First week of development
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The document summarizes key stages in human fertilization and early embryonic development. It describes: 1) How sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction allow sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with the egg. 2) The formation of pronuclei and how the zygote undergoes cell division to become a morula and then a blastocyst. 3) The process of blastocyst implantation in the uterine lining and how trophoblast cells mediate attachment to the endometrium.
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The document summarizes key developments during the 2nd week (days 8-13) of embryonic development:
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- By days 11-12, the blastocyst is completely embedded and the syncytiotrophoblast forms lacunar spaces that connect to maternal blood sinusoids, establishing uteroplacental circulation. Extraembryonic mesoderm also develops.
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- Cleavage involves rapid cell divisions of the zygote over the first few days, forming a solid ball of cells called a morula.
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1. Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes in the zygote. The zygote contains 23 chromosomes from the sperm and 23 chromosomes from the egg, restoring the normal human diploid number of 46 chromosomes.
2. Determination of the sex of the new individual. An X-carrying sperm produces a female (XX) embryo while a Y-carrying sperm produces a male (XY) embryo.
3. Initiation of cell division called cleavage. Without fertilization, the egg would degenerate within 24 hours of ovulation
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3. Guidelines that ultrasound exposure should be limited to medical purposes and that current evidence does not demonstrate adverse effects in humans from diagnostic ultrasound.
4. Evaluation of fetal anatomy including the brain, spine, heart, face and neck during the second and third trimesters and common abnormalities that can be detected through ultrasound.
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- Amniotic fluid serves several important roles in fetal development including allowing movement, swallowing, breathing and protecting the fetus.
- The normal volume of amniotic fluid increases throughout pregnancy reaching around 800mL by the mid-third trimester. Abnormally low (oligohydramnios) or high (hydramnios) volumes can occur.
- Hydramnios, which complicates 1-2% of pregnancies, has many potential causes including fetal anomalies, diabetes or infections. It can lead to pregnancy complications like cesarean delivery. Oligohydramnios also has various causes like renal abnormalities and medications and is associated with adverse outcomes such as pulmonary hypoplasia
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The document discusses how the fetus is able to survive as a semi-allograft within the mother's uterus despite having different genetic material. It was first proposed in 1953 that the fetus is able to evade maternal immune detection through lack of fetal antigen expression or maternal lymphocyte suppression. The document then explores various mechanisms by which the fetal-maternal interface avoids rejection, including lack of MHC class I expression on trophoblast cells, shifts in maternal immune cell profiles toward anti-inflammatory responses, and expression of inhibitory ligands on trophoblasts. Immune cells in both the peripheral maternal system and local decidua are adapted to tolerate the semi-allogeneic fetus through these various mechanisms.
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This document discusses how various diseases can affect drug pharmacokinetics and metabolism. It covers effects of gastrointestinal, cardiac, renal, liver and thyroid disorders. Key points include:
- Renal and liver diseases can significantly impact drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Dose adjustments are often needed.
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- Monitoring drug levels can help optimize therapy for individual patients, especially when inter-individual variability is high or clinical effects are difficult to assess. Close monitoring of response is important when prescribing for patients with organ dysfunction.
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The document summarizes the development of the digestive system from the primitive gut tube. It describes how the gut tube is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. It explains how each section develops and gives rise to different parts of the digestive system. It also discusses the rotation and folding of the midgut and how the mesenteries that suspend the gut tube from the body wall develop and change throughout this process.
3. the pituitary gland
The pituitary gland lies at the base of the brain and coordinates many endocrine glands. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH which respond to signals from the hypothalamus. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin from nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary contains five major cell types that secrete different hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, and gonadotropins.
Abdomen part 3
The abdominal aorta supplies the abdomen with blood vessels that branch into three main arteries:
(1) The celiac trunk which branches further into the left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries.
(2) The superior mesenteric artery which supplies the small intestine and branches into jejunal, ileal, and colic arteries.
(3) The inferior mesenteric artery which supplies the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum through branches like the left colic and superior rectal arteries.
Venous drainage of the abdominal organs is carried by the portal vein, formed by the union of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins. It delivers blood to the liver
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By Abdoulwahab Mahdi Ali (Student)
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The respiratory system develops from the foregut. By 4 weeks, the nasal prominences appear and the nose develops from the fusion of medial, lateral, and maxillary processes. The larynx develops from the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches while the lungs bud from the foregut and divide into right and left lungs. The lungs mature through pseudoglandular, canalicular, terminal sac and alveolar phases. Surfactant production allows for respiration at birth. Common anomalies include esophageal atresia and respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants due to surfactant deficiency.
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The document summarizes key aspects of renal and urinary system anatomy and physiology. It describes the basic unit of the kidney, the nephron, and its components including the glomerulus and tubules. It explains renal circulation and the mechanisms of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion. Specific topics covered include regulation of sodium, water, glucose, potassium and urea, as well as the roles of diuretics and hormones like vasopressin and erythropoietin. The document concludes with descriptions of urine transport through the ureters and bladder filling and emptying during urination.
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Second week of development
The document summarizes key events in implantation and early embryonic development during the first and second weeks. In the first week, the blastocyst undergoes a series of cellular and molecular events to adhere and embed into the endometrium, including degradation of the zona pellucida, adhesion to the epithelium, differentiation of trophoblast layers, erosion of tissues, and establishment of uteroplacental circulation. By the end of the second week, the embryo has undergone rapid proliferation and differentiation, formation of extraembryonic structures like the yolk sac and coelom, emergence of the amniotic cavity and bilaminar disc, and development of the prechordal plate as an organizer of the cranial
Mesoderm
The mesoderm generates organs between the ectoderm and endoderm. It is divided into four regions - chordamesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm. The lateral plate mesoderm splits into somatic and splanchnic layers, forming the body cavity. The heart develops from cardiogenic mesoderm along the BMP signaling pathway induced by endoderm, while the notochord and neural tube provide inhibitory signals. By 29 hours of incubation, the heart primordia have fused to form a single tube.
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Reproductive physiology of pregnancyShri Alpesh N. Patel Postgraduate Institute of Science and Research
The document provides information about the process of pregnancy from fertilization through birth in 3 sentences:
Fertilization occurs when the genetic material from a sperm and egg merge in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote which undergoes cell division and implants in the uterus, developing into an embryo and fetus over 38 weeks until birth. The placenta forms and secretes hormones like progesterone, estrogen, hCG, and others to support the pregnancy and development of the fetus, while the fetus develops all its major organ systems, tripling in size by the third trimester before birth. Maternal changes include support of the corpus luteum in early pregnancy and taking over hormone production by the placenta, enlarg4-EMBRYOLOGICAL_DEVELOPMENT_OF_BODY_TISSUES,_ORGANS_AND_SYSTEMS.[1].pptx
The document summarizes key stages in human embryonic development from fertilization through the end of the embryonic period at 8 weeks. It describes fertilization and implantation, then outlines development by week. The first week includes cleavage and blastocyst formation. The second week brings germ layer formation and implantation. The third week involves organogenesis and formation of the heart and blood vessels. Weeks 4-5 see further organ development and limb buds. Weeks 6-8 are a period of rapid growth and tissue maturation as the embryonic period concludes.
Embryology Lecture 4 Ovulation and fertilization
The ovarian cycle is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. During each cycle, follicles in the ovaries mature under the influence of FSH and LH, with usually one follicle ovulating and releasing an egg. If the egg is fertilized, the corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones to support early pregnancy. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes, where a sperm penetrates the egg's corona and zona pellucida. The sperm and egg membranes then fuse, restoring the diploid number of chromosomes and initiating cell division of the new embryo.
Week 1 3
The document summarizes key events that occur during the first two weeks of human development. During the first week, fertilization occurs along with cleavage and blastocyst formation. The blastocyst undergoes implantation in the uterus. In the second week, implantation is completed and the bilaminar embryonic disc forms. Extraembryonic structures like the amniotic cavity and yolk sac also develop in the second week.
EMBRYOLOGY AND FOETAL DEVELOPMENT-mayu.pdf
This document discusses human embryology and fetal development. It defines key terms like gametogenesis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, ovulation, fertilization, zygote, morula, blastocyst, and implantation. It then provides details about oogenesis, the development of a mature ovum from the primitive germ cells. It also discusses spermatogenesis, the development of spermatids into mature spermatozoa. Finally, it describes the processes of fertilization, including the approximation and fusion of the gametes to form a zygote, initiating embryonic development.
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is the process of developing mature gametes (eggs and sperm) through oogenesis in females and spermatogenesis in males. Oogenesis involves the development of primary oocytes from germ cells, which undergo meiosis to form one secondary oocyte and the first polar body. Upon fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes meiosis to form the ovum and second polar body. Spermatogenesis involves spermatogonia differentiating into spermatocytes and then spermatids through meiosis, which undergo maturation to form spermatozoa. Fertilization occurs when a spermatozoon fuses with an ovum in the fallopian tube, restoring the diplo
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
During the first two weeks of development, the fertilized egg undergoes cell division through cleavage to form a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants in the uterine wall and begins to develop two cell layers - the outer trophoblast and inner cell mass. The trophoblast layer further separates into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. The syncytiotrophoblast starts to invade the maternal tissues and establish placenta. Meanwhile, the cell mass develops into the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac to support the growing embryo. Primary villi also begin to form on the trophoblast as the basis for later placenta development.
First_Week_of_Development.pptx
This presentation was prepared by Isaac Monyrun Meen Ngeny, medical student in university of Juba. South Sudan.
It's meant for online readers who might be searching for any information about embryology
General embryo
The document summarizes key events during the first and second weeks of human embryonic development:
- In the first week, the fertilized egg undergoes cleavage and compaction to form a morula, which then develops into a blastocyst as it travels through the fallopian tube. The blastocyst implants in the uterine wall around day 6.
- In the second week, the blastocyst becomes fully embedded. The outer cell mass differentiates into trophoblast layers, while the inner cell mass forms the hypoblast and epiblast. Primary villi and the chorionic cavity develop as the embryo becomes established.
- By the end of the second week, the main cavities and cell layers
Fertilization, implantaion and embryology
1. The document summarizes key stages in human development from fertilization through embryonic and fetal development. It describes fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and the formation of the three germ layers and extraembryonic membranes.
2. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium occurs around 7 days after fertilization. The trophoblast erodes into the endometrium and connections are made between embryonic and maternal blood vessels in the placenta.
3. The embryonic phase lasts until 8 weeks when major organ systems have begun to form and it is then called a fetus. By the end of the third month the placenta is functioning to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste
Ovulation to implantation
1) Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tube. This initiates cell division and the development of an embryo.
2) By day 5, the embryo has developed into a blastocyst stage and begins to implant in the uterine wall. Implantation is completed by day 12.
3) For successful implantation, the blastocyst must attach to the endometrium and the trophoblast cells must invade the uterine tissues to establish blood flow from the mother. This allows the embryo to receive nutrients for growth and development of a pregnancy.
Ouvulation to fertilization
1) Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tube. This initiates cell division and the development of an embryo.
2) By day 5, the embryo has developed into a blastocyst stage and begins to implant in the uterine wall. Implantation is completed by day 12.
3) For successful implantation, the blastocyst must attach to the endometrium and the trophoblast cells must invade the uterine tissues to establish blood flow from the mother. This allows the embryo to receive nutrients for growth and development of a pregnancy.
Embryo 1st week
This document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from ovulation through implantation. It describes how ovulation is triggered by hormones, followed by fertilization if sperm penetrate the egg's barriers. The zygote then undergoes cell division as it develops into a blastocyst, which implants in the uterine wall. Successful implantation depends on cellular interactions between the trophoblast and endometrium.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 008 First week of development A embryo .pdf
The initial week of embryonic development is a vital period commencing with fertilization, leading to the creation of the zygote and early cell divisions. It's noteworthy that, throughout this week, the developing embryo remains in the pre-implantation stage, journeying from the fallopian tube toward the uterus. Key events such as fertilization, cleavage, and the formation of the blastocyst are crucial for the embryo's early development.
These events lay the foundation for subsequent processes in the following weeks. The successful implantation of the blastocyst into the uterus marks the transition from the first week to the second week of embryonic development.
10. Fertilization , Pregnancy, Parturition.pptx
The document summarizes key stages of human fertilization and early pregnancy development. It describes how the ovum is transported to the oviduct where fertilization occurs with sperm. It then discusses early embryo development through the morula and blastocyst stages. It explains implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine lining and the subsequent development of the placenta and amniotic sac to support the growing embryo and fetus. The roles of hormones like hCG in supporting early pregnancy are also outlined.
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Implantation,conception, development of placenta.ppt
Implantation,conception, development of placenta.ppt
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USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 008 First week of development A embryo .pdf
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First week of development
- 1. First week of development Themba Hospital FCOG(SA) Part 1 Tutorials By Dr N.E Manana
- 2. Fertilisation • Fertilization, occurs in the ampullary region of the uterine tube • Spermatozoa may remain viable in the female reproductive tract for several days • Movement of sperm from the cervix to the uterine tube occurs by muscular contractions of the uterus and uterine tube and very little by their own propulsion • After reaching the isthmus, sperm become less motile and cease their migration • At ovulation sperm become motile, perhaps because of chemo-attractants produced by cumulus cells surrounding the egg
- 3. Fertilisation • Spermatozoa are not able to fertilize the oocyte immediately upon arrival in the female genital tract but must undergo (1) capacitation , (2) acrosome reaction • Capacitation is a period of conditioning in the female reproductive tract that in the human lasts approximately 7 hours • During this time, a glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins are removed from the plasma membrane that overlies the acrosomal region of the spermatozoa. • Only capacitated sperm can pass through the corona cells and undergo the acrosome reaction
- 5. Fertilisation • The acrosome reaction, which occurs after binding to the zona pellucida, is induced by zona proteins • This reaction culminates in the release of enzymes needed to penetrate the zona pellucida, including acrosin- and trypsin-like substances The phases of fertilization include • Phase 1, penetration of the corona radiata (Capacitated) • Phase 2, penetration of the zona pellucida (Reacted) • Phase 3, fusion of the oocyte and sperm cell membranes
- 6. Fertilisation Phase 3 • The initial adhesion of sperm to the oocyte is mediated in part by the interaction of integrins on the oocyte and their ligands, disintegrins, on sperm • After adhesion, the plasma membranes of the sperm and egg fuse • Because the plasma membrane covering the acrosomal head cap disappears during the acrosome reaction, actual fusion is accomplished between the oocyte membrane and the membrane that covers the posterior region of the sperm head
- 7. A new individual is formed • As soon as the spermatozoon has entered the oocyte, the egg responds in 3 ways: 1. Cortical and zona reaction: impermeably and prevention of binding 2. Resumption of the second meiotic division, and formation of the female pronucleus 3. Metabolic activation of the egg • The pronucleuses lose their nuclear envelops, they replicate to diploidy (2 cell stage) to prepare for the initial mitotic division
- 8. Morula formation • Once the zygote has reached the two-cell stage, it undergoes a series of mitotic divisions, increasing the numbers of cells ( Blastomeres). • Approximately 3 days after fertilization, cells of the compacted embryo divide again to form a 16- cell morula (mulberry) • Inner cells of the morula constitute the inner cell mass, and surrounding cells compose the outer cell mass. • The inner cell mass gives rise to tissues of the embryo proper, and the outer cell mass forms the trophoblast, which later contributes to the placenta.
- 9. Morula Stage
- 10. Blastocyst • About the time the morula enters the uterine cavity, fluid begins to penetrate through the zona pellucida into the intercellular spaces of the inner cell mass • A single cavity, the blastocele • Cells of the inner cell mass (embryoblast), are at one pole • Those of the outer cell mass(trophoblast), flatten and form the epithelial wall of the blastocyst
- 11. Blastocyst
- 12. Implantation • The zona pellucida has disappeared, allowing implantation to begin • In the human, trophoblastic cells over the embryoblast pole begin to penetrate between the epithelial cells of the uterine mucosa on about the sixth day • L selectin on trophoblast cells and its carbohydrate receptors on the uterine epithelium mediate initial attachment • Integrin receptors for laminin promote attachment, while those for fibronectin stimulate migration
- 13. Endometrium
- 14. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- Only 1% of sperm deposited in the vagina enter the cervix
- Of the 200 to 300 million spermatozoa normally deposited in the female genital tract, only 300 to 500 reach the site of fertilization Both binding and the acrosome reaction are mediated by the ligand ZP3, a zona protein. Permeability of the zona pellucida changes when the head of the sperm comes in contact with the oocyte surface, (zona reaction)
- In the human, both the head and the tail of the spermatozoon enter the cytoplasm of the oocyte, but Figure