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Unit c heattemperaturenotes
- 1. Unit C Heat &Temperature
- 2. What is Heat? Afterexperimentation in the 1600's, a caloric theory was developed Caloric: a self-repellent fluid that flows from hotter bodies to colder bodies What is the problem? Heat does not change the mass of an object
- 3. What is Heat? Heatis not a substance Heat: a form of energy that flows from hot (more energy) to cold (less energy)
- 4. Kinetic & ThermalEnergy Kinetic Energy: energy of movement (specifically movement of particles)
- 5. Kinetic & ThermalEnergy Thermal Energy: total kinetic energy of the particles in a substance (Total Kinetic energy) The soup in the bowl and the soup in the spoon have the same temperature (same average KE.) BUT the bowl has more thermal energy
- 6. What is Temperature? Temperature:The measurement of how hot or cold something is. (The average kinetic energy of the particles)
- 7. What is Temperature? HandyThermometer
- 8. What is Temperature? Answerthese on your lined paper 1. What do you think the temperature of each bucket is? 2. What happened when you switched your hands from the ice one and hot one?
- 9. What is Temperature? Whatmakes a good thermometer? • Reliable • Consistent • Accurate • Readable • Etc. Thermometer: An instrument for measuring temperature (Accurately)
- 10.
- 11. Heating Technology Furnaces andAir conditioners are examples of technologies we use.
- 12. Heating Technology Timeline 7000BC or earlier: Humans Created Fire 100 BC: Romans developed central heating (heat travels from 1 source to different areas in a building)
- 13. Heating Technology Timeline 1200:Chimneys first appear in Europe 1300: Fireplaces with chimneys are built into the walls of buildings
- 14. Heating Technology Timeline 1700s:Cast-iron stoves are used to heat rooms Late 1700s: Central Heating reappears using coal
- 15. Heating Technology Timeline 1800s:forced-air heating 1906: Electric heaters
- 16. Needs vs Wants Needs:are things we must have to stay alive (food, water, air) Wants: are things we would like to have (I-pods, cell phones, TV’s) In Canada we have some heat technology NEEDS.
- 17. Needs vs Wants Standardof Living: A measure of how well we live, including the level of technology that we use in our daily lives
- 18. Heating Technology Timeline Thinkabout microwaves! What others can you think of?
- 19. Controlling Heat Why dowe need to control heat? Example: A furnace and a thermostat. A furnace generates and transfers the heat from one area to another. A thermostat allows us to control and monitor that heat. If it is too hot, we turn the thermostat down. If it is too cold, we turn the thermostat up.
- 20.
- 21. Sustainable Sustainable: means somethingcan be maintained or used again and again Examples of Sustainable Resources: • Wind • Water • Wood
- 22. Non-Sustainable Non-Sustainable: means somethingcan NOT be maintained or used again and again Examples of Non-Sustainable Resources: • Coal • Oil • Gas
- 23. Sustainable or Non-Sustainable Whatabout the sun?
- 24. Particle Model of Matter(PMOM)
- 25. What is matter? •Matter: The stuff that makes up the universe that is not energy • Matter: 1. Has mass 2. Takes up space
- 26. States of Matter Statesof Matter: distinct forms in which matter can exist. Bose-Einstein Condensate 5
- 27. States of Matter Tomove between states the matter must gain or lose heat energy Bose-Einstein Condensate 5
- 28. The Particle Modelof Matter (PMOM) 1. All matter is made of tiny particles 2. Particles are in constant motion 3. Adding heat to matter makes the particles move faster 4. There are attractive & repulsive forces between particles 5. There are spaces between the particles 6. (Different matter is made of different particles)
- 30. Solid Solid: • Particles arevery close together • Definite shape and volume (Volume: the amount of space the matter occupies)
- 31. Liquid Liquid: • Particles areloosely attached to each other • Take the shape of its container • Has definite volume
- 32. Gas Gas: • Particles arenot connected • Has no definite shape • Has no definite volume
- 33. Solid Liquid Gas Motionof Particles Space between particles Behaviour in a container LOW Medium HIGH Not affected by the container Takes shape of the container Fills the container
- 35.
- 36. The Effect ofHeat Heating particles adds energy to them. This energy is in the form of movement. We call this kinetic energy. Therefore, to change the state of matter, you must change its kinetic energy. When particles gain kinetic energy (heat) they move faster. Because of this, they take up more space.
- 37. The Effect ofHeat Phase Change: When matter goes from one state (solid, liquid, gas) to another.
- 39. Melting: Going froma solid to a liquid when heat is added
- 40. Boiling: Going froma liquid to a gas when heat is added
- 41. Condensation: Going froma gas to a liquid when heat is removed
- 42. Freezing: Going froma liquid to a solid when heat is removed
- 43. Sublimation: Going froma solid to a gas when heat is added
- 44. Deposition: Going froma gas to a solid when heat is removed
- 45. Changes Between Statesof Matter Melting: Going from a solid to a liquid when heat is added Boiling: Going from a liquid to a gas when heat is added Condensation: Going from a gas to a liquid when heat is removed Freezing: Going from a liquid to a solid when heat is removed Sublimation: Going from a solid to a gas when heat is added Deposition: Going from a gas to a solid when heat is removed
- 46.
- 47. How Heat AffectsVolume • Volume: How much space something takes up • The volume of matter can be changed with heat energy. • Adding energy -> particles move faster -> have more collisions -> take up more space. • Losing energy -> particles slow down -> have less collisions -> take up less space.
- 48. How Heat AffectsVolume • Therefore: the more collisions, the more space that is required!
- 49. How does thatexplain how a hot air balloon works?
- 50. Expansion vs Contraction •Expansion: Becoming larger due to the addition of heat • Contraction: Becoming smaller due to losing heat
- 51. Expansion vs Contraction •Adding thermal energy to a solid will increase its volume. • So... • When a solid heats up it expands. (exits away) • When a solid cools down it contracts. (comes together)
- 52. Expansion vs Contraction •Liquids: Look at a thermometer. The liquid expands when it gets warm and contracts when it gets cold. • Gases: Think of a helium balloon, once it cools down, it begins to fall closer to the group and the balloon looks smaller.
- 53. Expansion vs Contraction •There is an Exception! • Can you think of one substance that expands as it get colder?
- 54. Expansion vs Contraction •H2O or water is one of the only substances that the solid form has a greater volume than the liquid form. • This is why Ice floats and we get potholes!
- 55.
- 56. What is betterfor cooking? • Metal or Wood? • The wood spoon would be better, because the metal spoon could get hot and burn you! • This means that metal conducts heat better than wood. Heat Heat
- 57. Conduction • Conduction: thetransfer of heat energy between substances that are in contact
- 58. Conduction • This happenslike a chain reaction. The heat travels from particle to particle, through the substance. Even a solid
- 59. Conduction • Conductors: Materialsthat allow for easy transfer of heat • Insulators: Materials that do not transfer heat easily Insulators are essential when dealing with large amounts of heat
- 60. Conduction Name some insulatorsyou see every day! • Wood, • Rubber (Cooking tools, hot water bottle) • House • Clothing • Plastic • Thermos
- 61.
- 62. Convection • Convection: Heattravelling through gases and liquids since they flow. Heat is transported by the motion of particles. • Hot particles rise up through the substance, and cooler particles move in to take their place near their bottom.
- 63.
- 64. Convection • Convection Current:The circular pattern caused by the moving particles during convection. • The heat moves from high- energy to low-energy
- 65.
- 66. Radiation • Radiation: Transfersheat through infrared waves (same as light waves) • Radiation is the only energy transfer that does not rely on particle movement • Radiant Energy: Energy carried through radiation
- 67. Radiation • What isour greatest source of radiant energy? • THE SUN • Heat from the sun cannot reach us by conduction or convection
- 68. Radiation • The textureand color of objects can affect how well they absorb radiation • Dark materials absorb radiation better than light materials • Rough/dull textures absorb radiation better than smooth or shiny materials • Think of Foil!
- 69. All 3 Typesof Heat Transfer
- 70.
- 71. Natural Ways toProduce Thermal Energy • Sun • Radiant energy heats the surface of the earth • Geothermal Energy • It’s very hot deep inside of the Earth and it’s possible to obtain some of this energy
- 72. Natural Ways toProduce Thermal Energy • Fire • Fire Convert chemical energy into thermal energy • Decay • When organic material decays, it lets off heat
- 73. Natural Ways toProduce Thermal Energy • Solar energy is the most simple natural resources to harvest. Many homes are now being built with active or passive solar heating. • But experts disagree as to whether or not solar energy is enough to fuel our demands.
- 74.
- 75. Passive Solar Heating •"Reduce heat loss and increase heat gain from the sun." • Uses materials in the structure to absorb, store, and release solar energy. Examples: insulating as much as possible, having large south-facing windows, putting deciduous trees in front of windows to reduce heat gain in the summer but allow heat gain in the winter.
- 76. Active Solar Heating •Uses mechanical devices to distribute stored thermal energy. Has three components: a collector, a heat storage unit, and a heat distribution system.
- 77.
- 78.
- 79. Thermostats • "Thermo" =heat "stat" = maintain or keep the same • In order to control or regulate the temperature of a room or house, we need a thermostat.
- 80. Thermostats • When heated,one metal expands faster than the other, causing it to bend. • The bending is used to measure temperature change. • When the strip bends/unbends, it opens/closes an electric circuit that controls the device.
- 81.
- 82. Local vs CentralHeating Systems • Thermostats can control two different heating systems: • Local Heating System Central Heating System
- 83. Local Heating Systems •-Provide heat for one room or small area. • -Relies on convection to transport the heat. • -Ex. Fireplaces, wood- burning stoves, space heaters, etc
- 84. Central Heating Systems •-Heat is gathered in one area, then transported throughout the building/system. • -Transfer is through vents, pipes, ducts, etc. • - Two kinds of central heating systems are through forced-air heating or hot-water heating.
- 85. Forced Air Heating •Air is heated in a furnace. • Air travels through ducts and into other rooms. • Convection transports heat once it exits ducts
- 86. Hot Water Heating •Water is heated in a furnace/boiler. • Pumps push water through radiators in the house. • Hot air travels from the radiator through convection. • Cold water returns to the boiler.
- 87.
- 88. Insulation • Controlling indoortemperature is very important in Alberta. In the winter, it's important to keep the hot air inside. During the summer, you would like to keep the warm air outside. This is achieved with insulation! • Insulators Reduce Heat Transfer
- 89. Insulation • Some objectsare better insulators than others. • The insulating property of an object is called the thermal conductivity, and this is recorded as the R-Value. The higher the R-Value, the better the insulation.
- 90. Insulation • Brick walls,styrofoam and fiberglass are examples of good insulators. • Doors and windows can be designed to be good insulators.
- 91. Where is mostheat lost in a home?
- 92. Efficiency • Efficiency: Howwell a device uses the energy that goes into it. If energy is made that isn't useful for the desired job then it is inefficient
- 93.
- 94.
- 95. Renewable vs. Non-renewable •Renewable: Natural resources that can be replaced. • Non-renewable: Resources that cannot be replaced.
- 96. Fossil Fuels • FossilFuels: • Non-renewable • Source of almost all of the world's heating/electricity. • Made from remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago.
- 97. Fossil Fuels • EconomicCost: Cost to obtain fuel. Cost increases as supplies decrease. • Environmental Cost: Effect on environment. Main effect is air pollution. • Societal Cost: Effect on people. Air pollution leads to health risks, increases medical costs...
- 98. Alternatives to FossilFuels • Wind Energy: • -Captured by windmills • -Inexpensive and simple • -Only works in windy regions
- 99. Alternatives to FossilFuels • Nuclear Energy: • -Uses uranium to make heat • -Takes only a small amount of fuel • -Non-renewable • -Waste is very harmful (radioactive waste takes 100's or 1000's of years to disappear)
- 100. Alternatives to FossilFuels • Hydro-Electric: • -Captured energy of falling water • -Clean and renewable • -Expensive to build
- 101. Alternatives to FossilFuels • Cogeneration: • -Waste heat energy is recycled to produce steam. • - Expensive