2. Outline
1. Definition
2. Classification
3. Causes
4. Risk factors
5. Clinical manifestations
6. Management
7. Prevention
Definition: UTIs are defined as Infection of any part
of the urinary tract
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3. Classification and examples
ā¢ Upper UT: Kidneys, and ureters
ā¢ Lower UT: Bladder, and urethra
ā¢ Upper UTI: acute pyleronephritis
ā¢ Lower UTI: Cystitis, Urethritis
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4. Classification Contā
ā¢ Can be complicated or uncomplicated
ā¢ Uncomplicated; normal renal tract structural
and function.
ā¢ Complicated; structural/functional
abnormality of GUS e.g. obstruction, stones
and abscess formation
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5. CAUSATIVE AGENTS
Usually anaerobes and gram negatives from bowel
and vaginal flora.
Gram negatives:
ā¢ E. coli main cause in community 75-95%
ā¢ Klebsiella
ā¢ Proteus mirabilis
ā¢ Enterococci
Gram positives:
ā¢ Staphylococcus
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6. RISK FACTORS
ā¢ History of recent UTI
ā¢ Use of diaphragm
ā¢ Use of spermicide
ā¢ Indwelling urethral
catheters
ā¢ Dehydration
ā¢ Obstructed UT
ā¢ Urinary incontinence
ā¢ Faecal incontinence
ā¢ Increased sexual activity
Increased bacterial over
growth
ā¢ DM
ā¢ Immunosuppression
ā¢ Obstruction
ā¢ Stones
ā¢ Catheter
ā¢ Pregnancy
ā¢ Old age
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7. Risk factors contā
NB
ļUTIs common in women due to;
ā¢ Short urethra
ā¢ Close proximity of anal opening with urethral
opening.
ļMales are protected due to;
ā¢ Long urethra
ā¢ Prostate secretions(bacteriostastic)
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10. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION contā
Signs:
ā¢ Fever
ā¢ Supra pubic tenderness
ā¢ loin tenderness
ā¢ Examine for distended urinary bladder
ā¢ Examine for prostate enlargement
ā¢ Renal angle tenderness
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11. INVESTIGATIONS/DIAGNOSIS
Urinalysis:
ļ±Urine dipstick;
ā¢ WBC and nitrites suggest UTI
ā¢ Do not use urine from the catheter or urine
bag, sample collection technique?
ļ±Urine microscopy; pus cells, how many? ā„ 5
per HPF
ļ±Urine culture; mid stream urine
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12. Contā
Blood tests: if systemically unwell;
ļ±FBC,
ļ±Blood culture in case of failure to respond to treatment
ļ±Electrolytes panel
ļ±RFTs
Imaging :
ļ±USS; kidneys, prostate
ļ±Cystoscopy, CT
ļ±Intravenous urography: persistent upper UTI, recurrent
UTI(>2 years), persistent hematuria and obstractive
uropathies
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14. TREATMENT
Cystitis
Ensure high fluid intake
ļ±First line; tabs nitrofurantoin 100mg 12hourly for
5-7 days.
ļ±Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole 160/800 g 12
hrly for 3 days
ļ±Fosfomycin tremetamol 3 g once for one day
ļ±2nd line; tabs ciprofloxacin 500mg 12hourly5-
7days
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15. TREATMENT CONTā
ā¢ Levofloxacin 250-500 mg daily for 3 days
ā¢ Alternative agents
ā¢ Cephalexin 500 mg 6-12 hrly for 7 days
ā¢ Amoxicillin/clavulanate 500/125 mg every 12
hrs for 3 days
ā¢ Cefpodoxime 100 mg every 12 hrs for 3 days
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16. TREATMENT CONTā
Pyelonephritis
ā¢ Ensure adequate fluid intake
ā¢ PCM 1g 8hrly, for pain & fever
Hospitalised
ā¢ Ampicillin 1 g 6 hours, plus gentamycin 1
mg/kg every 8 hrs IV for 14 days
ā¢ Ceftriaxone 1 g daily for 14 days
ā¢ Ciprofloxacin 12hrly 400mg for 14 days
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17. Contā
Non hospitalized
ā¢ Ceftriaxone 1 g once
ā¢ Ciprofloxacin 400 mg once
ā¢ Gentamycin 5mg/kg
Followed by
ā¢ Ciprofloxacin 500 mg 12 hrly for 7 days Or
ā¢ Levofloxacin 750 mg daily for 5 days
ā¢ Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg one
tablet every 12 hrs for 14 days
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18. Acute bacterial prostatitis
Hospitalized
ā¢ Ampicillin 2 g every 6 hrs plus gentamycin 1.5
mg/kg every 8 hrs IV until afebrile
ā¢ Followed by one of these
ā¢ Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg ever
12 hrs for 3 weeks
ā¢ Ciprofloxacin 250-500 mg every 12 hrs for 3
weeks
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19. Chronic prostitis
First line
ā¢ Ciprofloxacin 500 mg every 12 hrs for 1-3 months
ā¢ Levofloxacin 750 mg daily for 28 days
Second line
ā¢ Doxycline 100 mg twice daily for 4-12 weeks
ā¢ Azithromycin 500 mg daily for 4-12 weeks
ā¢ Clarithromycin 500 mg daily for 4-12 weeks
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