mesoderm and arise through three successive kidney systems - the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros.
2) The metanephros is the final and definitive kidney structure. It develops from interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephric blastema which go on to form the collecting system and nephrons, respectively.
3) Nephron development occurs through stages from renal vesicle to comma-shaped body to s-shaped body, culminating in the formation of glomerulus and tubular segments.
This document provides an overview of urinary system development. It discusses how the urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm and includes three sets of nephric structures - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney. It also describes the development of other urinary structures like the ureters, bladder, and urethra in both males and females. Finally, it notes some common congenital anomalies that can result from abnormalities during urinary system development.
The document summarizes the embryological development of the genitourinary tract. It discusses that the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and genital/reproductive tracts all originate from the intermediate mesoderm. It describes the development of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros kidney systems, as well as the development of the bladder, ureters, and genital ridges that form the gonads and ducts. Key interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues regulate the formation and differentiation of these structures in a highly coordinated process.
The liver develops from the endoderm of the foregut. During the 4th week, the hepatic diverticulum buds off from the foregut and divides into the pars hepatica and pars cystica. The pars hepatica gives rise to the liver parenchyma of hepatocytes and bile ducts. It expands between the layers of the septum transversum mesenchyme. The pars cystica develops into the gallbladder and cystic duct. By week 8, the basic structure of the liver and biliary tree is established.
The document summarizes the development of the urogenital system. It describes how the urinary and genital systems develop from a common intermediate mesoderm and cloaca. The three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros - develop sequentially. The metanephros forms the permanent kidney. The urinary bladder, urethra, and genital structures like the uterus, vagina, and external genitalia also develop from the intermediate mesoderm and urogenital sinus. The kidneys ascend to their final position in the lumbar region during development.
The liver develops from the endoderm-derived hepatic diverticulum which forms the liver bud in the fourth week of development. The liver bud expands and differentiates into the pars hepatica, which develops into the major structures of the liver including hepatocytes and bile ducts, and the pars cystica, which forms the gallbladder and cystic duct. Precise regulation of signaling molecules and transcription factors is required for the differentiation of hepatoblasts and arrangement of liver cells into their functional structures.
Development and congenital anomalies of urogenital systemJayeta Choudhury
The document discusses development and congenital anomalies of the urogenital system. It begins by explaining how the urinary and genital systems develop from a common ridge in the embryo and open into a common channel, the cloaca. It then describes the development of the three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. Next, it discusses anomalies that can occur, including anomalies of form (agenesis, hypoplasia, supernumerary kidneys), position (malrotation, ectopic kidneys), and fusion (horseshoe kidney, crossed fused renal ectopia, cake kidney). It concludes by covering congenital cystic renal diseases and the approach to differentiating them using ultrasound findings
• Describe the development of gonads (indifferent stage) and sex determination.
• Describe the development of testis and ovaries and the related structures.
• Describe the development of the genital ducts.
• Describe the development of male and female glands.
• Describe the development of the male and female external genitalia. • Discuss the related developmental anomalies.
• Both the urinary &reproductive systems are closely related (structurally & developmentally)
• Urogenital system develop from the intermediate mesoderm
• Urogenital ridge is a longitudinal elevation of the mesoderm lateral to the dorsal aorta
• Nephrogenic cord (ridge) develop in the urogenital ridge
• Gives rise to part of the urinary system
• Genital (gonadal) ridge develop close to the nephrogenic cord
• Gives rise to part of the genital system
The document discusses the development of the kidney from the embryonic stage. It describes how the ureteric bud derives from the mesonephric duct and penetrates the metanephric blastema, forming the collecting system including the renal pelvis and calyces. Nephrons are formed as the ureteric bud branches induce the metanephric blastema to develop into renal vesicles and S-shaped bodies. The kidneys ascend from the pelvic region to their final abdominal position due to body growth. Various congenital anomalies of the kidney are described including abnormalities of number, position, shape, arterial supply, and fusion.
UROGENITAL SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDES for medical studentsymusa1334
The document summarizes the development of the urogenital system from the intermediate mesenchyme. It describes how the urinary system begins with the formation of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros kidneys. The metanephros becomes the permanent kidneys through the interaction of the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. The kidneys ascend into the abdomen as the embryo grows. The ureters, bladder, and urethra also develop to complete the urinary system. Common abnormalities like renal agenesis and horseshoe kidney are also discussed.
Pyramidal, bony cavity facial skeleton
Base anterior, apex posterior
Contains and protects eyeball, muscles, nerves, vessels & most of the lacrimal apparatus
Bones forming orbit lined with periorbita
Forms Fascial sheath of the eyeball
By the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
Describe briefly development of the thyroid & parathyroid glands.
Describe the shape, position, relations and structure of the thyroid gland.
Describe the shape, position, blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the parathyroid glands.
List the blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland.
Describe the most common congenital anomalies of the thyroid gland.
List the nerves endanger with thyroidectomy operation.
Is a multilayered structure with the layers that can be defined by the word itself.
Extends from;
The supraorbital margins anteriorly
To the highest nuchal line posteriorly
Down to the ears & zygomatic arches laterally.
The forehead is common to both the scalp & face.
1. The document discusses the meninges, cerebral spinal fluid, and dural venous sinuses. It describes the three meningeal layers - dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
2. It then provides details on the various dural venous sinuses, including their locations, tributaries, and drainage. Key sinuses discussed include the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and cavernous sinus.
3. The document also covers cerebral spinal fluid, including its composition and functions. The choroid plexus is described as actively secreting CSF in the ventricles.
The document discusses the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and types of dislocations that can occur. It notes that the masticatory system includes the TMJ and masticatory muscles. There are four types of TMJ dislocations: anterior from contraction of lateral pterygoid muscles, lateral from blows to the jaw when open, posterior which are uncommon, and those caused by fractures involving the mandible neck. Treatment involves reduction maneuvers. The document also lists clinical correlates of TMJ issues like arthritis, developmental disorders, metabolic/neoplastic disorders, and inflammatory/pain dysfunction syndromes.
The region on the lateral surface of the face that comprises the parotid gland & the structures immediately related to it
Largest of the salivary glands
Located subcutaneously, below and in front of the external auditory meatus
Occupies the deep hollow behind the ramus of the mandible
Wedge-shaped when viewed externally, with the base above & the apex behind the angle of the mandible
Part of the body between the head and the thorax
Contains a number of vessels, nerves and structures connecting the head to the trunk and upper limbs
These include the esophagus, trachea, brachial plexus, carotid arteries, jugular veins, vagus and accessory nerves, lymphatics among others
A layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea
Mucus can trap contaminants
Cilia move mucus up towards mouth
Has a free tip and attached to forehead by the bridge.
External orifices (nares) bounded laterally by the ala & medially by nasal septum.
Framework above made up of: nasal bones, frontal process of maxilla, nasal part of frontal bone.
Framework below : by plates of hyaline cartilage; upper and lower nasal cartilages, and septal cartilage
The head and neck region of four week human embryo somewhat resemble these regions of a fish embryo of comparable stage
This explains the former use of designation branchial apparatus
Branchial is derived from the Greek word branchia or gill
Located on the side of the head
Extends from the superior temporal lines to the zygomatic arch.
Communicates with the infratemporal fossa deep to the zygomatic arch.
Contains a numbers of structures that include a muscle, nerves, blood vessels
The larynx is a respiratory organ located located within the anterior aspect of the neck.
Anterior to the inferior portion of the pharynx but superior to the trachea, lies below the hyoid bone in the midline at C3-6 vertebra level.
Its primary function is to provide a protective sphincter for air passages.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper and lower urinary tract. It describes the kidneys, including their location, internal structure consisting of the cortex, medulla and renal sinus. It discusses the vascular segments and blood supply to the kidneys. It also describes the ureters that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, and provides details on the anatomy of the urinary bladder in both males and females.
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucosa. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine. Just before entering the stomach, the esophagus passes through the diaphragm.
This document summarizes the internal female genitalia, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina. It describes the location, structure, blood supply, functions, and common disorders of each organ. The ovaries produce eggs and sex hormones. The fallopian tubes receive eggs from the ovaries, provide a site for fertilization, and transport fertilized eggs to the uterus. The uterus receives and nourishes a fertilized egg. The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina, which acts as a birth canal. Common disorders like ovarian cysts, ovarian cancer, and ectopic pregnancies are also discussed.
At the end of the presentation ,we should be able to describe the:
Location, shape and relations of the right and left adrenal glands.
Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of right and left adrenal glands
Parts of adrenal glands and function of each part.
Development of adrenal gland and common anomalies.
The pericardium is the sac that encloses the heart. It consists of an outer fibrous part known as the fibrous pericardium, and a double layered serous sac known as the serous pericardium.
The pericardium prevents
sudden dilatation of the heart, especially the right chamber, and displacement of the heart and great vessels,
minimizes friction between the heart and surrounding structures, and
prevents the spread of infection or cancer from the lung or pleura.
Major Function:
Makes sperm cells (gametes) and transfer the sperm into the female reproductive system in order to fertilize the female gametes to produce a zygote.
Include:
the testes, the epididymis, the vas deferens, the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the Cowper’s glands.
The testes, (To Testify) the paired, oval-shaped organs that produce sperm and male sex hormones, are located in the scrotum.
They are highly innervated and sensitive to touch and pressure.
The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics and sex drive (libido).
The azygos vein connects the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava
The thoracic duct is the largest lymph vessel that ultimately drains lymph from all parts of the body into the blood circulation
We shall look at them one at a time
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
2. Urogenital System
• Functionally the urogenital system can be divided into
two entirely different components:
1. The urinary system
2. The genital system.
Embryologically and anatomically they are
intimately interwoven.
Both develop from a common mesodermal ridge
(intermediate mesoderm) along the posterior wall of the
abdominal cavity,
Initially the excretory ducts of both systems enter a
common cavity, the cloaca.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
3. Urinary System
KIDNEY SYSTEMS
• Three slightly overlapping kidney systems are
formed in a cranial to caudal sequence during
intrauterine life in humans:
1. The pronephros, (rudimentary and nonfunctional).
2. The mesonephros, (function for a short time during the
early fetal period).
3. The metanephros, (forms the permanent kidney)
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
4. Note formation of external and internal glomeruli and the open connection
between the intraembryonic cavity and the nephric tubule.
21 days
25 days
Transverse sections through embryos at various stages of development
showing formation of nephric tubules.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
5. Pronephros
• At the beginning of the fourth week, the pronephros
is represented by 7 to 10 solid cell groups in the
cervical region.
• These groups form vestigial excretory units,
nephrotomes, that regress before more caudal ones
are formed.
• By the end of the fourth week, all indications of the
pronephric system have disappeared.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
6. Relationship of the
intermediate mesoderm of
the pronephric, mesonephric,
and metanephric systems.
In cervical and upper thoracic
regions intermediate
mesoderm is segmented;
in lower thoracic, lumbar, and
sacral regions it forms a solid,
unsegmented mass of tissue,
the nephrogenic cord.
Note the longitudinal collecting
duct, formed initially by the
pronephros but later by the
mesonephros
Unsegmented mesoderm
(metanephric system)
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
7. Ureteric bud
Excretory
tubules of the
pronephric and
mesonephric
systems in a 5-
week-old embryo.
Note the longitudinal collecting
duct, formed initially by the
pronephros but later by the
mesonephros
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
8. Mesonephros
• The mesonephros and mesonephric ducts are derived from
intermediate mesoderm from upper thoracic to upper
lumbar (L3) segments.
• Early in the fourth week, the first excretory tubules of the
mesonephros appear.
• They lengthen rapidly, form an S-shaped loop, and acquire
a tuft of capillaries that will form a glomerulus at their
medial extremity.
• Around the glomerulus the tubules form Bowman’s
capsule, and together these structures constitute a renal
corpuscle.
• Laterally the tubule enters the longitudinal collecting duct
known as the mesonephric or wolffian duct.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
9. Transverse section
through the urogenital
ridge in the lower
thoracic region of
a 5-week embryo
showing formation of
an excretory tubule of
the
mesonephric system.
Note the appearance of Bowman’s capsule and the gonadal ridge.
The mesonephros and gonad are attached to the posterior
abdominal wall by a broad urogenital mesentery.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
10. Mesonephros
• In the middle of the second month the mesonephros forms
a large ovoid organ on each side of the midline.
• Since the developing gonad is on its medial side, the ridge
formed by both organs is known as the urogenital ridge.
• The caudal tubules are still differentiating,
• The cranial tubules and glomeruli show degenerative
changes, and by the end of the second month the majority
have disappeared.
• In the male a few of the caudal tubules and the
mesonephric duct persist and participate in formation of
the genital system, but they disappear in the female.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
11. Relation of the
gonad and the
mesonephros
Note the size of the
mesonephros.
The mesonephric
duct (wolffian duct)
runs along the
lateral side of
the mesonephros
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
12. Metanephros
The Definitive Kidney
• The third urinary organ, the metanephros, or
permanent kidney, appears in the fifth week.
• Its excretory units develop from metanephric
mesoderm in the same manner as in the
mesonephric system.
• The development of the duct system differs
from that of the other kidney systems.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
13. Relation of
the hindgut
and cloaca at
the end of
the 5th week.
The ureteric bud penetrates the metanephric mesoderm (blastema).
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
14. Development of the
renal pelvis, calyces, and
collecting tubules of the metanephros.
Note the pyramid
form of the
collecting tubules
entering the minor
calyx.
6 weeks end of 6th week 7 weeks
Newborn
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
15. Collecting System
• Collecting ducts of the permanent kidney develop from
the ureteric bud.
• The bud penetrates the metanephric tissue.
• The bud dilates, forming the primitive renal pelvis, and
splits into cranial and caudal portions (the future major
calyces).
• Each calyx forms two new buds while penetrating the
metanephric tissue.
• These buds continue to subdivide until 12 or more
generations of tubules have formed.
• Meanwhile, at the periphery more tubules form until
the end of the fifth month.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
16. Collecting System
• The tubules of the second order enlarge and absorb
those of the third and fourth generations, forming
the minor calyces of the renal pelvis.
• Collecting tubules of the fifth and successive
generations form the renal pyramid.
• The ureteric bud gives rise to the;
– ureter,
– renal pelvis,
– major and minor calyces,
– 1 million to 3 million collecting tubules.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
18. Excretory System
• Each newly formed collecting tubule is covered at its distal
end by a metanephric tissue cap.
• Cells of the tissue cap form small vesicles, the renal vesicles,
• Renal vesicles give rise to small S-shaped tubules.
• Capillaries grow into the pocket at one end of the S and
differentiate into glomeruli.
• These tubules, together with their glomeruli, form nephrons,
or excretory units.
• The proximal end of each nephron forms Bowman’s capsule.
• The distal end forms an open connection with one of the
collecting tubules, establishing a passageway from Bowman’s
capsule to the collecting unit. Continuous lengthening of the
excretory tubule results in formation of the proximal
convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted
tubule. Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
19. Excretory System
• The kidney develops from two sources:
– (a) metanephric mesoderm, which provides excretory units.
– (b) the ureteric bud, which gives rise to the collecting system.
• Nephrons are formed until birth, at which time there
are approximately 1 million in each kidney.
• Urine production begins early in gestation, soon after differentiation
of the glomerular capillaries, which start to form by the10th week.
• At birth the kidneys have a lobulated appearance, but the
lobulation disappears during infancy as a result of further
growth of the nephrons, although there is no increase in their
number
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
20. Genes involved in differentiation of the kidney
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
21. Genes involved in differentiation of the kidney
(explanation of the figure in the previous slide)
• A. WT1, expressed by the mesenchyme, enables this tissue
to respond to induction by the ureteric bud.
• GDNF and HGF interact through their receptors, RET and
MET, respectively, to stimulate growth of the bud and
maintain the interactions.
• The growth factors FGF2 and BMP7 stimulate proliferation
of the mesenchyme and maintain WT1 expression.
• B. PAX2 and WNT4, produced by the ureteric bud, cause
the mesenchyme to epithelialize in preparation for
excretory tubule differentiation.
• Laminin and type IV collagen form a basement membrane
for the epithelial cells.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
22. MOLECULAR REGULATION OF KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT
• Differentiation of the kidney involves epithelial mesenchymal
interactions.
• Epithelium of the ureteric bud from the mesonephros interacts with
mesenchyme of the metanephric blastema.
• The mesenchyme expresses WT1, a transcription factor that
– MAKES this tissue competent to respond to induction by the ureteric
bud,
– REGULATES production of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by the mesenchyme.
– and these proteins stimulate growth of the ureteric buds.
• The tyrosine kinase receptors RET, for GDNF, and MET, for HGF, are
synthesized by the epithelium of the ureteric buds, establishing
signaling pathways between the two tissues.
• In turn, the buds induce the mesenchyme via fibroblast growth
factor-2 (FGF-2) and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7).
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
23. • Both of these growth factors block apoptosis and stimulate
proliferation in the metanephric mesenchyme while maintaining
production of WT1.
• Conversion of the mesenchyme to an epithelium for nephron
formation is also mediated by the ureteric buds, in part through
modification of the extracellular matrix.
• Thus fibronectin, collagen I, and collagen III are replaced with
laminin and type IV collagen, characteristic of an epithelial basal
lamina.
• In addition, the cell adhesion molecules syndecan and E-cadherin,
which are essential for condensation of the mesenchyme into an
epithelium, are synthesized. Regulatory genes for conversion of the
mesenchyme into an epithelium appear to involve PAX2 and WNT4.
MOLECULAR REGULATION OF KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
24. C L I N I C A L C O R R E L A T E S
• Renal Tumors and Defects
Wilms’ tumor =/- (WAGR syndrome is characterized by aniridia,
hemihypertrophy, and Wilms’ tumor. Denys-Drash syndrome consists of
renal failure, pseudohermaphrodism, and Wilms’ tumor).
Renal dysplasias and agenesis./Potter sequence/ Multicystic
dysplastic kidney (Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, autosomal
dominant polycystic kidney disease).
Duplication of the ureter.
one ureter opens into the bladder, and the other is ectopic.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
25. Possible sites of ectopic ureteral
openings in the vagina, urethra,
and vestibule.
complete
double
ureter
partial
double
ureter
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
26. POSITION OF THE KIDNEY
• The kidney, initially in the pelvic region,
• later shifts to a more cranial position in the abdomen.
• This ascent of the kidney is caused by diminution of body
curvature and by growth of the body in the lumbar and
sacral regions.
• In the pelvis the metanephros receives its arterial supply
from a pelvic branch of the aorta.
• During its ascent to the abdominal level, it is vascularized
by arteries that originate from the aorta at continuously
higher levels.
• The lower vessels usually degenerate, but some may remain.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
27. Ascent of the kidneys
Gonad descent
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
29. C L I N I C A L C O R R E L A T E S
Abnormal Location of the Kidneys
• During their ascent the kidneys pass through the arterial fork
formed by the umbilical arteries, but occasionally one of them
fails to do so;
• Pelvic kidney.
• Horseshoe kidney (ascent is prevented by the root of the
inferior mesenteric artery).
• Accessory renal arteries (common).
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
30. FUNCTION OF THE KIDNEY
• The definitive kidney formed from the
metanephros becomes functional near the 12th
week.
• Urine is passed into the amniotic cavity and mixes
with the amniotic fluid.
• The fluid is swallowed by the fetus and recycles
through the kidneys.
• During fetal life, the kidneys are not responsible
for excretion of waste products,
• The placenta serves this function.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
31. BLADDER AND URETHRA 1/2
• During the fourth to seventh weeks of development the
cloaca divides into the urogenital sinus anteriorly and the
anal canal posteriorly.
• The urorectal septum is a layer of mesoderm between
the primitive anal canal and the urogenital sinus.
• The tip of the septum will form the perineal body.
• Three portions of the urogenital sinus can be distinguished:
1. The urinary bladder , (the upper and largest part).
2. The pelvic part of the urogenital sinus, (narrow canal)
3. The phallic part of the urogenital sinus,(flattened from side to side).
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
32. Divisions of the cloaca into the urogenital sinus
and anorectal canal. The mesonephric duct is
gradually absorbed into the wall of the urogenital
sinus, and the ureters enter separately.
5th week
8th week
7th week
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
33. Initially the bladder is continuous with the allantois,
• but when the lumen of the allantois is obliterated, the
urachus, remains and connects the apex of the bladder with
the umbilicus.
• In the adult, it is known as the median umbilical ligament.
The next part is a narrow canal, the pelvic part of the
urogenital sinus,
In the male gives rise to the prostatic and membranous parts
of the urethra.
The last part is the phallic part of the urogenital sinus.
It is flattened from side to side, and as the genital tubercle
grows, this part of the sinus will be pulled ventrally.
BLADDER AND URETHRA 2/2
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
34. During Differentiation of the Cloaca
• The caudal portions of the mesonephric ducts are absorbed
into the wall of the urinary bladder.
• The ureters enter the bladder separately.
• As a result of ascent of the kidneys, the orifices of the
ureters move farther cranially;
• those of the mesonephric ducts move close together to
enter the prostatic urethra and in the male become the
ejaculatory ducts.
• The mucosa of the bladder formed by incorporation of the
ducts (the trigone of the bladder) is also mesodermal.
• With time the mesodermal lining of the trigone is replaced
by endodermal epithelium, so that finally the inside of the
bladder is completely lined with endodermal epithelium.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
35. Development of the urogenital sinus into the urinary
bladder and definitive urogenital sinus.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
36. In the male the
definitive urogenital
sinus develops into the
penile urethra.,
The prostate gland is formed
by buds from the urethra
Seminal vesicles are formed by
budding from the ductus deferens.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
37. Dorsal views of the bladder showing the relation of the
ureters and mesonephric ducts during development
(A) Initially the ureters are formed by
an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct
(B–D) with time they assume a separate
entrance into the urinary bladder
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
38. URETHRA
• The epithelium of the urethra in both sexes
originates in the endoderm;
• At the end of the third month, epithelium of the prostatic
urethra begins to proliferate and forms a number of
outgrowths that penetrate the surrounding mesenchyme.
• In the male, these buds form the prostate gland .
• In the female, the cranial part of the urethra gives
rise to the urethral and paraurethral glands.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
39. Development of the urogenital sinus into the urinary
bladder and definitive urogenital sinus.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
40. In the male the
definitive urogenital
sinus develops into the
penile urethra.,
The prostate gland is formed
by buds from the urethra
Seminal vesicles are formed by
budding from the ductus deferens.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
41. C L I N I C A L C O R R E L A T E S
Bladder Defects
• Urachal fistula (may cause urine to drain from the umbilicus).
• Urachal cyst (If only a local area of the allantois persists, results
in a cystic dilation).
• Urachal sinus (When the lumen in the upper part
persists).
• This sinus is usually continuous with the urinary
bladder.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
43. • Exstrophy of the bladder
• is a ventral body wall defect in which the bladder
mucosa is exposed outside.
• This anomaly is rare, occurring in 2/100,000 live births.
• Exstrophy of the Cloaca
• is a more severe ventral body wall defect in which
migration of mesoderm to the midline is inhibited and the tail (caudal)
fold fails to progress.
• Occurrence is rare (1/30,000),
• defect is associated with early amniotic rupture.
• The defect includes exstrophy of the bladder, spinal defects with or
without meningomyelocele, imperforate anus, and usually omphalocele.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
45. • Sex differentiation is a complex process that involves
many genes, including some that are autosomal.
• The key to sexual dimorphism is the Y chromosome,
which contains the SRY (sex-determining region on
Y) gene on its short arm (Yp11).
• The protein product of this gene is a transcription factor
initiating a cascade of downstream genes that
determine the fate of rudimentary sexual organs.
• The SRY protein is the testis-determining factor;
under its influence male development occurs;
• In its absence female development is established.
GENITAL SYSTEM
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
47. GONADS
• The sex of the embryo is determined at the time of
fertilization,
• The gonads acquire male or female morphological in
the seventh week of development.
• Gonads appear initially as a pair of longitudinal ridges,
the genital or gonadal ridges.
• Germ cells appear in the genital ridges in the sixth
week of development.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
48. Relation of the genital ridge
and the mesonephros
showing location
of the mesonephric duct
Transverse
section through
the mesonephros
and genital ridge
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
49. A 3-week-old embryo showing the
primordial germ cells in the wall of
the yolk sac close to the attachment
of the allantois
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
50. Migrational path of the
primordial
germ cells along the wall
of the hindgut and the
dorsal mesentery into
the genital ridge
indifferent gonad
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
51. Transverse section through the lumbar region of a 6-week embryo showing the indifferent
gonad with the primitive sex cords.
Some of the primordial germ cells are surrounded by cells of the primitive sex cords.
Shortly before and during arrival of primordial germ cells, the epithelium of the genital
ridge proliferates, and epithelial cells penetrate the underlying mesenchyme
They form the primitive sex cords.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
52. TESTIS
• If the embryo is genetically male, the primordial germ cells
carry an XY sex chromosome complex.
• The primitive sex cords continue to proliferate and
penetrate deep into the medulla to form the testis or
medullary cords.
• Toward the hilum of the gland the cords break up into a
network of tiny cell strands that later give rise to tubules of the rete testis.
• During further development, a dense layer of fibrous
connective tissue, the tunica albuginea, separates the
testis cords from the surface epithelium.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
53. Transverse section through
the testis in the eighth week,
showing the tunica albuginea,
testis cords, rete testis, and
primordial germ cells. The
glomerulus and Bowman’s
capsule of the mesonephric
excretory tubule are
degenerating
Testis and genital duct in the
fourth month. The horseshoe-
shaped testis cords are
continuous with the rete testis
cords. Note the ductuli
efferentes (excretory
mesonephric tubules), which
enter the mesonephric duct.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
54. • In the fourth month, the testis cords become horseshoe shaped, and
their extremities are continuous with those of the rete testis.
• Testis cords are now composed of;
– primitive germ cells
– and sustentacular cells of Sertoli derived from the surface
epithelium of the gland.
• Interstitial cells of Leydig, derived from the original mesenchyme
of the gonadal ridge, lie between the testis cords.
• They begin development shortly after onset of differentiation of
these cords.
• By the eighth week of gestation, Leydig cells begin production of
testosterone,
• and the testis is able to influence sexual differentiation of the genital
ducts and external genitalia.
TESTIS
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
55. • Testis cords remain solid until puberty, when they acquire
a lumen, thus forming the seminiferous tubules.
• Seminiferous tubules are canalized, they join the rete
testis tubules,
• Rete testis in turn enter the ductuli efferentes.
• These efferent ductules are the remaining parts of the
excretory tubules of the mesonephric system.
• They link the rete testis and the mesonephric or
wolffian duct, which becomes the ductus deferens.
TESTIS
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
57. Ovary
• In female embryos with an XX sex chromosome complement and no Y
chromosome,
• primitive sex cords dissociate into irregular
• cell clusters.
• The clusters, containing groups of primitive germ cells,
• the clusters Later they disappear
• and replaced by a vascular stroma (forms the ovarian medulla).
• Surface epithelium continues to proliferate.
• In the seventh week, it gives rise to a second generation of cords, cortical
cords,
• In the fourth month, these cords split into isolated cell
clusters, with each surrounding one or more primitive
germ cells.
• Germ cells develop into oogonia,
• the surrounding epithelial cells form follicular cells.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
58. Degenerating
mesonephric tubule
Urogenital
mesentery
Degenerating
medullary
cords
Surface
epithelium
Follicular
cells
Paramesonephric duct
Mesonephric duct
Mesonephric duct
Paramesonephric duct
Surface
epithelium
Ductuli efferentes
Cortical
cords
Transverse section of the
ovary at the seventh week,
showing degeneration
of the primitive (medullary)
sex cords and formation of
the cortical cords.
Ovary and genital ducts in the fifth month. Note
degeneration of the medullary cords.
The excretory mesonephric tubules (efferent ductules)
do not communicate with the rete. The cortical zone
of the ovary contains groups of oogonia surrounded
by follicular cells.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
59. Ovary
• It may thus be stated that the genetic sex of an
embryo is determined at the time of fertilization,
depending on whether the spermatocyte carries
an X or a Y chromosome.
• In embryos with an XX sex chromosome
configuration, medullary cords of the gonad
regress, and a secondary generation of cortical
cords develops.
• In embryos with an XY sex chromosome complex,
medullary cords develop into testis cords, and
secondary cortical cords fail to develop.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
60. Genital ducts in the sixth week in the male (A) and female (B).
The mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts are present in both.
Note the excretory tubules of the mesonephros and their relation to the developing
gonad in both sexes Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
61. GENITAL DUCTS
Indifferent Stage
• Initially both male and female embryos have two pairs of
genital ducts;
1. MESONEPHRIC (WOLFFIAN) ducts
2. PARAMESONEPHRIC (M¨ ULLERIAN) ducts.
• Cranially the paramesonephric duct opens into the abdominal cavity with a
funnel-like structure.
• Caudally the paramesonephric duct first runs lateral to the mesonephric duct,
then crosses it ventrally to grow caudomedially.
• In the midline it comes in close contact with the paramesonephric duct from the
opposite side. The two ducts are initially separated by a septum but later fuse to
form the uterine canal.
• The caudal tip of the combined ducts projects into the posterior wall of
the urogenital sinus as (the paramesonephric or m¨ullerian tubercle).
• The mesonephric ducts open into the urogenital sinus on either
side of the m¨ullerian tubercle.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
62. Round ligament
of uterus
Gartner’s cyst
Vagina
epoophoron
paroophoronx
mesovarium
Corpus uteri
cervix
Fornix
Ligament of the ovary
Suspensory Ligament of the ovary
fimbriae
Abdominal ostium of uterine tube
Cortical cords of the ovary
mesonephros
Mesonephric duct
Paramesonephric tubercle (m¨ullerian)
Uterine canal
The only parts remaining from the mesonephric system
are the epoophoron, paroophoron, and Gartner’s cyst
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
64. Influence of the sex glands
on further sex differentiation
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
65. Influence of the sex glands
on further sex differentiation
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
66. Genital Ducts in the Male
• As the mesonephros regresses, a few excretory tubules, the
epigenital tubules, establish contact with cords of the rete
testis and finally form the efferent ductules of the testis.
• Excretory tubules along the caudal pole of the testis, the
paragenital tubules, do not join the cords of the rete
testis.
• Their vestiges are collectively known as the paradidymis.
• Except for the most cranial portion, the mesonephric ducts
persist and form the main genital ducts.
• the (ductus) epididymis.
• the ductus deferens.
• ejaculatory duct.
• The paramesonephric ducts in the male degenerate except
for a small portion at their cranial ends, the appendix
testis.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
67. the epigenital tubules,
establish contact with cords of
the rete testis and finally form
the efferent ductules of the
testis
Excretory tubules along the caudal
pole of the testis, the paragenital
tubules, do not join the cords of the
rete testis
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
68. Genital Ducts in the Female
• The paramesonephric ducts develop into the main genital ducts of the
female. Initially, three parts can be recognized in each duct:
1. Cranial vertical portion that opens into the abdominal cavity,
2. Horizontal part that crosses the mesonephric duct,
3. Caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner from the opposite side.
• The first two parts develop into the uterine tube
• The caudal parts fuse to form the uterine canal.
• After the ducts fuse in the midline, the broad ligament of the uterus is
established,.
• The uterine tube lies in its upper border, and the ovary lies on its
posterior surface.
• The uterus and broad ligaments divide the pelvic cavity into
the uterorectal pouch uterovesical pouch.
• The fused paramesonephric ducts give rise to the corpus and cervix of
the uterus.
• They are surrounded by a layer of mesenchyme that forms the muscular
coat of the uterus, the myometrium, and its peritoneal covering, the
perimetrium.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
69. Transverse sections through the urogenital ridge at progressively lower levels.
The gonads come to lie at the posterior aspect of the transverse fold.
. A. and B. The paramesonephric
ducts approach each other in the
midline and fuse
C. As a result of fusion, a
transverse fold, the broad
ligament of the uterus,
forms in the pelvis
Mesonephric duct
Fused paramesonephric ducts Broad lig of uterus
Uterorectal pouch
Uterovesical pouch
ovary
Fused paramesonephric ducts
paramesonephric duct
Mesonephric excretory
tubule
Urogenital ridge
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
70. VAGINA
• The paramesonephric ducts reaches the urogenital sinus ,
gives rise to the sinovaginal bulbs, which give rise to
• Solid vaginal plate.
• By the fifth month, the vaginal outgrowth is entirely
canalized.
• The vaginal fornices, are of paramesonephric origin.
• Thus, the vagina has a dual origin, with the upper portion
derived from the uterine canal and the lower portion
derived from the urogenital sinus.
• The lumen of the vagina remains separated from that of
the urogenital sinus by a thin tissue plate, the hymen.
• The mesonephric duct gives rise to Gartner’s cyst.
• Epoophoron and Paroophoron are remnant of excretory
tubule in the mesovarium.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
71. 9 weeks. Note the
disappearance
of the uterine
septum
At the end of the third
month. Note the tissue of
the sinovaginal bulbs
Newborn
The fornices and the upper portion of the vagina are formed by vacuolization
of the paramesonephric tissue,
The lower portion of the vagina is formed by vacuolization of the sinovaginal bulbs.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
72. Sagittal sections showing formation
of the uterus and vagina at various
stages of development.
Nine weeks End of third month
Newborn
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
73. C L I N I C A L C O R R E L A T E S
Uterine and Vaginal Defects
• Duplications of the uterus
– uterus didelphys
– uterus arcuatus
– uterus bicornis
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
75. EXTERNAL GENITALIA
Indifferent Stage
• In the third week of development, mesenchyme cells
originating in the region of the primitive streak migrate
around the cloacal membrane to form a pair of slightly
elevated cloacal folds.
• The folds unite to form the genital tubercle.
• Caudally the folds are subdivided into urethral folds
anteriorly and anal folds posteriorly.
• Another pair of elevations, the genital swellings, becomes
visible on each side of the urethral folds. These swellings
later form the scrotal swellings in the male and the labia
majora in the female.
• At the end of the sixth week, however, it is impossible to
distinguish between the two sexes.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
76. A and B. Indifferent stages
of the external genitalia. A.
Approximately
4 weeks. B. Approximately 6
weeks. C. Scanning electron
micrograph of the external
genitalia of a human embryo
at approximately the seventh
week. AF, anal fold;
arrowhead,
anal opening; GS, genital
swelling; GT, genital tubercle;
T, tail; UF, urethral fold.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
77. A. Development of external genitalia in the male at 10 weeks. Note the deep
urethral groove flanked by the urethral folds. B. Transverse sections through the
phallus during formation of the penile urethra. The urogenital groove is bridged by
the urethral folds. C. Development of the glandular portion of the penile urethra.
D. Newborn. Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
78. External Genitalia in the Male
• Development of the external genitalia in the male is
under the influence of androgens secreted by the fetal
testes and is characterized by rapid elongation of the
genital tubercle, which is now called the phallus.
• During this elongation, the phallus pulls the urethral
folds forward so that they form the lateral walls of the
urethral groove.
• This groove extends along the caudal aspect of the
elongated phallus but does not reach the most distal
part, the glans.
• The epithelial lining of the groove, which originates in
the endoderm, forms the urethral plate.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
79. • At the end of the third month the two urethral folds close
over the urethral plate, forming the penile urethra.
• This canal does not extend to the tip of the phallus.
• This most distal portion of the urethra is formed during the
fourth month, when ectodermal cells from the tip of the
glans penetrate inward and form a short epithelial cord.
• This cord later obtains a lumen, thus forming the external
urethral meatus.
• The genital swellings, known in the male as the scrotal
swellings, arise in the inguinal region.
• With further development they move caudally, and each
swelling then makes up half of the scrotum.
• The two are separated by the scrotal septum.
External Genitalia in the Male
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
80. C L I N I C A L C O R R E L A T E S
Defects in the Male Genitalia
• Hypospadias
• Epispadias
• Exstrophy of the bladder,
• Micropenis
• Bifid penis or double penis
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
81. A. Genitalia of a male fetus at 14 weeks, showing fusion of the scrotal
swellings (S ). Arrow, epithelial tag. B and C. Dorsal and ventral views, respectively, of
the genitalia of a female fetus at 11 weeks. The genital tubercle at this stage is longer
than in the male (A), and the genital swellings (GS ) remain unfused.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
83. Patient with hypospadias. The urethra is open
on the ventral surface of
the penis
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
84. Epispadias combined with exstrophy of
the bladder. Bladder mucosa is exposed.
Ureteric opening
Urethra
Mucosa of urinary bladder
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
85. External Genitalia in the Female
• Estrogens stimulate development of the external
genitalia of the female.
• The genital tubercle elongates only slightly and forms
the clitoris.
• urethral folds do not fuse, as in the male, but develop
into the labia minora.
• Genital swellings enlarge and form the labia majora.
• The urogenital groove is open and forms the vestibule.
• Although the genital tubercle does not elongate
extensively in the female, it is larger than in the male
during the early stages of development.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
86. Development of the external genitalia in the female
at 5 months (A) and in the newborn (B).
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
87. C L I N I C A L C O R R E L A T E S
Defects in Sex Differentiation
• Klinefelter syndrome,
• gonadal dysgenesis/ XY female gonadal
dysgenesis (Swyer syndrome)/ Turner
syndrome
• Hermaphrodites / pseudohermaphrodites/
Female pseudohermaphroditism is most commonly caused by congenital
adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome)
• Male pseudohermaphrodites have a 46,XY chromosome complement,
• and their cells are usually chromatin-negative.
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome (formerly testicular feminization)
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
88. DESCENT OF THE TESTES
• Toward the end of the second month, the urogenital mesentery attaches the
• testis and mesonephros to the posterior abdominal wall (Fig. 14.3A). With
degeneration
• of the mesonephros the attachment serves as a mesentery for the gonad .
Caudally it becomes ligamentous and is known as the caudal genital ligament .
Also extending from the caudal pole of the testis is a mesenchymal condensation
rich in extracellular matrices, the gubernaculum. Prior to descent of the testis, this
band of mesenchyme terminates in the inguinal region between the differentiating
internal and external abdominal oblique muscles. Later, as the testis begins to
descend toward the inguinal ring, an extra-abdominal portion of the
gubernaculum forms and grows from the inguinal region toward the scrotal
swellings. When the testis passes through the inguinal canal, this extra-abdominal
portion contacts the scrotal floor (the gubernaculum forms in females also, but in
normal cases it remains rudimentary).
• Normally, the testes reach the inguinal
• region by approximately 12weeks gestation, migrate through the inguinal canal
• by 28 weeks, and reach the scrotum by 33 week
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
89. C L I N I C A L C O R R E L A T E S
Hernias and Cryptorchism
• The connection between the abdominal cavity and
the processus vaginalis in the scrotal sac normally
closes in the first year after birth. If remains opened
causing a congenital inguinal hernia.
• Sometimes obliteration of this passageway is irregular, leaving small cysts
along its course. Later these cysts may secrete fluid, forming a hydrocele
of the testis and/or spermatic cord.
• In 97% of male newborns, testes are present in the scrotum before birth.
• In most of the remainder, descent will be completed during the first 3
months postnatally.
• However, in less than 1% of infants, one or both testes fail to descend.
• The condition is called cryptorchidism and may be caused by decreased
androgen (testosterone) production. The undescended testes fail to
produce mature spermatozoa and the condition is associated with a 3% to
5% incidence of renal anomalies.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
90. DESCENT OF THE OVARIES
• Descent of the gonads is considerably less in the
female than in the male,
• and the ovaries finally settle just below the rim of
the true pelvis. The cranial
• genital ligament forms the suspensory ligament
of the ovary, whereas the caudal genital ligament
forms the ligament of the ovary proper and the
round
• ligament of the uterus (Fig. 14.24). the latter
extends into the labia majora.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
92. Descent of the testis. A. During the second month. B. In the middle of the third month.
Peritoneum lining the coelomic cavity evaginates into the scrotal swelling,
where it forms the vaginal process (tunica vaginalis).
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
93. C. In the seventh month.
D. Shortly after birth
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
95. A. Testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, and various layers of the abdominal wall that surround
the testis in the scrotum. B. Vaginal process in open communication with the peritoneal
cavity. In such a case, portions of the intestinal loops often descend toward and occasionally
into the scrotum, causing an inguinal hernia. C. Hydrocele.
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
96. Kidney develop
Ureter develop
Failure of the allantois to obliterate will lead
to urachal fistula/ cyst/ sinus
Horseshoe kidney lies in cavity
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
97. END
Dr Ndayisaba Corneille
THANKS FOR LISTENING
By
DR NDAYISABA CORNEILLE
MBChB,DCM,BCSIT,CCNA
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