This document provides an introduction and agenda for a symposium on urbanization, inequality, and HIV in South Africa. It discusses key concepts around urbanization, migration, and the social determinants of health. Specifically, it notes that urbanization is driven by both rural-urban migration and natural population growth in cities. It also highlights that urbanization in South Africa must be understood in the context of historical and ongoing population movements within and across borders. The document then outlines how urban inequality and inequities in access to health services negatively impact vulnerable groups in cities and exacerbate the HIV epidemic.
PowerPoint examining the push and pull factors for people moving from rural areas to urban areas within India. It also looks at the consequences for the urban areas due to this movement.
Permanent Migration and Remittances in Ethiopiaessp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, June 24, 2010
Bangladesh's massive urban sector, comprising 525 urban centres, continues to grow. The BBS reports that 21 per cent of the urban population is below the poverty line, a third of whom is extreme poor.
PowerPoint examining the push and pull factors for people moving from rural areas to urban areas within India. It also looks at the consequences for the urban areas due to this movement.
Permanent Migration and Remittances in Ethiopiaessp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, June 24, 2010
Bangladesh's massive urban sector, comprising 525 urban centres, continues to grow. The BBS reports that 21 per cent of the urban population is below the poverty line, a third of whom is extreme poor.
Lewis theory, Rani-Fie-Lewis Theory on unlimited supplies of Labour and Todaro Model of Rural Urban Migration are famous theories on Rural_Urban Migration in Development economics
Sub-urbanization and new sub urban poverty In BangladeshSajedul Islam khan
The paper examines the features of suburban poor and present conditions of suburban poor people with reference to Savar areas. Data have been collected from twenty urban poor living near Savar Puroshova by using a semi structured interview questions for case study. The paper reveals that the poor men face more extreme poverty and vulnerability than women in terms of their economic, cultural and social conditions. The thesis also found that suburban poverty in the Savar areas was mostly affected by masculinization of poverty instead of the feminization of poverty. It makes a contribution to understanding and analysis of the phenomenon of rapid urbanization in the Third World like Bangladesh and its social consequences as the formation of frequent suburban mess hall like slums and new forms of urban poverty.
Finally, the suburban poor are largely dependent on their household, income, employment, medical facilities, and social networking. The paper also indicates that significant portions of the suburban dwellers are lived mostly in informal house and are living below the poverty lines.
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
Poverty is, primarily and essentially, a human problem. It follows humanity like a shadow. Accordingly, it has dedicated origin and destination. Poverty can be caused by numerous factors. Poverty may be by outcome of where one is born or due to the the circumstances, environment and place in which one is placed which are known to cause poverty. Majority of factors causing/perpetuating poverty remain beyond human controls.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Framing concepts and debates: urbanisation, migration, urban health equity and HIV
1. Framing concepts and debates:
urbanisation, migration, urban health equity & HIV
5th Annual HIV-In-Context Research Symposium
Urbanisation, Inequality and HIV
School of Public Health, UWC, 13th March 2013
Jo Vearey, PhD Liz Thomas, PhD
African Centre for Migration & Society Centre for Heath Policy, Wits
University of the Witwatersrand Medical Research Council
jovearey@gmail.com liz.thomas@wits.ac.za
2. Aims
1. To explore the interlinked challenges of urbanisation,
migration, inequality and HIV in South(ern) Africa: key
concepts, trends.
2. To apply a social determinants of health lens to unpack
the complexity of the urban context: upstream determinants
and downstream consequences.
3. To provide suggestions for developing improved
responses to urban health: a focus on understanding and responding to
the complexity of the urban context.
4. To summarise the key issues for consideration in this
symposium.
3. The social determinants of health:
socioeconomic and political context; structural determinants; intermediary determinants
HIV
Migration and mobility
Urbanisation
The urban poor
Overlapping vulnerabilities:
gender; food insecurity; lack of cash; living on the periphery;
struggle to meet basic needs
Inequality Inequity
in the city in the city
Access to positive determinants of health in the city:
basic services; healthcare; housing; education;
secure livelihood activities; food security
Governance (response):
healthy urban governance; intersectoral action; health in all policies;
developmental local government
4. What is urban?
• No standard definition of urban
• Countries differ in the way they classify population as
"urban”
– Population size
• A population of > 2,000 is often considered urban.
– Population density
– Provision of public utilities and services
– Percent population not dependent on agriculture
– Type of local government
– Presence of administrative centres
5. What is urbanisation?
• Growth in the proportion of a population living in
urban areas:
1. Rural to urban migration.
2. Natural population growth of existing urban population.
3. Reclassification of rural areas into urban ones (changing
definitions).
• Urban v’s rural in South Africa
– Lack of clarity
– Continuum v’s dichotomy
– Population density; access to services; economic activities
• Urban, semi-urban, peri-urban, rural
6. Urban Agglomerations in 2009 (proportion
urban of the world: 50.1%)
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: World
Urbanization Prospects, the 2009 Revision. New York 2010 6
7. Urban Agglomerations in 2025 (proportion
urban of the world: 56.6%)
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: World
Urbanization Prospects, the 2009 Revision. New York 2010 7
9. South(ern) Africa is associated with historical
and contemporary population movements.
– Internal > cross-border
– Heterogeneity
– Spatial variation
10.
11. 44% of 28.1% of
4.4% of the
Gauteng’s Western Cape’s
South African
population were population were
population were
born in a born in a
born outside of
different different
South Africa
province province
2,199,871 people
were born outside
of South Africa
Census 2011
13. 7,4% of
Gauteng’s
population are
non-citizens
3.3% of Western
Cape’s
population are
non-citizens
3.3% of the
South African
population are
non-citizens
Census 2011
14. HIV
Migration and mobility
Urbanisation
The urban poor
Overlapping vulnerabilities:
gender; food insecurity; lack of cash; living on the periphery;
struggle to meet basic needs
Inequality Inequity
in the city in the city
15. The urban poor
(Mitlin & Satterthwaite, 2004: 15)
• Inadequate and often unstable • Inadequate provision of basic
income; services, including health services;
• Inadequate, unstable or risky asset • Limited or no safety net, such as
base; access to grants*;
• Poor-quality and often insecure, • Inadequate protection of poorer
hazardous and overcrowded housing; groups’ rights through the law;
• Inadequate provision of ‘public’ • Poorer groups’ voicelessness and
infrastructure (as this increases the powerlessness within political
health burden); systems and bureaucratic structures.
* It is important to recognise that the South African situation is different to many low-income country contexts. In
South Africa, a social welfare system exists that includes: disability grants, child support grants, child foster care
grants, care dependency grants and old-age pensions.
16. Urban inequality:
urban inequities in health
0.76 0.75 0.75
0.74 0.74
0.74 0.73
0.72 0.72 0.72
Gini coefficient
0.72
0.7
0.68 0.67
0.66
0.64
0.62
rg
n
rg
th
an
n
d
wn
ia
ei
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an
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bu
e
or
b
nt
To
ab
on
ur
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et
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itz
fo
iz
e
D
Pr
st
L
nn
m
ar
ap
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Ea
st
oe
m
ha
C
Ea
rt
er
Bl
Po
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et
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(Figure adapted from UN-HABITAT, 2008: 72)
18. Percentage of households by dwelling type
What’s missing?
How to define informal: land tenure?
Access to services?
e.g. GP – 5% drop in informal (24% - 19%)
StatSA, 2012
20. Urban informal settlements:
overlapping vulnerabilities = inequities in health
food fragile
insecurity livelihood
activities
HIV gender
access to housing
services density
21. Higher HIV prevalence in urban
informal settlements
25
20
15
10
Urban Informal
Urban Formal
5
0
HSRC 2002 HSRC 2005 HSRC 2008 MRC MRC THUSA NW
SA SA SA Buffalo City Capricorn
Wkp EC DM Wkp Lp
Thomas, 2011
22. HIV by quintile?
• What do we know?
• What are the implications for new policy and
action?
23. HIV in urban SA by quintile
100%
3 11
90%
Richest 5
80%
70% 32 4
60% 3
50%
27 2
40%
30% Poorest 1
65%
20%
38 65% of the urban SA HIV
10% epidemic is in the
0% poorest 40% of the
population
Source Cleary et al 2011
HIV
24. Developmental response to HIV requires:
addressing understanding and act: upstream
Need to the upstream drivers and the downstream
drivers andconsequences of infection
downstream consequences of
HIV infection
Upstream Downstream
Consequences
individual, of infection,
household, HIV wellness,
mitigate impacts
community,
macro -
infection at individual,
household,
community,
structural health system
economy etc
25. HIV in slum settings (Grief et al 2010)
Upstream Downstream issues /
impacts
Age of debut
Wellness/
HIV
Physical progression
environment
Riskier Low
sex
Social condom
WHY? Treatment
use
transmission
environment
Economic
Rights and
environment
Dignity
MSP
SLUM SETTING
Structural inequities
Deprivations, gender, education, market forces ,global & macro policies
26. Ranking of urban HIV epidemics (ESA) among national epidemics
Est. number Adult Est. number Adult
PLHA (2007) PLHA (2007)
1 South Africa 5,400,000 21 Ghana 250,000
2 Nigeria 2,400,000 22 Myanmar 240,000
3 India 2,300,000 Maputo Maputo 220,000
Gauteng Gauteng 1,550,000 23 Carribean 220,000
4 Mozambique 1,400,000 24 Mexico 200,000
5 Kenya 1,400,000 Lusaka Lusaka 185,000
6 Tanzania 1,300,000 25 Angola 180,000
7 Zimbabwe 1,200,000 26 Chad 180,000
8 USA 1,100,000 Nairobi Nairobi and Dar 180,000
9 Zambia 980,000 Dar Es Salaam 180,000
10 Russian Fed 940,000 27 Swaziland 170,000
11 Ethiopia 890,000 28 Colombia 160,000
12 Malawi 840,000 Port Elisabeth Port Elizabeth 155,000
13 Uganda 810,000 29 Italy 150,000
Durban Durban 730,000 Addis Abeba 150,000
14 Brazil 710,000 30 France 140,000
15 China 690,000 31 Spain 140,000
16 Thailand 600,000 32 Central African Republic 140,000
17 Cameroon 500,000 33 Rwanda 130,000
18 Ukraine 430,000 34 Argentinia 120,000
19 Cote d'Ivoire 400,000 35 Burkina Faso 120,000
Cape Town Cape Town 315,000 36 Togo 120,000
21 Vietnam 290,000 Kampala Kampala 110,000
22 Botswana 280,000 East London 105,000
23 Indonesie 270,000 …
20 Lesotho 260,000 Pakistan 94,000
Harare Harare 260,000 Bulawayo 90,000
UK 77,000
Source: Luanda 70,000
UNAIDS 2009 Henk van Renterghem
27. Nairobi, Kenya
Inner city variation / epidemic patterns
Higher prevalence in more densely populated
neighborhoods / slums
Kibera : estim.
HIV prevalence
16%
19/03/2013 HIV and slums UNAIDS and UN-HABITAT discussion paper CHP Academic meeting Jan 2011 27
28. Clinics in Buffalo City
– percentage of all
HIV tests positive
varies within city –
(green circles) shown with population
29. 12 Urban focussed strategies
100.0 districts
Very high HIV and high 12 districts
Low HIV and High urbanisation eg Metros
urbanisation – many in – mainly Gauteng and
Response to HIV in urban
TARGET INFORMAL SETTLEMENTSand
Urban
80.0 Western Cape - strategy KZN- prevention
areas needs to vary based on
prevention mitigation – urban
informal focus
the characteristics of the
60.0
district : Series4
6 districts Population shifts , HIV 21
districts
40.0
epidemic, informal
Rural
Low HIV and low Very high HIV and low
settlements, poverty, econom in
urbanisation – Northern urbanisation – many
Cape - strategy KZN rural – prevention
20.0
prevention
y – ie KYE mitigation/ rural
and
development
Rural focussed strategies
0.0
Low 0.0 5.0 < 25 ANC HIV prevalence > 25
10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 High
40.0 45.0
30. The social determinants of health:
socioeconomic and political context; structural determinants; intermediary determinants
HIV
Migration and mobility
Urbanisation
The urban poor
Overlapping vulnerabilities:
gender; food insecurity; lack of cash; living on the periphery;
struggle to meet basic needs
Inequality Inequity
in the city in the city
Access to positive determinants of health in the city:
basic services; healthcare; housing; education;
secure livelihood activities; food security
31. The social determinants of health
Living
environment
Urbanisation
Broad social and
economic determinants
Inequality Socio economic status,
eg HIV
social class Behaviour Medical
interventions
Migration
gender, education, income etc
Treatment
Source: Closing the Gap: policy into practice on Social determinants of Health , 2011, Brazil, quoting from Solar and Irwin 2010
32. The social determinants of health:
socioeconomic and political context; structural determinants; intermediary determinants
HIV
Migration and mobility
Urbanisation
The urban poor
Overlapping vulnerabilities:
gender; food insecurity; lack of cash; living on the periphery;
struggle to meet basic needs
Inequality Inequity
in the city in the city
Access to positive determinants of health in the city:
basic services; healthcare; housing; education;
secure livelihood activities; food security
Governance (response):
healthy urban governance; intersectoral action; health in all policies;
developmental local government
33. Healthy urban governance
• What’s needed?
– A clear understanding of HIV as a development issue
– Need for integrated prevention strategies and responses at multiple
levels
– Intersectoral action (ISA)
• Missed opportunities?
– National Planning Commission
– National Strategic Plan: SANACs; PAC; DACs; LACs
– Integrated Development Plans
– District Health Plans
– Developmental local government
34. Urbanisation, inequality and HIV
Understanding the complexity of Responding to the complexities of
the urban context the urban context
• Healthy Urban Governance
• HIV as a developmental issue – More than government
– Interdisciplinary research – An enabling policy environment
– > biomedical response – Developmental local government
– Address inequity
• Social determinants of health
– Overlapping vulnerabilities • Multi-sectoral action and multi-
level responses
– Short-term (humanitarian); long-term
• Spatial approach (developmental)
– Different spheres of government
– Intra-urban – Who takes a lead? Role of health sector?
– Urban penalty v’s urban advantage – Alignment of sectoral plans: common
understanding to inform responses
• Know your epidemic; Know your
response (KYE, KYR)
– Local responses
35. The social determinants of health:
socioeconomic and political context; structural determinants; intermediary determinants
HIV
Migration and mobility
Urbanisation
The urban poor
Overlapping vulnerabilities:
Commission 3:
gender; food insecurity; lack of cash; living on the periphery;
spaces of
vulnerability to meet basic needs
struggle
Inequality
and
opportunity
Inequity
Commission 2:
Commission 1: in the city falling city
in the
people on the between the
move cracks
Access to positive determinants of health in the city:
basic services; healthcare; housing; education;
Commission 5:
secure livelihood activities; food security
dignified
Commission 4: politics human
of participation and
representation Governance (response): settlements
healthy urban governance; intersectoral action; health in all policies;
developmental local government