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NationalismNationalism is the belief that people
should be loyal to their nation rather
than to an empire—to the people with
whom they share a culture and history
“Italy” in 1815 was not a unified
nation; it was divided into 3 regions:
Parts were foreign
controlled by
Austria & France
Parts were
controlled by
the Pope
Parts were independent &
had their own king
In the 1830s, nationalism led to a unification
movement as Italians began to see
themselves as having a shared history
(ancient Rome, Renaissance), shared
territory, shared enemies (Napoleonic Wars)
Giuseppe Mazzini
Mazzini was a radical
who established the
nationalist group
Young Italy in 1831
to unify Italy &
created a republic
Led a revolution in 1848 which led
to a brief Italian republic (but Italy
was not unified); Mazzini was
overthrown & seen as too radical
Count Camillo di Cavour
In 1849, the king of
Sardinia named Cavour
Prime Minister; Cavour
wanted to make
Sardinia very powerful
by increasing industry,
reducing the Pope’s influence, &
unifying Italy (but ONLY if Sardinia
led the unification movement)
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Meanwhile, in Southern Italy
remained isolated, radical
nationalists prepared
for a revolution
Giuseppe Garibaldi was a
nationalist who had joined
Young Italy & helped in the South
American independence movements;
he wanted a unified Italy under a
republic
Unification
Garibaldi successfully led the
unification of the South, but Cavour is
unhappy (does not want a republic;
wants Sardinia’s king in charge)
Cavour tricked Garibaldi into giving up
his conquests to Sardinia—Italy’s
North & South are unified & a new
Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy
By 1871, all French territories are
reclaimed & unification is complete
German Unification
RealPolitik & the
Belligerent
Bismarck
Germany in 1815
Germany was the last European
country to unify
After the Congress of Vienna, 39
independent German states
merged into the German
Confederation
Prussia
Prussia badly wanted to unify these
39 states into a new nation, Germany
–Otto von Bismarck was
Prime Minister of Prussia
who used RealPolitik—
pursue goals by any
means necessary (go to
war, lie, break treaties)
To do this, Bismarck led Prussia to war
Seven Weeks War against Austria led to the
North German Confederation (a united
northern Germany under Prussia’s control)
Franco-Prussian War against France to
convince the Catholics in southern Germany
that unification with Prussia was better than
unification with France
A United Germany
As a result of military victories,
Prussia gains support from all
German states for unification; 25
states become united under 1 union:
–In 1871—Wilhelm I becomes KaiserKaiser
(emperor); Bismarck becomes
ChancellorChancellor (Prime Minister)
–Each state has a local ruler, army,
& handles its own domestic affairs
–Kaiser heads national government

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Unification of Italy and Germany

  • 1. NationalismNationalism is the belief that people should be loyal to their nation rather than to an empire—to the people with whom they share a culture and history
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. “Italy” in 1815 was not a unified nation; it was divided into 3 regions: Parts were foreign controlled by Austria & France Parts were controlled by the Pope Parts were independent & had their own king In the 1830s, nationalism led to a unification movement as Italians began to see themselves as having a shared history (ancient Rome, Renaissance), shared territory, shared enemies (Napoleonic Wars)
  • 5. Giuseppe Mazzini Mazzini was a radical who established the nationalist group Young Italy in 1831 to unify Italy & created a republic Led a revolution in 1848 which led to a brief Italian republic (but Italy was not unified); Mazzini was overthrown & seen as too radical
  • 6. Count Camillo di Cavour In 1849, the king of Sardinia named Cavour Prime Minister; Cavour wanted to make Sardinia very powerful by increasing industry, reducing the Pope’s influence, & unifying Italy (but ONLY if Sardinia led the unification movement)
  • 7.
  • 8. Giuseppe Garibaldi Meanwhile, in Southern Italy remained isolated, radical nationalists prepared for a revolution Giuseppe Garibaldi was a nationalist who had joined Young Italy & helped in the South American independence movements; he wanted a unified Italy under a republic
  • 9.
  • 10. Unification Garibaldi successfully led the unification of the South, but Cavour is unhappy (does not want a republic; wants Sardinia’s king in charge) Cavour tricked Garibaldi into giving up his conquests to Sardinia—Italy’s North & South are unified & a new Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy By 1871, all French territories are reclaimed & unification is complete
  • 11.
  • 12. German Unification RealPolitik & the Belligerent Bismarck
  • 13. Germany in 1815 Germany was the last European country to unify After the Congress of Vienna, 39 independent German states merged into the German Confederation
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16. Prussia Prussia badly wanted to unify these 39 states into a new nation, Germany –Otto von Bismarck was Prime Minister of Prussia who used RealPolitik— pursue goals by any means necessary (go to war, lie, break treaties)
  • 17. To do this, Bismarck led Prussia to war Seven Weeks War against Austria led to the North German Confederation (a united northern Germany under Prussia’s control) Franco-Prussian War against France to convince the Catholics in southern Germany that unification with Prussia was better than unification with France
  • 18.
  • 19. A United Germany As a result of military victories, Prussia gains support from all German states for unification; 25 states become united under 1 union: –In 1871—Wilhelm I becomes KaiserKaiser (emperor); Bismarck becomes ChancellorChancellor (Prime Minister) –Each state has a local ruler, army, & handles its own domestic affairs –Kaiser heads national government