This document discusses catecholamines and their roles in the sympathetic nervous system. It details the pathways of catecholamine synthesis from tyrosine to epinephrine. It describes catecholamine receptors, uptake and metabolism. It lists target organs and effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Adrenergic drugs used to stimulate or block catecholamine receptors are also outlined.
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
Seretonin (5HT) and Its Antagonists PharmacologyPranatiChavan
Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to wellbeing and happiness.
The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT. It is mainly found in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets.
Serotonin is used to transmit messages between nerve cells, it is thought to be active in constricting smooth muscles, and it contributes to wellbeing and happiness, among other things. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycles and the internal clock.
It is thought to play a role in appetite, the emotions, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic functions. However, it is not known exactly if serotonin affects these directly, or if it has an overall role in co-ordinating the nervous system.
SYMPATHOMIMTIC AND SYMPATHOLYTICS DRUGS.pptxMsSapnaSapna
Drugs that bind to these receptors and augment the system are called sympathomimetics, while those that bind to these receptors and inhibit or prevent the binding of endogenous ligands are called sympatholytics.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
4. UPTAKE OF CA :
It is an efficient mechanism after the
release of NE
Axonal uptake (Uptake 1 ) :
Transports NE at a higher rate than E.
Extra neuronal uptake (Uptake 2 ):
CA are taken into other tissues.
6. METABOLISM :
by two enzyme systems – .
NE after Uptake -1 into the axoplasm is
acted upon by
NE which diffuses into the circulation is
acted upon by , mainly in the liver
The major metabolites excreted in urine is
(Vanillyl mandelic acid)
12. Word of the Day:
SYMPATHOMIMETIC
Adrenergic drug which acts directly on adrenergic
receptor, activating it.
Adrenergic transmission is restricted to the
sympathetic nervous system
18. Epi→ β1receptors on ventricular myocytes→
↑ force of contraction
Epi→ β1receptors at SA node →↑HR
Cardiac output is determined by heart rate and
stroke volume
CO = HR x SV
19. At low plasma
concentrations of
Epi, β2 effect
predominates→
vasodilation
At high plasma
concentrations of
Epi, α1 effect
predominates→
vasoconstriction
20. Arterial BP = CO x PVR
Epinephrine:
↑ CO
Low doses ↓ PVR (arteriolar dilation in skeletal muscle)
High doses ↑PVR
21. Epinephrine :
Acts on α1,α 2 and β1,β2.
Epinephrine increase the HR, systolic
BP and PP.
Its effects on diastolic blood pressure
depends on dose.
22. Epinephrine
At low dose, β2 activation predominates
resulting in decrease of diastolic pressure
and TPR, although mean BP may not
decrease significantly.
At medium dose, increase in heart rate,
increase in mean blood pressure and
increase in pulse pressure due to both β1
and α1 receptor action.
23. Norepinephrine
It increases TPR and both diastolic and
systolic blood pressure.
Positive inotropic action results in increase
of pulse pressure.
Compensatory vagal reflexes tend to
overcome the direct chronotropic action
of NE -- reflex bradycardia may occur.
24. Beta agonists :β1 and β2
Isoproterenol
It cause a decrease in peripheral resistance,
a decrease in mean BP due to β2 receptor
action and a reflex increase in heart rate.
Systolic blood pressure does not fall
significantly as diastolic, due to β1 receptor
action, so the pulse pressure increases .
29. Epi at α1-
adrenergic
receptors on radial
smooth muscle →
contraction→
mydriasis
Epi at B2-
adrenergic
receptors→
relaxation of
ciliary muscle
α1
β2
30.
31. • peristalsis is reduced, sphincters are
contracted.
GIT
• detrusors relaxed, trigone contracted
Bladder
• contracts (alpha action), RBCs are poured
Splenic capsule
• neuromuscular transmission is facilitated.
(Tremors due to beta 2 actions)
Skeletal muscle
• restlessness , tremors , fall in BP and
bradycardia
CNS
• hyperglycemia, lipolysis
Metabolic :
• Relaxation at term
UTERUS :
32. Dopaminergic neurons in brain, enteric nervous system
and kidney
Moderate doses DA:
Stimulate DA receptors in mesenteric and renal vascular beds
→vasodilatation
Stimulate β1 receptors in heart →↑HR and ↑force of contraction
High doses DA:
Stimulate α1 receptors →vasoconstriction
33. • ↑ blood flow to kidney
and mesentery
• ↑ cardiac output
Shock
(moderate doses)
• Moderate doses ↑ cardiac
output without ↑PVR
Refractory
congestive
heart failure
34. Stimulates β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors, but at
therapeutic doses, β1-effects predominate
Increases force of contraction more than
increases heart rate
↑CO = ↑HR x ↑ ↑ SV
Therapeutic uses
Shock
Refractory congestive heart failure
37. Adrenergic drugs
EPHEDRINE :
Acts directly on alpha and beta receptors and indirectly
also.
Effective orally - resistant to MAO
Crosses the BBB – CNS stimulation.
Used in bronchial asthma and hypotension
38. Methoxamine
Resembles phenylephrine
very closely
Used occassionally as pressor
agent
Phenylephrine
Selective alpha1 agonist
Uses:
Topically as nasal
decongestant
For producing mydriasis.
Open angle Glaucoma (by
constricting ciliary body
blood vessells IOP)
AE: Rise in BP, After
congestion
39. Adrenergic drugs
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE
Used orally as decongestant of upper
respiratory tract, nose, eustachian tube.
Provides symptomatic relief in allergic rhinitis,
common cold, URTI.
AE: rise in BP
40. Adrenergic drugs
IMIDAZOLINES:
Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline, Xylometazoline
Topical nasal decongestants
After congestion less and are longer acting.
Regular chronic use can cause atrophic rhinitis
due to persistent vasoconstriction.
AE: rise in BP
UPTAKE 2 (extra neuronal uptake) : CA are taken into other tissues.
COMT plays a major role in the metabolism of catecholamines particularly in liver.
Beta 1 agonists increase the HR, stroke volume and cardiac output.Beta 2 agonists decrease the total peripheral resistance.
EPINEPHRINECNS : Not significant when given IV because of poor penetration of BBB .PHARMACOKINETICS :Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Dopamine – ORALLY INACTIVE Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are degraded by MAO and COMT of the intestine wall and liver
Phenyl Propanolamine
Alkaloid from the plant – ephedra vulgaris.Repeated injections produce tachyphylaxis.
Beta 2 agonists :Selectivity of the drugs is not absolute.Stimulation of the heart is the major adverse effect of this group.Beta 2 receptors are also seen in the skeletal muscle – tremors