A urinary tract infection occurs when bacteria infect the urinary system. It can involve the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. Common symptoms include an urgent need to urinate, burning during urination, and cloudy or bloody urine. Untreated UTIs can lead to kidney infections which may cause back pain, fever, nausea, or vomiting. Doctors diagnose UTIs through urine tests and may use imaging tests if infections reoccur. Antibiotics are prescribed to treat UTIs depending on severity, and lifestyle changes like drinking cranberry juice or water can help prevent future infections.
a presentation about UTI. information from various textbooks and different journals and also from many peoples presentation is accumulated in this one file. i worked very hard for this project.
This is most common urological condition and multiple sites of urinary tract are involved in this type of infection. my this PPT slide is helpful to all the student and faculty to increasing their knowledge about UTI.
a presentation about UTI. information from various textbooks and different journals and also from many peoples presentation is accumulated in this one file. i worked very hard for this project.
This is most common urological condition and multiple sites of urinary tract are involved in this type of infection. my this PPT slide is helpful to all the student and faculty to increasing their knowledge about UTI.
Urinary Tract Infection with Nursing ManagementSwatilekha Das
Urinary Tract Infection introduction, definition, common microorganisms, classification, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnostic studies, medical management and nursing management along with assessment, nursing diagnosis, goal, nursing interventions and expected outcome after the intervention.
Urinary tract infection- a detailed medical study martinshaji
HAPPY PHARMACIST DAY
An infection in any part of the urinary system, the kidneys, bladder or urethra.
Urinary tract infections are more common in women. They usually occur in the bladder or urethra, but more serious infections involve the kidney.
A bladder infection may cause pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate, pain with urination and blood in the urine.
this study details all about UTI
please comment
thank you
Symptomatic presence of micro-organisms within the urinary tract i.e., kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra.
• Associated with inflammation of urinary tract.
Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.
URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS ARE ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT GROUP OF DISORDERS THAT NEEDS A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING. THE MOST BASIC OF THEM ARE URINARY RETENTION AND INCONTINENCE. THIS PRESENTATION DEALS WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE DESCRIPTION, CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THESE DISORDERS IN AN ILLUSTRATED MANNER.
Information to know About Urinary Tract Infectiontunzida045
Any infection within the urinary system is referred to as a urinary tract infection (UTI). Most infections impact the bladder and urethra, which are parts of the lower urinary system urinary tract infection treatments recurrent uti.
The risk of UTIs is higher in women than in males. It can be uncomfortable and unpleasant if the infection is restricted to the bladder urgent care for uti. Serious health issues may arise if a urinary tract infection (UTI) spreads to the kidneys instant uti relief.
A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is an infection in any part of your urinary system, which includes your:-
kidneys,
bladder,
ureters, and
urethra.
It is associated with the inflammation of the urinary tract.
When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection and when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as a kidney infection.
Urinary Tract Infection with Nursing ManagementSwatilekha Das
Urinary Tract Infection introduction, definition, common microorganisms, classification, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnostic studies, medical management and nursing management along with assessment, nursing diagnosis, goal, nursing interventions and expected outcome after the intervention.
Urinary tract infection- a detailed medical study martinshaji
HAPPY PHARMACIST DAY
An infection in any part of the urinary system, the kidneys, bladder or urethra.
Urinary tract infections are more common in women. They usually occur in the bladder or urethra, but more serious infections involve the kidney.
A bladder infection may cause pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate, pain with urination and blood in the urine.
this study details all about UTI
please comment
thank you
Symptomatic presence of micro-organisms within the urinary tract i.e., kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra.
• Associated with inflammation of urinary tract.
Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.
URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS ARE ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT GROUP OF DISORDERS THAT NEEDS A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING. THE MOST BASIC OF THEM ARE URINARY RETENTION AND INCONTINENCE. THIS PRESENTATION DEALS WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE DESCRIPTION, CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THESE DISORDERS IN AN ILLUSTRATED MANNER.
Information to know About Urinary Tract Infectiontunzida045
Any infection within the urinary system is referred to as a urinary tract infection (UTI). Most infections impact the bladder and urethra, which are parts of the lower urinary system urinary tract infection treatments recurrent uti.
The risk of UTIs is higher in women than in males. It can be uncomfortable and unpleasant if the infection is restricted to the bladder urgent care for uti. Serious health issues may arise if a urinary tract infection (UTI) spreads to the kidneys instant uti relief.
A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is an infection in any part of your urinary system, which includes your:-
kidneys,
bladder,
ureters, and
urethra.
It is associated with the inflammation of the urinary tract.
When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection and when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as a kidney infection.
The dedicated professionals at College Station Urology provide the best urological care for the detection, treatment and prevention of urological diseases-Premier Texas Urology screening, diagnosis and treatment in one place
A kidney infection, which is also known as pyelonephritis, is a type of urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects one or both kidneys.
It occurs when bacteria from the bladder or urethra travel up to the kidneys, where they can cause inflammation and damage to the kidney tissue.
Kidney infections are more common in women and can occur at any age.
An contamination from microbes prompted in any section of the urinary system, which includes kidneys, bladder or urethra is referred to as Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). Some of the signs encompass burning sensation all through urination, cloudy or bloody urine, multiplied frequency and urgency of urination and pelvic pain. With natural and herbal supplements, you can without problems deal with UTI besides inflicting any side-effects. Ayurvedic drugs for urine infection, such as triphala, helps in relieving UTI. Women are at an increased chance of creating a UTI than are men. Infection restrained to your bladder can be painful and annoying. However, serious consequences can take place if a UTI spreads to your kidneys
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection involving the kidneys, uterus, bladder, or urethra. These are the structures that urine passes through before being eliminated from the body. Any part of the urinary tract can become infected.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
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Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
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3. Definition
. A urinary tract infection is an infection that begins in your
urinary system. Your urinary system is composed of the
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
. Any part of your urinary system can become infected, but
most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder
and the urethra.
. Women are at greater risk of developing a urinary tract
infection than men. A urinary tract infection limited to your
bladder can be painful and annoying.
. However, serious consequences can occur if a urinary tract
infection spreads to your kidneys.
4. What Is a Urinary Tract Infection?
About half of women will get a urinary tract infection or UTI at some
point in life. It happens when germs infect the system that carries urine out
of your body -- the kidneys, bladder, and the tubes that connect them.
Bladder infections are common and usually not serious if treated promptly.
But if the infection spreads to the kidneys, it can cause more serious illness.
5. Signs and Symptoms
Urinary tract infections don't always cause signs and symptoms, but
when they do they can include:
A strong, persistent urge to urinate
A burning sensation when urinating
Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
Urine that appears cloudy
Urine that appears bright pink or cola colored —
a sign of blood in the urine
Strong-smelling urine
Pelvic pain, in women
Rectal pain, in men
6. UTI Symptoms: Kidney Infection
An untreated bladder infection can spread to the kidneys. Signs
of this include:
•Pain on either side of the lower back
•Fever and chills
•Nausea and vomiting
7. UTIs in Infants
Babies occasionally develop UTIs, but they can't tell you what they feel. Here are
some signs to watch for:
•An unexplained fever
•Strange-smelling urine
•Poor appetite or vomiting
•Fussy behavior
It's vital to treat a baby's UTI quickly to prevent kidney damage. Promptly
changing a dirty diaper can help prevent bladder infections. And of course, wipe
from front to back whenever changing a baby's diaper.
8. Types of Urinary Tract Infection.
Each type of urinary tract infection may result in more-specific signs and
symptoms, depending on which part of your urinary tract is infected.
Part of urinary tract affected
Signs and symptoms
Kidneys (acute pyelonephritis)
Upper back and side (flank) pain
High fever
Shaking and chills
Nausea
Vomiting
Bladder (cystitis)
Pelvic pressure
Lower abdomen discomfort
Frequent, painful urination
Blood in urine
Urethra (urethritis)
Burning with urination
9. When to see a doctor
?
Make an appointment with your doctor if you
have signs and symptoms that worry you.
10. Tests and diagnosis
Tests and procedures used to diagnose urinary tract infections
include:
Analyzing a urine sample. Your doctor may ask you to turn in a urine sample
that will be analyzed in a laboratory to determine if pus, red blood cells or
bacteria are present. To avoid potential contamination of the sample, you may
be instructed to first wipe your genital area with an antiseptic pad and to collect
the urine midstream.
Growing urinary tract bacteria in a lab. Laboratory analysis of the urine is
sometimes followed by a urine culture — a test that uses your urine sample to
grow bacteria in a lab. This test tells your doctor what bacteria are causing your
infection and which medications will be most effective.
conti….
11. Creating images of your urinary tract. If your doctor suspects that
an abnormality in your urinary tract is causing frequent infections, you
may undergo tests to create images of your urinary tract using
ultrasound or computerized tomography (CT). Another test called an
intravenous urinary pyelogram uses X-rays to create images. During
this test, a dye is injected into a vein in your arm and X-rays are taken
of your urinary tract. The dye highlights your bladder and urethra and
allows your doctor to determine if you have any abnormalities that
slow urine from leaving your body.
Using a scope to see inside your bladder. If you have recurrent
urinary tract infections, your doctor may use a long, thin tube with a
lens (cystoscope) to see inside your urethra and bladder. The
cystoscope is inserted in your urethra and passed through to your
bladder. This procedure is called cystoscopy.
12. Causes
The most common urinary tract infections occur mainly in
women and affect the bladder and urethra.
Infection of the bladder (cystitis) is usually caused by
Escherichia coli (E. coli), a species of bacteria commonly found in the
gastrointestinal tract. Sexual intercourse may lead to cystitis, but you don't
have to be sexually active to develop it. All women are susceptible to
cystitis because of their anatomy — specifically, the close proximity of the
urethra to the anus and the short distance from the urethral opening to the
bladder.
Infection of the urethra (urethritis) can occur when
gastrointestinal bacteria spread from the anus to the urethra. In addition,
because of the female urethra's proximity to the vagina, sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs), such as herpes, gonorrhea and chlamydia,
also are possible causes of urethritis.
13. Risk factors
Some people appear to be more likely than are others to develop
urinary tract infections. Risk factors include:
•Being female. Urinary tract infections are very common in women, and many women
will experience more than one. A key reason is their anatomy. Women have a shorter
urethra, which cuts down on the distance bacteria must travel to reach the bladder.
•Being sexually active. Women who are sexually active tend to have more urinary tract
infections than women who aren't sexually active.
•Using certain types of birth control. Women who use diaphragms for birth control
also may be at higher risk, as may women who use spermicidal agents.
•Undergoing menopause. After menopause, urinary tract infections may become more
common because the lack of estrogen causes changes in the urinary tract that make it
more vulnerable to infection.
•Having urinary tract abnormalities. Babies born with urinary tract abnormalities
that don't allow urine to leave the body or cause urine to back up in the urethra have an
increased risk of urinary tract infections.
conti…..
14. •Having blockages in the urinary tract. Kidney stones or an enlarged
prostate can trap urine in the bladder and increase the risk of urinary tract
infection.
•Having a suppressed immune system. Diabetes and other diseases that
impair the immune system — the body's defense against germs — can
increase the risk of urinary tract infections.
•Using a catheter to urinate. People who can't urinate on their own and
use a tube (catheter) to urinate have an increased risk of urinary tract
infections. This may include people who are hospitalized, people with
neurological problems that make it difficult to control their ability to
urinate and people who are paralyzed.
15. Complications
•When treated promptly and properly, urinary tract infections rarely lead to
complications. But left untreated, a urinary tract infection can become
something more serious than merely a set of uncomfortable symptoms.
•Untreated urinary tract infections can lead to acute or chronic kidney
infections (pyelonephritis), which could permanently damage your
kidneys. Urinary tract infections may be overlooked or mistaken for other
conditions in older adults. Young children also have an increased risk of
kidney infections. Pregnant women who have urinary tract infections may
have an increased risk of delivering low birth weight or premature infants.
•Women who experience three or more urinary tract infections are likely to
continue experiencing them.
16. Prevention
Take these steps to reduce your risk of urinary tract infections:
Drink plenty of liquids, especially water.
Drinking water helps dilute your urine and ensures that you'll urinate
more frequently — allowing bacteria to be flushed from your urinary tract
before an infection can begin.
Wipe from front to back. Doing so after urinating and after a bowel
movement helps prevent bacteria in the anal region from spreading to
the vagina and urethra.
Empty your bladder soon after intercourse. Also, drink a full glass of
water to help flush bacteria.
Avoid potentially irritating feminine products. Using deodorant
sprays or other feminine products, such as douches and powders, in the
genital area can irritate the urethra.
17. Treatments and drugs
Antibiotics are typically used to treat urinary tract infections. Which drugs
are prescribed and for how long depend on your health condition and the
type of bacterium found in your urine.
Simple infection
Drugs commonly recommended for simple urinary tract infections include:
Sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim (Co-trimoxazole).,
Amoxicillin,
Nitrofurantoin
Ampicillin
Ciprofloxacin.
Levofloxacin.
18. Frequent infections
If you experience frequent urinary tract infections, your doctor may
recommend a longer course of antibiotic treatment or a program
with short courses of antibiotics at the outset of your urinary
symptoms.
Your doctor may also recommend taking home urine tests, in which
you dip a test stick into a urine sample.
For infections related to sexual activity, your doctor may recommend
taking a single dose of antibiotic after sexual intercourse.
If you're postmenopausal, your doctor may recommend vaginal
estrogen therapy to minimize your chance of recurrent urinary tract
infections.
19. Severe infection
For severe urinary tract infections, hospitalization and
treatment with intravenous antibiotics may be necessary.
Alternative medicine
Cranberry juice
There's some indication, though it hasn't been proved, that cranberry
juice may have infection-fighting properties and drinking cranberry juice
daily may help prevent urinary tract infections.
Studies have shown the greatest effect in women who have frequent
urinary tract infections.
Studies involving children and older adults have had mixed results.
20. Lifestyle and home remedies
Urinary tract infections can be painful, but you can take steps to ease your
discomfort until antibiotics clear the infection. Follow these tips:
Drink plenty of water to dilute your urine and help flush out bacteria.
Avoid drinks that may irritate your bladder.
Avoid coffee, alcohol, and soft drinks containing citrus juices and caffeine
until your infection has cleared. They can irritate your bladder and tend to
aggravate your frequent or urgent need to urinate.
Use a heating pad.
Apply a warm, but not hot, heating pad to your abdomen to minimize
bladder pressure or discomfort
21. Nursing Management
-Advice
To drink more fluid
Keep perineum clean and dry
In female clan the perineum from front to back
Empty bladder soon after intercourse
Avoid use any chemical products
If any burning micturation or dysuria consult a doctor as early
as possible
If needed administer antibiotic as per order
If catheterization needed use strict aseptic precaution
Give catheter care for catheterized patient
If prolonged catheterized patient give bladder wash