This document provides an overview of urinary system development. It discusses how the urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm and includes three sets of nephric structures - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney. It also describes the development of other urinary structures like the ureters, bladder, and urethra in both males and females. Finally, it notes some common congenital anomalies that can result from abnormalities during urinary system development.
This document summarizes the development of the urinary system and suprarenal gland. It discusses how they both originate from the intermediate mesoderm. It describes the development of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros, which give rise to the permanent kidneys. It also discusses the development of the ureters, bladder, and collecting system from the ureteric bud. Finally, it summarizes how the suprarenal glands develop from mesenchyme and neural crest cells to form the cortex and medulla, respectively.
The urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm and includes three successive kidney structures - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys. It develops from the ureteric bud penetrating the metanephric mesoderm and inducing nephron formation. The kidneys ascend into the abdominal cavity during development and become fully functional by 12 weeks of gestation. The urinary bladder and urethra also develop from the intermediate mesoderm through partitioning of the cloaca.
The urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm. Three sets of kidneys develop in embryos - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys. The kidneys begin developing as the ureteric bud invades the metanephrogenic blastema and undergoes branching. This induces nephron formation from the blastema. The kidneys initially form near the sacrum but ascend into the abdomen as the embryo grows. The bladder develops from the urogenital sinus and remains connected to the allantois until constriction forms the urachus. The urethra epithelium derives from endoderm except for
1. The urinary and genital systems develop from a common intermediate mesoderm and initially share a common cavity called the cloaca.
2. The kidneys develop through three successive stages - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros - with the metanephros forming the permanent kidneys.
3. The ureters develop from the mesonephric ducts and later join the bladder, which develops from the urogenital sinus. The bladder remains connected to the umbilicus by the urachus in early development.
The document summarizes the development of the genitourinary system during intrauterine life. It discusses the development of the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. It describes how the ureteric bud forms the collecting system of the definitive kidney. It also discusses the development of the gonads, testis, male external genitalia and prostate. Congenital anomalies that can affect the kidney, ureter and bladder are also summarized.
The document summarizes the development of the urogenital system. It describes how the urinary and genital systems develop from a common intermediate mesoderm and cloaca. The three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros - develop sequentially. The metanephros forms the permanent kidney. The urinary bladder, urethra, and genital structures like the uterus, vagina, and external genitalia also develop from the intermediate mesoderm and urogenital sinus. The kidneys ascend to their final position in the lumbar region during development.
The document summarizes the development of the urogenital system from the intermediate mesoderm. It discusses the formation of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros kidneys. It describes how the ureteric bud derives from the mesonephric duct and induces the metanephric blastema to form the collecting system and nephrons of the kidney. It also discusses the development of the urinary bladder, urethra, and genital ducts from the urogenital sinus and common anomalies that can occur.
This document summarizes the development of the urinary system and suprarenal gland. It discusses how they both originate from the intermediate mesoderm. It describes the development of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros, which give rise to the permanent kidneys. It also discusses the development of the ureters, bladder, and collecting system from the ureteric bud. Finally, it summarizes how the suprarenal glands develop from mesenchyme and neural crest cells to form the cortex and medulla, respectively.
The urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm and includes three successive kidney structures - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys. It develops from the ureteric bud penetrating the metanephric mesoderm and inducing nephron formation. The kidneys ascend into the abdominal cavity during development and become fully functional by 12 weeks of gestation. The urinary bladder and urethra also develop from the intermediate mesoderm through partitioning of the cloaca.
The urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm. Three sets of kidneys develop in embryos - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys. The kidneys begin developing as the ureteric bud invades the metanephrogenic blastema and undergoes branching. This induces nephron formation from the blastema. The kidneys initially form near the sacrum but ascend into the abdomen as the embryo grows. The bladder develops from the urogenital sinus and remains connected to the allantois until constriction forms the urachus. The urethra epithelium derives from endoderm except for
1. The urinary and genital systems develop from a common intermediate mesoderm and initially share a common cavity called the cloaca.
2. The kidneys develop through three successive stages - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros - with the metanephros forming the permanent kidneys.
3. The ureters develop from the mesonephric ducts and later join the bladder, which develops from the urogenital sinus. The bladder remains connected to the umbilicus by the urachus in early development.
The document summarizes the development of the genitourinary system during intrauterine life. It discusses the development of the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. It describes how the ureteric bud forms the collecting system of the definitive kidney. It also discusses the development of the gonads, testis, male external genitalia and prostate. Congenital anomalies that can affect the kidney, ureter and bladder are also summarized.
The document summarizes the development of the urogenital system. It describes how the urinary and genital systems develop from a common intermediate mesoderm and cloaca. The three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros - develop sequentially. The metanephros forms the permanent kidney. The urinary bladder, urethra, and genital structures like the uterus, vagina, and external genitalia also develop from the intermediate mesoderm and urogenital sinus. The kidneys ascend to their final position in the lumbar region during development.
The document summarizes the development of the urogenital system from the intermediate mesoderm. It discusses the formation of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros kidneys. It describes how the ureteric bud derives from the mesonephric duct and induces the metanephric blastema to form the collecting system and nephrons of the kidney. It also discusses the development of the urinary bladder, urethra, and genital ducts from the urogenital sinus and common anomalies that can occur.
Embryonic development of the urogenital systemAsheer Khan
The urogenital system develops from the intermediate mesenchyme. The urinary system develops from the nephrogenic cord, while the genital system develops from the gonadal ridge. Three sets of kidneys develop in embryos - the pronephroi, mesonephroi, and metanephroi. The metanephroi form the permanent kidneys. The kidneys and ureters develop from the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. Congenital anomalies that can occur include renal agenesis, malrotated kidneys, ectopic kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, and duplications of the urinary tract. The urinary bladder develops mainly from the vesical
1. The document describes the development of the urinary and genital systems from the intermediate mesoderm.
2. Three kidney systems form sequentially - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros persists to form the permanent kidneys.
3. The kidneys ascend from the pelvic region to the abdomen during development. The urinary bladder and urethra develop from the urogenital sinus which divides the cloaca.
This document discusses renal embryology and kidney development. It begins by outlining the three main stages of kidney development - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. It then provides details on the development of each of these stages, including how they form from the intermediate mesoderm and their roles. The document also discusses genetic factors involved in kidney differentiation, abnormal kidney development including anomalies in number and position, and applied aspects such as hereditary polycystic kidneys.
UROGENITAL SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDES for medical studentsymusa1334
The document summarizes the development of the urogenital system from the intermediate mesenchyme. It describes how the urinary system begins with the formation of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros kidneys. The metanephros becomes the permanent kidneys through the interaction of the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. The kidneys ascend into the abdomen as the embryo grows. The ureters, bladder, and urethra also develop to complete the urinary system. Common abnormalities like renal agenesis and horseshoe kidney are also discussed.
1. The document describes the development of the male and female genital systems from early embryonic stages through formation of the internal and external genitalia.
2. Key events include formation of the genital ridges which develop into testes in males and ovaries in females, descent of the testes into the scrotum, development of the duct systems including the vas deferens and epididymis in males and Mullerian duct regression leading to formation of the uterus and vagina in females.
3. External genitalia develop from the genital tubercle and swellings, with the penis and scrotum forming in males and clitoris, labia, and vagina developing in females.
The urogenital system develops from two embryonic structures - the intermediate mesoderm and cloaca. The intermediate mesoderm forms the urogenital ridge which gives rise to the urinary and genital systems. The cloaca divides into the primitive rectum and urogenital sinus. Kidneys develop from the nephrogenic cord and ureteric buds. The mesonephric ducts give rise to parts of the urinary tract in males and regress in females. External genitalia are initially bipotential and differentiate into male or female forms based on sex hormones.
Development and congenital anomalies of urogenital systemJayeta Choudhury
The document discusses development and congenital anomalies of the urogenital system. It begins by explaining how the urinary and genital systems develop from a common ridge in the embryo and open into a common channel, the cloaca. It then describes the development of the three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. Next, it discusses anomalies that can occur, including anomalies of form (agenesis, hypoplasia, supernumerary kidneys), position (malrotation, ectopic kidneys), and fusion (horseshoe kidney, crossed fused renal ectopia, cake kidney). It concludes by covering congenital cystic renal diseases and the approach to differentiating them using ultrasound findings
- The hindgut develops into parts of the urinary and genital systems. The cloaca divides into the urogenital sinus and anorectal canal.
- The urinary system develops from three kidney systems (pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros) in the intermediate mesoderm. The genital system begins with gonadal ridges and duct systems that develop into testes/ovaries and male/female ducts depending on sex determination.
- External genitalia form from the genital tubercle, urethral folds, and genital swelling fusing in specific ways for each sex.
1) The kidneys develop from intermediate mesoderm and arise through three successive kidney systems - the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros.
2) The metanephros is the final and definitive kidney structure. It develops from interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephric blastema which go on to form the collecting system and nephrons, respectively.
3) Nephron development occurs through stages from renal vesicle to comma-shaped body to s-shaped body, culminating in the formation of glomerulus and tubular segments.
Embryology Course IX - Urogenital SystemRawa Muhsin
This session discusses the development of the urogenital system and includes:
1. Development of the kidneys and ureters
2. Development of the bladder and urethra
3. Development of the gonads and genital ducts
4. Development of the external genitalia
This document discusses the embryological development of the urinary and genital systems from the mesoderm. It describes the formation and regression of the three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros (permanent kidney) develops from the ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm. Molecular signals between the bud and mesoderm regulate nephron formation. Genes involved and some clinical correlates of kidney defects are also mentioned.
USMLE REPRODUCTIVE 06 Development of female genital system.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The development of the female genital system is a complex process involving the differentiation of structures that eventually form the reproductive and associated organs.
Understanding the embryonic development of the female genital system is crucial for surgeons, obstetricians, and gynecologists, especially in the context of congenital anomalies or surgical interventions.
The three key points are:
1. The kidneys develop from three successive sets - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The pronephros is rudimentary and nonfunctional, while the mesonephros functions briefly in early fetal development. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys.
2. The permanent kidneys develop from an interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. The ureteric bud induces the blastema to form nephrons.
3. Congenital anomalies can occur if development goes awry, such as renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney, ectopic or
The three key points are:
1. The kidneys develop from three successive sets - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The pronephros is rudimentary and nonfunctional, while the mesonephros functions briefly in early fetal development. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys.
2. The permanent kidneys develop from an interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. The ureteric bud induces the blastema to form nephrons.
3. Congenital anomalies can occur if development goes awry, such as renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney, ectopic or
The document summarizes the evolution of kidneys and urino-genital ducts in vertebrates. It describes how the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros kidney systems develop and how their associated ducts give rise to the male and female reproductive tracts. It explains that in females, the Müllerian ducts form the oviducts, while in males the mesonephric ducts form parts of the reproductive system or are reduced. The kidneys and ducts show adaptations for waste excretion, sperm transport, and supporting embryo development across vertebrate groups.
The urinary system includes the kidneys and the ducts that carry away their product, urine. The genital system includes the gonads and their ducts that carry away the products they form, sperm or eggs. Embryologically, urinary and reproductive organs arise from the same or
adjacent tissues and maintain close anatomical association
throughout the organism’s life.
The document summarizes the development of the female reproductive system. It begins with the formation of the genital ridge in the intermediate mesoderm at 3 weeks. At 5-6 weeks, primordial germ cells form the indifferent gonad. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the gonad develops into an ovary with cortical cords and primordial follicles. The ovaries descend into the pelvis guided by the gubernaculum. Meanwhile, the paramesonephric ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina. The vagina develops from the sinovaginal bulbs and vaginal plate. Remnants of the mesonephric ducts include the epoophoron and
The document discusses kidney development from the formation of the three germ layers during gastrulation to the development of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. It describes how the intermediate mesoderm forms the nephrogenic cord which develops into the metanephros. The ureteric bud branches to form the collecting system and induces nephron formation from the surrounding metanephric mesenchyme. Congenital anomalies of kidney development including anomalies of number, ascent, form and fusion, rotation, and the collecting system and vasculature are also summarized.
Proteins micronutrients in clinical officersEnockKizito1
Proteins have many essential roles and functions in the body. They act as building blocks for growth and tissue repair. Structural proteins like collagen provide structure, while transport proteins carry nutrients and waste. Proteins regulate fluid balance and pH. They defend the body as antibodies and act as enzymes to catalyze reactions. During times of stress, proteins are broken down to provide energy or glucose. Proteins are essential for all cell and body functions.
An ectopic or extrauterine pregnancy occurs when a blastocyst implants outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Ectopic pregnancies remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality as they can be life-threatening. Risk factors include inflammation/infection, prior sterilization, infertility history, smoking, and advanced age. Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain, though some women have no symptoms. Diagnosis involves pregnancy tests, ultrasound, culdocentesis, and laparoscopy. Treatment involves medical management with methotrexate or surgical intervention like salpingostomy or salpingectomy. This is a medical emergency requiring urgent consultation and referral.
Embryonic development of the urogenital systemAsheer Khan
The urogenital system develops from the intermediate mesenchyme. The urinary system develops from the nephrogenic cord, while the genital system develops from the gonadal ridge. Three sets of kidneys develop in embryos - the pronephroi, mesonephroi, and metanephroi. The metanephroi form the permanent kidneys. The kidneys and ureters develop from the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. Congenital anomalies that can occur include renal agenesis, malrotated kidneys, ectopic kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, and duplications of the urinary tract. The urinary bladder develops mainly from the vesical
1. The document describes the development of the urinary and genital systems from the intermediate mesoderm.
2. Three kidney systems form sequentially - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros persists to form the permanent kidneys.
3. The kidneys ascend from the pelvic region to the abdomen during development. The urinary bladder and urethra develop from the urogenital sinus which divides the cloaca.
This document discusses renal embryology and kidney development. It begins by outlining the three main stages of kidney development - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. It then provides details on the development of each of these stages, including how they form from the intermediate mesoderm and their roles. The document also discusses genetic factors involved in kidney differentiation, abnormal kidney development including anomalies in number and position, and applied aspects such as hereditary polycystic kidneys.
UROGENITAL SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDES for medical studentsymusa1334
The document summarizes the development of the urogenital system from the intermediate mesenchyme. It describes how the urinary system begins with the formation of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros kidneys. The metanephros becomes the permanent kidneys through the interaction of the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. The kidneys ascend into the abdomen as the embryo grows. The ureters, bladder, and urethra also develop to complete the urinary system. Common abnormalities like renal agenesis and horseshoe kidney are also discussed.
1. The document describes the development of the male and female genital systems from early embryonic stages through formation of the internal and external genitalia.
2. Key events include formation of the genital ridges which develop into testes in males and ovaries in females, descent of the testes into the scrotum, development of the duct systems including the vas deferens and epididymis in males and Mullerian duct regression leading to formation of the uterus and vagina in females.
3. External genitalia develop from the genital tubercle and swellings, with the penis and scrotum forming in males and clitoris, labia, and vagina developing in females.
The urogenital system develops from two embryonic structures - the intermediate mesoderm and cloaca. The intermediate mesoderm forms the urogenital ridge which gives rise to the urinary and genital systems. The cloaca divides into the primitive rectum and urogenital sinus. Kidneys develop from the nephrogenic cord and ureteric buds. The mesonephric ducts give rise to parts of the urinary tract in males and regress in females. External genitalia are initially bipotential and differentiate into male or female forms based on sex hormones.
Development and congenital anomalies of urogenital systemJayeta Choudhury
The document discusses development and congenital anomalies of the urogenital system. It begins by explaining how the urinary and genital systems develop from a common ridge in the embryo and open into a common channel, the cloaca. It then describes the development of the three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. Next, it discusses anomalies that can occur, including anomalies of form (agenesis, hypoplasia, supernumerary kidneys), position (malrotation, ectopic kidneys), and fusion (horseshoe kidney, crossed fused renal ectopia, cake kidney). It concludes by covering congenital cystic renal diseases and the approach to differentiating them using ultrasound findings
- The hindgut develops into parts of the urinary and genital systems. The cloaca divides into the urogenital sinus and anorectal canal.
- The urinary system develops from three kidney systems (pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros) in the intermediate mesoderm. The genital system begins with gonadal ridges and duct systems that develop into testes/ovaries and male/female ducts depending on sex determination.
- External genitalia form from the genital tubercle, urethral folds, and genital swelling fusing in specific ways for each sex.
1) The kidneys develop from intermediate mesoderm and arise through three successive kidney systems - the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros.
2) The metanephros is the final and definitive kidney structure. It develops from interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephric blastema which go on to form the collecting system and nephrons, respectively.
3) Nephron development occurs through stages from renal vesicle to comma-shaped body to s-shaped body, culminating in the formation of glomerulus and tubular segments.
Embryology Course IX - Urogenital SystemRawa Muhsin
This session discusses the development of the urogenital system and includes:
1. Development of the kidneys and ureters
2. Development of the bladder and urethra
3. Development of the gonads and genital ducts
4. Development of the external genitalia
This document discusses the embryological development of the urinary and genital systems from the mesoderm. It describes the formation and regression of the three kidney systems - pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros (permanent kidney) develops from the ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm. Molecular signals between the bud and mesoderm regulate nephron formation. Genes involved and some clinical correlates of kidney defects are also mentioned.
USMLE REPRODUCTIVE 06 Development of female genital system.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The development of the female genital system is a complex process involving the differentiation of structures that eventually form the reproductive and associated organs.
Understanding the embryonic development of the female genital system is crucial for surgeons, obstetricians, and gynecologists, especially in the context of congenital anomalies or surgical interventions.
The three key points are:
1. The kidneys develop from three successive sets - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The pronephros is rudimentary and nonfunctional, while the mesonephros functions briefly in early fetal development. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys.
2. The permanent kidneys develop from an interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. The ureteric bud induces the blastema to form nephrons.
3. Congenital anomalies can occur if development goes awry, such as renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney, ectopic or
The three key points are:
1. The kidneys develop from three successive sets - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The pronephros is rudimentary and nonfunctional, while the mesonephros functions briefly in early fetal development. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys.
2. The permanent kidneys develop from an interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. The ureteric bud induces the blastema to form nephrons.
3. Congenital anomalies can occur if development goes awry, such as renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney, ectopic or
The document summarizes the evolution of kidneys and urino-genital ducts in vertebrates. It describes how the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros kidney systems develop and how their associated ducts give rise to the male and female reproductive tracts. It explains that in females, the Müllerian ducts form the oviducts, while in males the mesonephric ducts form parts of the reproductive system or are reduced. The kidneys and ducts show adaptations for waste excretion, sperm transport, and supporting embryo development across vertebrate groups.
The urinary system includes the kidneys and the ducts that carry away their product, urine. The genital system includes the gonads and their ducts that carry away the products they form, sperm or eggs. Embryologically, urinary and reproductive organs arise from the same or
adjacent tissues and maintain close anatomical association
throughout the organism’s life.
The document summarizes the development of the female reproductive system. It begins with the formation of the genital ridge in the intermediate mesoderm at 3 weeks. At 5-6 weeks, primordial germ cells form the indifferent gonad. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the gonad develops into an ovary with cortical cords and primordial follicles. The ovaries descend into the pelvis guided by the gubernaculum. Meanwhile, the paramesonephric ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina. The vagina develops from the sinovaginal bulbs and vaginal plate. Remnants of the mesonephric ducts include the epoophoron and
The document discusses kidney development from the formation of the three germ layers during gastrulation to the development of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. It describes how the intermediate mesoderm forms the nephrogenic cord which develops into the metanephros. The ureteric bud branches to form the collecting system and induces nephron formation from the surrounding metanephric mesenchyme. Congenital anomalies of kidney development including anomalies of number, ascent, form and fusion, rotation, and the collecting system and vasculature are also summarized.
Proteins micronutrients in clinical officersEnockKizito1
Proteins have many essential roles and functions in the body. They act as building blocks for growth and tissue repair. Structural proteins like collagen provide structure, while transport proteins carry nutrients and waste. Proteins regulate fluid balance and pH. They defend the body as antibodies and act as enzymes to catalyze reactions. During times of stress, proteins are broken down to provide energy or glucose. Proteins are essential for all cell and body functions.
An ectopic or extrauterine pregnancy occurs when a blastocyst implants outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Ectopic pregnancies remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality as they can be life-threatening. Risk factors include inflammation/infection, prior sterilization, infertility history, smoking, and advanced age. Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain, though some women have no symptoms. Diagnosis involves pregnancy tests, ultrasound, culdocentesis, and laparoscopy. Treatment involves medical management with methotrexate or surgical intervention like salpingostomy or salpingectomy. This is a medical emergency requiring urgent consultation and referral.
The document provides information on renal physiology and kidney function. It discusses the structure and functions of the kidneys, including regulating blood volume, wastes, electrolytes and pH. It describes the gross structure of the urinary system and microscopic kidney structure, focusing on the nephron as the functional unit. Key concepts covered include glomerular filtration, reabsorption of salt and water in the proximal tubule and nephron loop, and the countercurrent multiplier system for concentration gradients.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on general pathology. It discusses various haemodynamic disorders including congestion, hyperaemia, edema, hemorrhage, shock, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. For congestion and hyperaemia, it describes the causes and effects on the lungs, liver, and spleen. For edema, it defines it and discusses the types and causes. For shock, it defines the types, mechanisms, stages, and effects on organs. It also provides classifications and causes of thrombosis. The overview is from an undergraduate general pathology course and aims to explain how disease alters the structure and function of the body.
The document summarizes male and female reproductive system development and disorders. It describes several conditions:
1. True intersexuality (true hermaphroditism) which involves possession of both ovarian and testicular tissue (ovotestes) histologically, ambiguous genitalia, and a 46,XX genotype.
2. Female pseudo-intersexuality (pseudo-hermaphroditism) which describes an individual with only ovarian tissue histologically who exhibits masculinization of the external female genitalia.
3. Male pseudo-intersexuality which occurs in an individual with only testicular tissue histologically and stunted development of the male external genitalia, who has a 46
This document outlines the course Embryology (BCM 123). The purpose of the course is to enable students to explain basic embryology concepts and terminology applicable to clinical practice. Students will learn to describe early human development and the development of various organs and systems. The course content will cover topics like fertilization, implantation, embryogenesis, organogenesis, and effects of toxic substances. Students will be assessed through continuous assessment tests accounting for 30% and a final examination accounting for 70%. The learning approach will involve describing development, discussing embryological anomalies and their clinical relevance, current management approaches, and advancements in embryology.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on the development of the male reproductive system and disorders. It discusses the development of the gonads and genital ducts in males. It describes the Tanner stages of male sexual development. It also covers various congenital anomalies that can affect the male reproductive system, including hypospadias, epispadias, undescended testes, hydrocele, and inguinal hernia. Clinical features and management of these conditions are discussed.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on gastrointestinal tract development and malformations. It discusses hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, which causes projectile, non-bilious vomiting in infants after feeding due to muscular hypertrophy in the pyloric region. It also discusses anomalies of the gallbladder and cystic duct that can occur, as well as biliary atresia, which is defined as obliteration of the extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts. The types and causes of jaundice are examined, along with investigations such as liver function tests and imaging, and management approaches.
1. Embryology is the study of the development of organisms from fertilization to birth. It involves periods of prenatal development from fertilization to birth and postnatal development until age 25.
2. The prenatal period is divided into three parts - the embryonic period from weeks 3-8 where germ layers differentiate into organs, the fetal period from week 9 to birth involving tremendous growth, and the pre-embryonic period from fertilization to week 2 involving fertilization and implantation.
3. Recent advances in embryology include prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies, in vitro fertilization, gene and stem cell therapy which may help treat diseases.
The document provides an overview of gastrointestinal tract development and malformations. It discusses:
1. The primitive gut develops from the dorsal endodermal yolk sac and extends from the buccopharyngeal membrane to the cloacal membrane, communicating with the yolk sac via the vitelline duct.
2. The gut is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut gives rise to the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The midgut forms the jejunum, ileum, ascending colon and parts of the transverse colon. The hindgut forms the descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and
HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS. It spreads through bodily fluids and has distinct transmission patterns. Antiretroviral therapy targets different stages of the HIV life cycle, including reverse transcriptase, protease, entry, and integration. Drugs include protease inhibitors, nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors. The goals of treatment are to suppress viral replication and improve quality of life.
This document outlines the purpose and content of a course on clinical immunology. The purpose is to introduce students to basic and contemporary concepts in immunology with an emphasis on clinical applications and disease management. The expected learning outcomes are for students to be able to describe immunology principles and identify diseases related to immunity. The course content will cover topics such as immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, transplantation immunology, and immunity relating to infections.
1. The document provides guidelines for performing a physical examination, including the objectives, components, techniques, and necessary equipment.
2. It describes the basic examination techniques of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation and provides details on assessing vital signs such as pulse, respiration rate, blood pressure, and temperature.
3. The document also outlines how to perform a full physical examination, including assessing the general appearance, vital signs, and conducting a systemic examination of major body systems.
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. The parasympathetic division activates rest and digest functions like increasing gastric secretions and the sympathetic division prepares the body for fight or flight through responses like increased heart rate. Both divisions use two neurons - a preganglionic neuron which terminates at a ganglion and a postganglionic neuron which innervates the target organ. The parasympathetic division originates in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord and the sympathetic division originates in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. Acetylcholine and norepinephrine act as the main neurotransmitters between neurons.
1) The document discusses classification and management of wounds, principles of wound healing, haemorrhage and bleeding control. It covers types of wounds, wound assessment, classification, management, healing process, complications and haemostasis.
2) Wounds are classified based on origin (mechanical, chemical, thermal, radiation), depth, and bacterial contamination. The ABCDE method is used for injury assessment. Proper wound management includes cleaning, dressing, and closure techniques.
3) Wound healing involves haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Factors like infection, ischemia, and nutrition can impact healing. Complications include seromas, disruptions, and hypertrophic scarring.
4
1. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from infected individuals when they cough, sneeze or speak.
2. Symptoms typically include coughing, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, tissue biopsies, chest imaging, and tuberculin skin tests.
3. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics for a minimum of 6 months. Failure to complete treatment can result in drug-resistant strains of the disease. Tuberculosis remains a major global health issue and is a leading cause of death worldwide.
1. Coma is a state of unresponsiveness in which patients fail to arouse even with vigorous stimulation. It can result from diffuse brain disturbances, large supratentorial lesions, or direct damage to the brainstem.
2. The Glasgow Coma Scale is used to assess a patient's level of consciousness by evaluating eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.
3. Causes of coma include metabolic disturbances, toxins/drugs, infections, vascular issues, trauma, and epilepsy. Common causes are hypoglycemia, hypoxia, drugs/alcohol, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges caused by various bacteria, viruses, fungi or other pathogens. Symptoms include sudden onset of headaches, neck stiffness, fever, confusion and vomiting. It is diagnosed through blood tests, spinal taps and culture of cerebrospinal fluid. Common causes vary by age group but include streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis and haemophilus influenzae. Untreated it can have a high mortality rate but antiviral treatments and vaccines can help reduce risk and complications.
The document provides an overview of the surface anatomy, skeletal composition, joints, muscles, innervation, and vasculature of the lower limb, including the pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot. Key details include the bones of the femur, tibia, fibula, and foot; muscles like the gluteals, quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius; major nerves from the lumbar and sacral plexuses including the femoral, obturator, sciatic, and tibial nerves; and arterial blood supply from the femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, and posterior tibial arteries.
3.Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure {UoK}.pptxEnockKizito1
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute. It is regulated by heart rate and stroke volume. Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, while stroke volume depends on preload, afterload, and contractility. Venous return ensures the heart has enough blood to pump by maintaining blood volume and venous pressure. The kidneys regulate blood volume through reabsorption of fluid and hormones like ADH and aldosterone in response to changes in volume or osmolality.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
2. Urinary System Development
Introduction/Overview – 1a
• Embryologically and
anatomically, the Urinary
System development
closely linked with that of
Genital (RH) System*
• Both develop from
intermediate mesoderm.
• The mesoderm extends on
either side of aorta, which
then forms Urogenital ridge
• The ridge is a condensation
of cells in abdomen
• The ridge has two parts:
(i) the nephrogenic cord &
(ii) the gonadal ridge
• Nephrogenic cord gives rise
to Urinary System
• Urinary system
development begins from
day 21 to birth
3. Urinary System Development
Introduction/Overview – 1b
• The nephrogenic cord
develops into three sets
of nephric structures: *
A. Pronephros
(rudimentary; non-
functional),*
B. Mesonephros
(temporarily functional
during early foetal life),
*
C. Metanephros (definitive
adult kidney)*
• Assignment 6.1:
1. Summarize the
embryonic development
of the Urogenital System
structures (i.e. kidneys,
ureters, bladder, etc.)
2. Establish from
embryology viewpoint,
why the Urinary and
Genital Systems are
often studied together.
4. Urinary System
Development
Overview – 1c
Figure 14.5 (Adjacent
illustration):
• Development of the renal
pelvis, calyces, and collecting
tubules of the metanephros.
A. 6 weeks. B. At the end of
the sixth week. C. 7 weeks, D.
Newborn.
• Note the pyramid form of the
collecting tubules entering the
minor calyx.
5. Urinary System
Development
Overview – 1d
Figure 14.6 (Adjacent
illustration):
• Development of a
metanephric excretory
unit. Arrows, the place
where the excretory unit
(blue) establishes an open
ommunication with the
collecting system (yellow),
allowing flow of urine from
the glomerulus into the
collecting ducts.
6. Urinary System Development
Overview - 2
A. The pronephros:
Develops by the differentiation of mesoderm
within the nephrogenic cord to form
pronephric tubules and the pronephric duct
The pronephros is the cranial-most nephric
structure and is a transitory structure that
regresses completely by week 5
The pronephros is not functional in humans
7. Urinary System Development
Overview - 3
B. The mesonephros:
Develops by the differentiation of mesoderm
within the nephrogenic cord to form
mesonephric tubules and the mesonephric duct
(Wolffian duct).
The mesonephros is the middle nephric structure
and is a partially transitory structure.
Most of the mesonephric tubules regress, but the
mesonephric duct persists and opens into the
urogenital sinus.
The mesonephros is functional for a short period.
8. Urinary System Development
Overview - 4
C. The metanephros:
Develops from an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct
(called the ureteric bud) and from a condensation of
mesoderm within the nephrogenic cord called the
metanephric mesoderm.
The metanephros is the caudal-most nephric structure.
The metanephros begins to form at week 5 and is
functional in the fetus at about week 10.
The metanephros develops into the definitive adult
kidney.
The fetal kidney is divided into lobes, in contrast to the
definitive adult kidney, which has a smooth contour.
9. Urinary System Development
Metanephros Development - 5
A. Development of the collecting system:
The ureteric bud is an outgrowth of the mesonephric
duct.
This outgrowth is regulated by WT-1 (an anti-
oncogene), GDNF (glial cell line–derived neurotrophic
factor), and c-Ret (a tyrosine kinase receptor).
The ureteric bud initially penetrates the metanephric
mesoderm and then undergoes repeated branching to
form the ureters, renal pelvis, major calyces, minor
calyces, and collecting ducts.
10. Urinary System Development
Metanephros Development - 6
B. Development of the nephron:
The inductive influence of the collecting ducts causes the
metanephric mesoderm to differentiate into metanephric
vesicles, which later give rise to primitive S-shaped renal
tubules, which are critical to nephron formation.
The S-shaped renal tubules differentiate into the
connecting tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of
Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, and Bowman’s
capsule.
Tufts of capillaries called glomeruli protrude into Bowman’s
capsule.
Nephron formation is complete at birth, but functional
maturation of nephrons continues throughout infancy.
11. Urinary System Development
Metanephros Development - 7
C. Tissue sources:
• 1. The transitional epithelium lining the ureter, pelvis,
major calyx, and minor calyx and the simple cuboidal
epithelium lining the collecting tubules are derived from
mesoderm of the ureteric bud.
• 2. The simple cuboidal epithelium lining the connecting
tubule and distal convoluted tubule, the simple squamous
epithelium lining the loop of Henle, the simple columnar
epithelium lining the proximal convoluted tubule, and the
podocytes and simple squamous epithelium lining
Bowman’s capsule are derived from metanephric
mesoderm.
12. Urinary System Development
Relative Ascent of Kidneys - 8
• A. The fetal metanephros is located at vertebral
level S1–S2, whereas the definitive adult kidney is
located at vertebral level T12–L3.
• B. The change in location results from a is
proportionate growth of the embryo caudal to
the metanephros.
• C. During the relative ascent, the kidneys rotate
90, causing the hilum, which initially faces
ventrally, to finally face medially.
13. Urinary System Development
Relative Ascent of Kidneys - 9
Table of Adult Derivatives
Embryo Adult Derivative
Ureteric bud Ureter
Renal pelvis
Major calyx
Minor calyx
Collecting duct
Metanephric mesoderm Connecting
tubule
Metanephric vesicles Distal convoluted
tubule
S-shaped renal tubules Loop of Henle
Connecting tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Renal (Bowman's) capsule
Renal glomerulus
14. Urinary System Development
Urinary Bladder Development - 10
• A. The urinary bladder is formed from the upper portion of the
urogenital sinus, which is continuous with the allantois.
• B. The allantois becomes a fibrous cord called the urachus (or median
umbilical ligament in the adult).
• C. The lower ends of the mesonephric ducts become incorporated into
the posterior wall of the bladder to form the trigone of the bladder.
• D. The mesonephric ducts eventually open into the urogenital sinus
below the bladder.
• E. The transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder is derived
from endoderm because of its etiology from the urogenital sinus and
gut tube.
15. Urinary System Development
Female Urethra Development - 11
• A. The female urethra is formed from the lower
portion of the urogenital sinus.
• B. The female urethra develops endodermal
outgrowths into the surrounding mesoderm to
form the urethral glands and paraurethral glands
of Skene (which are homologous to the prostate
gland in the male).
• C. The paraurethral glands of Skene open on each
side of the external urethral orifice.
16. Urinary System Development
Female Urethra Development - 12
• D. The female urethra ends at navicular fossa,
which empties into the vestibule of the vagina,
which also forms from the urogenital sinus.
• E. The vestibule of the vagina develops
endodermal outgrowths into the surrounding
mesoderm to form the lesser vestibular glands
and greater vestibular glands of Bartholin (which
are homologous to the bulbourethral glands of
Cowper in the male).
17. Urinary System Development
Female Urethra Development - 13
• F. The greater vestibular glands of Bartholin
open on each side of the vaginal orifice.
• G. The transitional epithelium and stratified
squamous epithelium lining the female
urethra are derived from endoderm.
18. Urinary System Development
Male Urethra Development - 14
A. Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra,
bulbous urethra, and proximal part of penile
urethra:
These parts of the urethra are formed from
the lower portion of the urogenital sinus.
The transitional epithelium and stratified
columnar epithelium lining these parts of the
urethra are derived from endoderm.
19. Urinary System Development
Male Urethra Development - 15
A. Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, bulbous urethra, and
proximal part of penile urethra:
• 1. The prostatic urethra develops endodermal outgrowths into the
surrounding mesoderm to form the prostate gland. The posterior
wall of the prostatic urethra has an elevation called the urethral
crest.
• The prostatic sinus is a groove on either side of the urethral crest
that receives most of the prostatic ducts from the prostate gland.
• At a specific site along the urethral crest, there is an ovoid
enlargement called the seminal colliculus (also called the
verumontanum), which contains the openings of the ejaculatory
ducts and the prostatic utricle (a vestigial remnant of the
paramesonephric ducts in the male that is involved in the
development of the vagina and uterus).
20. Urinary System Development
Male Urethra Development - 16
A. Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, bulbous
urethra, and proximal part of penile urethra:
• 2. The membranous urethra develops endodermal
outgrowths into the surrounding mesoderm to form the
bulbourethral glands of Cowper.
• 3. The bulbous urethra contains the openings of the
bulbourethral glands of Cowper.
• 4. The proximal part of the penile urethra develops
endodermal outgrowths into the surrounding mesoderm to
form urethral glands of Littre.
21. Urinary System Development
Male Urethra Development - 17
• B. Distal part of the penile urethra:
Is formed from an ingrowth of surface ectoderm
called the glandular plate.
The glandular plate joins the proximal penile
urethra and becomes canalized to form the
navicular fossa.
Ectodermal septa appear lateral to the navicular
fossa and become canalized to form the foreskin.
The stratified squamous epithelium lining of the
distal penile urethra is derived from ectoderm.
22. Urinary System Development
Clinical Relevance – 18
Urinary Developmental
Anomalies:
• Kidney Anomalies*
• Renal Artery Anomalies*
• Ureter Congenital
Anomalies*
• Urachus Congenital
Anomalies*
• Exstrophy of U/bladder
(Ectopia vesicae)
Assignment 6.2:
1. In a classification
manner, enumerate
common clinically
important
developmental
anomalies of the urinary
system*
2. Describe the clinical
presentation of each of
these anomalies.
23. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 19a
Renal Agenesis*
Renal Hypoplasia*
Renal Ectopia*
Renal Tumours:
Nephroblastoma (Wilm’s
tumour); Mutations
causing nephron
pathologies
(nephropathies)*
Assignment 6.3:
1. Outline the clinical
classification of renal
agenesis, hypoplasia and
ectopia*
2. Discuss the basis of the
classifications and the
resulting clinical picture
of each*
3. Discuss mutations
causing nephropathies
and their
consequences*
24. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 19b
• Renal Agenesis:
Unilateral RA: One
kidney
Bilateral RA: Causes
oligohydramnios
leading to Potters
syndrome
• Renal Hypoplasia:
Congenital small kidney
• Renal Dysplasia:
Immature, Disorganized
parenchyma;
abnormally developed
nephrons
• Renal Ectopia: Failed
ascent of one/both
kidneys; may fuse to
form pancake kidney
25. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 20
• E. Renal fusion:
The most common type of renal fusion
is the horseshoe kidney.
A horseshoe kidney occurs when the
inferior poles of the kidneys fuse across
the midline.
Normal ascent of the kidneys is arrested
because the fused portion gets trapped
behind the inferior mesenteric artery.
Kidney rotation is also arrested, so that
the hilum faces ventrally.
The computed tomography (CT) scan
shows a band of renal tissue (arrow)
that extends across the midline.
• The photograph in the figure opposite
shows a horseshoe kidney.
• represents ureter
• represents bladder wall
26. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 21 • F. Renal artery stenosis:
Is the most common cause
of renovascular
hypertension in children.
The stenosis may occur in
the main renal artery of
segmental renal arteries.
The angiogram in the figure
opposite shows bilateral renal
artery stenosis (arrows).
27. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 22
G. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
(UPJ)
Occurs when there is an obstruction to
the urine flow from the renal pelvis to the
proximal ureter.
UPJ is the most common congenital
obstruction of the urinary tract.
If there is severe uteropelvic atresia, a
multicystic dysplastic kidney is found in
which the cysts are actually dilated
calyces.
In this case, the kidney consists of
grapelike, smooth-walled cysts of variable
size.
Dysplastic glomeruli and atrophic tubules
are found between the cysts.
• The photograph in the upper figure shows numerous cysts
within the kidney.
• The sonogram in the lower figure shows many anechoic
cysts (C) separated by renal septae.
28. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 23
H. Childhood polycystic kidney
disease(PCKD) *
Is an autosomal recessive disease that
has been mapped to the short arm of
chromosome 6 (p6). In childhood PCKD,
the kidneys are huge and spongy and
contain numerous cysts due to the
dilation of collecting ducts and tubules,
which severely compromises kidney
function.
Childhood PCKD is associated clinically
with cysts of the liver, pancreas, and
lungs.
Treatment includes dialysis and kidney
transplant.
• The photograph in the figure opposite shows an infant
with polycystic kidney (arrow).
• The light micrograph shows large, fluid-filled cysts ( )
throughout the substance of the kidney.
• Between the cysts, some functioning nephrons can be
observed.
(Also refer to addendum ADPKD notes in folder)*
29. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 24
I. Wilms tumor (WT) :
• Commonest renal malignancy of childhood.
• WT presents as a large, solitary, well-
circumscribed mass that on cut section is soft,
homogeneous, and tan-grey in color.
• WT is interesting histologically, in that it tends
to recapitulate different stages of
embryological formation of the kidney, so that
three classic histological areas are described: a
stromal area; a blastemal area of tightly
packed embryonic cells; and a tubular area.
• The photograph in the figure opposite shows a Wilms
tumor extending from normal kidney tissue (arrow).
• The light micrograph shows the tumor that is
characterized histologically by recognizable attempts to
recapitulate embryonic development of the kidney. In
this regard, the following three components are seen:
• (1) metanephric blastema elements ( ) consisting of
clumps of small, tightly packed embryonic cells,
• (2) stromal elements ( ), and
• (3) epithelial elements generally in the form of abortive
attempts at forming tubules ( ) or glomeruli.
30. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 25
• J. Ureteropelvic duplications:
• Occur when the ureteric bud
prematurely divides before
penetrating the metanephric
blastema.
• This results in either a double
kidney or a duplicated ureter
and renal pelvis.
• The term duplex kidney refers to
a configuration in which two
ureters drain one kidney.
• The intravenous urogram (IVU) on the left
in the figure opposite shows bilateral
duplication of the collecting system
(arrows).
• The cystogram on the right shows reflux
into both of the lower collecting systems
(arrows) only.
31. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 26
K. Exstrophy of the bladder:
• Occurs when the posterior
wall of the urinary bladder is
exposed to the exterior.
• It is caused by a failure of the
anterior abdominal wall and
anterior wall of the bladder to
develop properly.
• It is associated clinically with
urine drainage to the exterior
and epispadias.
• Surgical reconstruction is
difficult and prolonged.
Assignment 6.4:
1. Describe ‘exstrophy of the
urinary bladder’.
2. What are the clinical
features and complications
of extrophy of urinary
bladder?*
=====================
Ectopia vesicae (exstrophy of urinary bladder).
32. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 27
L. Urachal fistula or cyst:
• Occurs when a remnant of the allantois persists,
thereby forming fistula or cyst.
• It is found along the midline on a path from the
umbilicus to the apex of the urinary bladder.
• Aurachal fistula forms a direct connection
between the urinary bladder and the outside of
the body at the umbilicus, causing urine drainage
from the umbilicus.
33. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 28
M. Ectopic opening of the ureter:
Occurs when the ureteric bud fails to separate
from the mesonephric duct, which results in
the opening of the ureter to be carried to a
point distal to its normal position.
The most common ectopic opening is a lateral
ureteral ectopia, in which the opening is
lateral to its normal position.
34. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations - 29
M. Ectopic opening of the ureter:
• 1. In males:
The ectopic openings are most commonly
located in the prostatic urethra,ejaculatory
ducts, ductus deferens, or rectum.
Because the ectopic openings are all located
above the external urethral sphincter, boys
with an ectopic opening of the ureter do not
present with urine incontinence.
35. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations – 30
M. Ectopic opening of the ureter:
• 2. In females:
The ectopic openings are most commonly
located in the urethra, vestibule, or vagina.
Because the ectopic openings are all located
below the external urethral sphincter, girls
with an ectopic opening of the ureter
generally present with urine incontinence.
36. Urinary System Development
Clinical Considerations* - 31
N. Ureterocele:
1. Simple ureterocele:
Occurs when the distal end of the ureter has a
cystlike protrusion into the submucosal layer of
the urinary bladder.
2. Ectopic ureterocele:
Occurs when the distal end of the ureter has a
cystl-ike protrusion into the submucosal layer of
the urinary bladder that is almost invariably
associated with an ectopic ureter and
duplication.
In this situation, the ureterocele is at the end of
the ureter from the upper renal segment and is
located inferior to the other ureter opening.
• The diagram in the figure opposite shows an
ectopic ureterocele located at the end of an
enlarged ureter from the upper renal segment.
• The opening of the enlarged ureter is located
inferior to the normal-sized ureter from the
lower renal segment.
Ectopic Ureterocele
37. Urinary System
Clinical Problems
Assignment 6.5:
1. Give the embryological basis of accessory or supernumerary renal
arteries and discuss their clinical significance.*
2. If the ectopic ureteric orifice opens inferior to the urinary bladder it
results in urinary incontinence. Give the anatomical basis.*
3. What is Wilm’s tumor? Give its embryological/genetic basis.*
4. Give the embryological basis of congenital polycystic kidney (CPK). Give
its types and discuss the prognosis of each type.*
5. Agenesis of the kidney is not fatal for fetus but is fatal for newborn
baby (i.e., after the birth). Why?*