Dr Rahul Kunkulol's Power point preparations

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2.  What is Pharmacology?
 Why do we need to take Pharmacology?
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3. It is the science that deals with
the study of drugs and its
effect on biological system.
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4. ….
Drug is any substance or product used or
intended to be used to modify or explore
the physiological state or pathological
condition for the well being of the recipient
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5. Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics
What the body does to drug What the drug does to body
Pharmacotherapeutics Pharmacocognosy
The study of the use of drugs Identifying crude materials
as drugs
Toxicology
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6. Is what the body does to the drug ?......
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8. Pharmacokinetics
What the body does to the drug
t1/2 (Half-Life)
- the time required for the plasma concentration of a
drug
to be reduced by 50%
ED50 (effective dose)
- The dose of a drug that is effective for 50% of the
population exposed to the drug
LD50 (lethal dose)
- the dose at which death occurs in 50% of
subjects

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10. Interaction of drugs with cellular
proteins, such as receptors or enzymes,
to control changes in physiological
function of particular organs.
 Drug-Receptor Interactions
 Signal Transduction
 Dose-Response
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12. - Based on the chemical structure
- Based on the main effect (e.g.
analgesics).
-Based on the therapeutic use (e.g.
antidepressant).
-Based on mechanism of action (e.g.
serotonin agonist).

13. mical name - *Generic name - Trade
Chemical Name: 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid
Generic Name: ibuprofen
Trade Names: Advil, Aches-N-Pain,
Brufen,
Emodin, Haltran, Medipren,
Midol 200, Motrin, Nuprin,
Rufen, Trendar, Wal-Profen
*preclinical nomenclature = company abbrev-123456 (e.g. WAY-100635, MK-869)

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15. Sources Details Examples
Plants Berries (seeds) , bark, Leaves
Resin from trees, roots
Morphine
Qunine
Digitalis / Digoxin
Gum acacia
Minerals Earth & soil Iron, sulfur, potassium,
silver & even gold
Animals Glands, organs & tissues Pork insulin
Synthetic Man made Meperidine,
sulphonamides
Microbes Fungus
Streptomycets
Bacteria
Penicillins
Erythromycin
Bacitracin
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17. Exudates of plants.
used as emulsifying
agents
› Ex. Gum acacia
 Resins :
Polymers of
volatile oil
› Ex. Benzoin
Nonphenolic
nitrogenous derivatives.
Used as astrigents.
› Ex. Tinc,. Catechu
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18.  From the leaves
of this plant was
isolated the
cardiac
glycoside
Digitalis, a drug
still used today
to treat heart
failure.
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19. 
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20.  The eastern herb used
in China since antiquity
to treat fevers, is the
source of the modern
drug qinghaosu, which
shows great promise as
a modern anti-malarial
compound.
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24. Plant Part Drug Use
Chinchona Bark Quinine Anti malarial
Purple
Foxglove
Leaves Digitallis Congestive
cardiac
failure
Pappaverous
somniferous
Poppy seeds
(opium)
Morphine
Codeine
Opioid
Analgesic
antitussive
Artimisia
annua
Quinghousu Artimisinin
derivatives
Antimalarial
Atropa Leaves Atropine OPPs
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25. Animal Part Drug Use
Cow Pancreas Insulin Antidiabetic
hormone
Fish Sperms Protamine
sulphate
Antidote of
heparin
Pig intestine Heparin anticoagulants
Ox lungs Heparin anticoagulants
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26.  Pethidine Cotrimoxazole
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27. Minerals Drugs Uses
Magnesium Milk of magnesia constipation
Iron Ferrous sulphate Anaemia
Zinc Zinc oxide
ointment
Calamine lotion
Calcium Calcium
sulphate
Osteoporosis
Gold Gold salts Rheumatoid
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28. Microbes Name Drug
Fungi Penicillium notataum Penicillin
Actinomycetes Streptomyces Venezuela
Streptomyces aurefaciens
Chloramphenicol
Tetracycline
Bacteria Bacillus subtilis Bacitracin
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29.  Recombinax HB (hepatitis B Vaccine)
 Human erythropoetin
 Human Insulin
 Abciximab
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30.  Dosage: Amount of drug to be administered
usually based on weight.
Example: mg/kg
 Concentration: How the drug is formulated into
a solution . Example: mg/ml
 Injection Volume: A liquid measurement based
on weight . Example: ml/kg
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32. Drug Formulation
examples……
VERY SIMPLE FORMULATION:
A rat needs to be administered a dosage of 50mg.
The drug is in a liquid form of concentration 25 mg/ml.
What volume of the solution needs to be injected?

33. Drug Formulation
examples……
SIMPLE FORMULATION:
The rat weighs 350 g.
The maximum volume to be injected IP in a rat is 1ml/kg.
The dose to be administered is 10mg/kg.
The dose is in a liquid concentration of 10mg/ml.
What volume of the solution will be injected into the rat?

34. Drug Formulation
examples……
SIMPLE FORMULATION:
The rat weighs 350 g.
The maximum volume to be injected IP in a rat is 1ml/kg.
The dose to be administered is 10mg/kg.
The dose is in a liquid concentration of 10mg/ml.
SIMPLE ANSWER:
1. Transform weight: A 350 g. rat = 0.35 kg.
2. Determine max. vol.: 0.35 kg X 1ml/kg = 0.35 ml volume

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