amazing slide and work on this topic .its a very important and social topic

1. Reproductive Health

3. • Reproductive Health in Human: Problems and Strategies
• Population explosion and birth control
• Medical termination of pregnancy
• Sexually transmitted disease
• Common diseases and symptoms
• Infertility
• Why we read this course ?

4.  Reproductive health is defined as a state of physical, mental and
social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive
system, at all stages of life.
 According to World Health Organization (WHO) reproductive
health means a total well-being in all aspects of reproduction.
 According to WHO reports, out of global burden of ill health,
reproductive and sexual ill-health accounts for 20% for women and
14% for men.

5. Problems
and
Strategies
• Family Planning
• Maternal Health:
• Proper Medical Care
• Proper Medical Care
• Sex education
• Access to reproductive and sexual health
• Birth control devices
• Prevention of sex abuse and sex related crime
• Misuse of Amniocentesis

6. (b) Population growth rate depends on factors like fertility, natality, mortality, migration, age and sex structure.
(c) Increased health facilities and better living conditions are the cause behind population explosion.
(d) Out of 6 billion world population 1.3 billion populations is of Indians.
(e) Rapid decline in death rate, Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) are major cause of
population growth.
(f) Growth rate of Indian population is around 1.7 percent.
(g) Most of the urban people are uneducated.
(h) The regulation of conception by preventive methods or devices to limit the number of offsprings is called Birth
Control.
(i) A birth control method which deliberately prevents fertilization are referred to as contraception.
Characteristics of an ideal contraceptive are:
(a) User friendly
(b) Easily available
(c) Nor or least side effects
(d) No way interferes with sexual drive

7. Physical exam of male client
Contraception
Sexually transmitted
infection
HIV and AIDS
Disorder of male
reproductive system
Male cancer
Fertility and infertility
Supporting prenatal
and postnatal care
Sexual and gender
based violence
support
Supporting safe
abortion care
Information and
counselling
Assessment question on male client history

8. Types of Birth Control
Barrier methods
•Contraceptive sponge
•Diaphragm, cervical
cap, and cervical shield
•Female condom
•Male condom
Hormonal methods
•Oral contraceptives —
combined pill ("The pill")
•Oral contraceptives
•progestin-only pill ("Minipill")
•The Patch
•Shot / Injection
•Vaginal Ring
Permanent
birth control methods
• Sterilization Implant
• Surgical Sterilization

9. S. No. Method Action
(1) Rhythm Method No intercourse during woman’s fertility period (day 12-20).
(2) Withdrawl Penis is withdrawn before ejavculation.
(3) Tubectomy / Tubal ligation Women’s fallopian tubes are cut and tied, permanently blocking sperm release.
(4) Vasectomy Man’s vasa deferentia are cut and tied permanently blocking sperm passage.
(5) Intrauterine device (IUD) Small plastic or metal device placed in the uterus to prevent implantation. Some
contain copper, other release hormones.
(6) Oral Contraceptive Synthetic estrogens and progestrones prevent normal menstrual cycle, primarily
prevent ovulation.
(7) Male condom Thin rubber sheath on erect penis collects ejaculated semen.
(8) Female condom Plastic pouch inserted into vagina catches semen.
(9) Diaphragm Soft rubber cup covers entrance to uterus, prevents sperm from reaching egg and
holds spermicide.
(10) Cervical cap Miniature diaphragm covers cervix closely, prevents sperm from reaching egg and
holds spermicide.
(11) Foams, creams, jellies etc. Chemical spermicides inserted in vagina before intercourse, prevent sperm from
entering uterus.
(12) Implant (Norplant) Capsules surgically implanted under skin, slowly release hormone that blocks
ovulation.
(13) Injectable contraceptive
(Depo-Provera)
Injection every 3 months of a hormone that is lowly released and prevents
ovulation.

10. Contraceptive sponge
Female condom

11. Male condom
Diaphragm, cervical cap,
and cervical shield

12. Oral contraceptives
The Patch

13. The Patch
Likewise called by its brand name, Ortho Evra, this skin patch is worn on the lower abdomen, bottom,
external arm, or abdominal area. It discharges the hormones progestin and estrogen into the circulatory
system to prevent the ovaries from discharging eggs in to the fallopian tubes. It additionally thickens the
cervical bodily fluid, which keeps the sperm from joining with the egg. You put on another patch once every
week for 3 weeks. You don't utilize a patch the fourth week to have a period.
Women ought to hold up three weeks after delivery before utilizing conception prevention that contains both
estrogen and progestin. These strategies increment the danger of perilous blood clots that could frame in the
wake of conceiving an offspring. Women who had a cesarean segment or have other hazard variables for
blood clots, for example, history of blood clots, obesity, smoking, or preeclampsia, ought to hold up for six
weeks.

14. Vaginal Ring
This is a thin, adaptable ring that discharges the
hormones progestin and estrogen. It works by
preventing the ovaries from discharging eggs. It
likewise thickens the cervical bodily fluid, which
keeps the sperm from joining the egg.
It is ordinarily called Nuva Ring, its brand name. You
press the ring between your thumb and pointer and
embed it into your vagina. You wear the ring for 3
weeks, take it out for the week that you have your
period, and afterward put in another ring.
Women ought to hold up three weeks after delivery
before utilizing conception prevention that contains
both estrogen and progestin. These strategies
increment the danger of perilous blood clots that
could frame in the wake of conceiving an offspring.
Women who had a cesarean segment or have other
hazard variables for blood clots, for example, history
of blood clusters, obesity, smoking, or preeclampsia,
ought to hold up for six weeks.

15. Sterilization Implant

16. Tubectomy
Tubal ligation or tubectomy is
a surgical strategy for
cleansing in which a lady's
fallopian tubes are clasped and
blocked or separated and fixed,
both of which keeps eggs from
achieving the uterus for
implantation. Tubal ligation is
viewed as a lasting technique
for disinfection and
conception prevention..
Different strategies incorporate utilizing
clasps or rings to clip them close, or
disjoining and searing them.

17. VasectomyVasectomy is minor surgery to block
sperm from reaching the semen that is
ejaculated from the penis. Semen still
exists, but it has no sperm in it. After a
vasectomy the testes still make sperm,
but they are soaked up by the body. Each
year, more than 500,000 men in the U.S.
choose vasectomy for birth control. A
vasectomy prevents pregnancy better
than any other method of birth control,
except abstinence. Only 1 to 2 women out
of 1,000 will get pregnant in the year
after their partners have had a vasectomy.

18. The term sexually transmitted disease (STD) is used to refer to a
condition passed from one person to another through sexual contact.
You can contract an STD by having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral
sex with someone who has the STD.
An STD may also be called a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or
venereal disease (VD).
That doesn’t mean sex is the only way STDs are transmitted.
Depending on the specific STD, infections may also be transmitted
through sharing needles and breastfeeding.

19. Chlamydia
A certain type of bacteria causes chlamydia. It’s the most commonly
reported STD among Americans, notes the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source.
Many people with chlamydia have no noticeable symptoms. When
symptoms do develop, they often include:
•pain or discomfort during sex or urination
•green or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina
•pain in the lower abdomen
If left untreated, chlamydia can lead to:
•infections of the urethra, prostate gland, or testicles
•pelvic inflammatory disease
•infertility

20. HPV (human papillomavirus)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can be passed from one person to
another through intimate skin-to-skin or sexual contact. There are many different
strains of the virus. Some are more dangerous than others. The most common
symptom of HPV is warts on the genitals, mouth, or throat.
Some strains of HPV infection can lead to cancer, including:
•oral cancer, cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, penile cancer, rectal cancer
While most cases of HPV don’t become cancerous, some strains of the virus are
more likely to cause cancer than others. According to the National Cancer
InstituteTrusted Source, most cases of HPV-related cancer caused by HPV 16 and
HPV 18.

21. •Rash, fatigue, Fever, Headaches, joint pain, weight loss, hair loss
•loss of vision
•loss of hearing
•loss of memory
•mental illness
•infections of the
brain or spinal cord
•heart disease
•death
Syphilis
Syphilis is another bacterial infection. It often goes unnoticed in its early stages.
The first symptom to appear is a small round sore, known as a chancre. It can
develop on your genitals, anus, or mouth. It’s painless but very infectious.
Late-stage syphilis
syphilis is easily treated with antibiotics

22. Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is another common bacterial STD. It’s also known as “the clap.”
Many people with gonorrhea develop no symptoms. But when present, symptoms may
include:
•a white, yellow, beige, or green-colored discharge from the penis or vagina
•pain or discomfort during sex or urination
•more frequent urination than usual
•itching around the genitals
•sore throat
If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to:
•infections of the urethra, prostate gland, or testicles
•pelvic inflammatory disease
•infertility
It’s possible for a mother to pass gonorrhea onto a newborn during childbirth. When that
happens, gonorrhea can cause serious health problems in the baby. That’s why many
doctors encourage pregnant women to get tested and treated for potential STDs.
Gonorrhea can usually be treated with antibiotics.

23. Pubic lice (‘crabs’)
“Crabs” is another name for pubic lice. They’re tiny insects that can take up
residence on your pubic hair. Like head lice and body lice, they feed on
human blood.
Common symptoms of pubic lice include:
•itching around the genitals or anus
•small pink or red bumps around the genitals or anus
•low-grade fever
•lack of energy
•irritability

24. Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis is also known as “trich.” It’s caused by a tiny
protozoan organism that can be passed from one person to
another through genital contact
•discharge from the vagina or penis
•burning or itching around the vagina or penis
•pain or discomfort during urination or sex
•frequent urination

25. Treatment of STDs
The recommended treatment for STDs varies, depending on what STD you have. It’s very
important that you and your sexual partner be successfully treated for STDs before resuming
sexual activity. Otherwise, you can pass an infection back and forth between you.
Bacterial STDs
Usually, antibiotics can easily treat bacterial infections.
It’s important to take all your antibiotics as prescribed. Continue taking them even if you feel
better before you finish taking all of them. Let your doctor know if your symptoms don’t go away
or return after you’ve taken all of your prescribed medication.
Viral STDs
Antibiotics can’t treat viral STDs. While most viral infections have no cure, some can clear on
their own. And in many cases, treatment options are available to relieve symptoms and reduce
the risk of transmission.
For example, medications are available to reduce the frequency and severity of herpes
outbreaks. Likewise, treatment can help stop the progression of HIV. Furthermore, antiviral drugs
can lower your risk of transmitting HIV to someone else.

26. HIV
HIV can damage the immune system and raise the risk of contracting other viruses
or bacteria and certain cancers. If left untreated, it can lead to stage 3 HIV,
known as AIDS. But with today’s treatment, many people living with HIV don’t
ever develop AIDS.
•fever
•chills
•aches and pains
•swollen lymph nodes
•sore throat
•headache
•nausea
•rashes
These initial symptoms typically clear within a month or so. From that point
onward, a person can carry HIV without developing serious or persistent symptoms
for many years.
•recurrent fatigue
•Fevers headaches stomach issues

28. In Males In Females
Oligospermia:
Low sperm count
Anovulation:
Absence of ovulation
Azospermia:
Absence of sperm
Oligoovulation:
Deficient ovulation
Asthenozoospermia:
Low sperm motility
Hyperprolactinemia:
Ovum remains trapped inside the
follicle
Teratozoospermia:
Defective sperm morphology
Idiopathic Infertility:
Failure or abnormal fertilization
Cryptorchidism:
Failure of Testes to descend in the
scrotal sac
Tubal Infertility:
Damaged/ ligated fallopian tube

29. Infertility is the point at which a couple becomes unsuccessful to conceive
following one year of sexual existence without contraception. 80% of all
women coveting youngsters conceive inside 1 year of marriage and
another 10% inside the second year.
As indicated by the World Health Organization, rate of infertility is
around 10% around the world. Another 10-12% of the various couples have
just a single child and wish to have more. The rate of infertility is slowly
expanding everywhere throughout the world.

30. •Intra-Uterine Insemination
(IUI):
This technique is utilized as a part of
men with respectably low sperm tally.
The semen is gathered by masturbation,
which is then washed and centrifuged to
build the density of sperm. This high
thickness sample of sperm is then
infused into the uterus, bypassing the
vagina. The odds of unfriendly cervical
bodily fluid are subsequently dispensed
with. Since the sperm is infused into the
uterine cavity, odds of pregnancy are
expanded. The method ought to be done
inside 2 hours of gathering the semen.

31. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
It is the technique by
which egg cells are dealt
with by sperm
(regularly 100,000 sperm
/ml) outside the womb,
in vitro. IVF is a vital
treatment in infertility
when distinctive
procedures for helped
reproductive
advancement have
failed. The methodology
incorporates hormonally
controlling the ovulatory
technique, emptying ova
(eggs) from the woman's
ovaries and allowing
sperm to treat them in a
fluid medium.

32. This is a type of infertility treatment where blockage in the fallopian tubes keeps the
typical fusion of sperm to the egg. Egg cells are expelled from woman's ovaries, and
then fertilized in vitro. The resultant zygote is then put into the fallopian tube by
laparoscopic technique. ZIFT has a win rate of 64.8% in all cases.
It takes a normal of five weeks to finish a cycle
of ZIFT . To begin with, the woman must
take medicines to increase fertility and to fortify
egg creation in the ovaries. The specialist will
screen the development of ovarian follicles,
once the follicles are mature, woman will be
infused with Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin (hCG). Eggs will be reaped
roughly 36 hours after the fact, typically by
transvaginal ovum recovery. After fertilization in
research center zygotes are set into the
woman's fallopian tubes utilizing laparoscope.
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

33. Eggs expelled from a woman's ovaries are placed in one of the Fallopian tubes,
alongside the man's sperm. The system, which was spearheaded by
endocrinologist Ricardo Asch, permits fertilization to occur inside the woman's body. It
takes a normal of four to six weeks to finish a cycle of GIFT.
In the first place, the woman must take
a fertility medication to animate egg
creation in the ovaries. The specialist
will screen development of ovarian
follicles, once they develop, woman will
be infused with Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin (hCG). The eggs will be
gathered roughly 36 hours after the
fact, blended with the man's sperm,
and put once again into the woman's
Fallopian tubes utilizing laparoscope
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)

34. It is a strategy in which only one sperm is infused into the focal point of the egg,
keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish treatment. Sperm is gathered from the
male accomplice by masturbation. Single healthy sperm is then infused into the
ovum that is prepared already. The upside of this technique is that only a solitary
sperm is required - even men with a low sperm number can get to be fathers with
this treatment.
Men observed to be azoospermic
that is with no sperm count at all in
the semen, sperm can be suctioned
out of the vas deferens (male tubes).
Sperm can likewise be freed from
the testicles itself via cautious
testicular biopsy and culture by a
strategy
called MESA Microepididymal sperm
aspiration.

35. F
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