The document discusses Germany's attitude towards war in 1914. It argues that Germany's enemies (France, Britain, Russia) were not fully prepared for war at the time, while Germany's allies (Austria, Italy, Turkey, Romania) were ready to support Germany. It states that Germany should take advantage of this favorable moment and resolve conflicts of interest through war, regardless of the provocation, in order to secure its future as the leader of European policy. Germany's enemies were France, Britain, Russia, while its allies were considered Austria, Italy, Turkey, Romania. The document advocates for Germany to provoke war in 1914 to maintain control over European affairs while its opponents were perceived as weak.
Chapter 1: The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations (Lesson 2 of 3)
In this lesson, we took a look at the League of Nations. We talked about why it was formed and whether the League of Nations was effective. Finally, we considered some key examples of the League's failure, such as Manchuria and Abyssinia.
Chapter 1: The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations (Lesson 2 of 3)
In this lesson, we took a look at the League of Nations. We talked about why it was formed and whether the League of Nations was effective. Finally, we considered some key examples of the League's failure, such as Manchuria and Abyssinia.
How did treaty of Versailles establish peace?lunata1
Title: The Treaty of Versailles: A Controversial Quest for Peace
Introduction:
The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, marked the end of World War I and aimed to establish a lasting peace among the nations involved. Crafted during a tumultuous period in history, the treaty remains one of the most debated and criticized international agreements. While some argue that the Treaty of Versailles successfully laid the groundwork for peace, others contend that it sowed the seeds of future conflicts. This comprehensive analysis will delve into the various aspects of the treaty, examining its intentions, provisions, and consequences to understand how it sought to establish peace in the aftermath of the Great War.
I. The Historical Context:
To comprehend the motivations behind the Treaty of Versailles, it is crucial to examine the historical context leading up to its creation. The devastating effects of World War I, which lasted from 1914 to 1918, left Europe in ruins and claimed millions of lives. The Allies, including France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, emerged victorious, while Germany and its allies faced defeat. The treaty negotiations took place at the Palace of Versailles, reflecting a symbolic choice as the French monarchy had historically been associated with the centralization of power.
II. Objectives and Principles:
A. League of Nations:
One of the central tenets of the Treaty of Versailles was the establishment of the League of Nations, an international organization envisioned to prevent future conflicts through diplomatic means. Inspired by President Woodrow Wilson's idea of collective security, the League aimed to provide a forum for nations to resolve disputes peacefully. Proponents believed that the League would serve as a crucial mechanism for maintaining global peace by fostering cooperation and dialogue among nations.
B. Territorial Adjustments:
To address the territorial consequences of the war, the treaty imposed significant changes on the map of Europe. The disintegration of empires and the redrawing of borders were intended to address the root causes of the conflict. Key territorial adjustments included the creation of new nations such as Poland and Czechoslovakia, as well as the demilitarization of the Rhineland to serve as a buffer zone between Germany and France. These territorial changes were intended to prevent future disputes and create a more stable geopolitical landscape.
III. Military and Economic Provisions:
A. Disarmament:
The Treaty of Versailles included stringent military provisions aimed at preventing Germany from rearming and posing a threat to its neighbors. These provisions included limitations on the size and capabilities of the German military, as well as the prohibition of certain types of weaponry. The Allies believed that by disarming Germany, they could diminish the likelihood of future conflicts and ensure a more peaceful Europe.
B. Reparations:
To address the economic
Presentación que recorre las principales fases de la guerra, las batallas decisivas, los grandes acuerdos de los vencedores. El holocausto judío y gitano, la represión japonesa en Asia y las represalias aliadas que culminan con el lanzamiento de dos bombas atómicas sobre Japón
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. • Nobody
thought of a
long war
when it broke
out in
summer 1914
• Drafted
soldiers went
apparently
happy to fight
(and, of
course, win) a
short war…
Introduction
3. • Reality was
very much
crueler
• Soldiers and
civil
population
went through
a terrible and
long war over
more than
four years
Introduction
4. Introduction
Text: The warmongering atmosphere in Germany before the war
"France is not yet ready for combat. Britain faces interior and colonial difficulties. Russia
rejects war, because she fears the revolution within. Are we going to wait for our
opponents to be prepared or, rather, should we take advantage of the favourable
moment to cause the decision? This is a serious issue to be settled.
The Austrian army is still faithful and useful. Italia is still strongly linked to the Triple
Alliance and even if it prefers (...) keep the peace to heal the wounds of the last war, she
knows (...) that if Germany is defeated, it will remain hopelessly at the mercy of France
and England’s violence and it will lose its independent position in the Mediterranean (...)
We can also, in case of war, count on Turkey and Romania (...)
We could lead the direction of the European policy through a resolute offensive, and we
secure our future.
This does not mean that we should provoke war, but wherever a conflict of interest turns
out(...) we should not go back, but solve it by means of war and start it with a resolute
offensive, no matter the excuse, because it is not that conflict, but our future what is at
stake. "
Text analysis
•Read carefully the text and look up every word or term you do not fully understand
•What countries are the possible enemies and allies of Germany in a future war?
•What was the enemies’ situation like?
•What was the allies’ situation like?
•According to this article, what should Germany do in 1914 to lead the European policy? Explain it in
detail.
5. • The new
international
expansionist
policy
(Weltpolitik)
undertaken by the
German Emperor
Wilhelm II in
1890.
• It destabilized the
international
situation.
Causes of WW1
6. • Changes in the
balance of
economic and
military might
between the
powers
• German economy
catched up with
UK’s and Berlin
started an
ambitious naval
rearmament
program
Causes of WW1
7. • Conflicts between
powers in Asia
and Africa
• Some of these
conflicts were
sorted out (France
– GB, Russia – GB)
• Some were not
and increased
tensions (France –
Germany)
Causes of WW1
8. Causes of WW1
•Germany annexed
the French regions of
Alsace and Lorraine
after the Franco-
Prussian war in 1870
•France strongly
desired to recover
those regions
9. Causes of WW1
•The rivalry between
Russia and Austria-
Hungary for the
hegemony in the
Balkans
•The Turkish Ottoman
Empire was not able
to control that region
anymore
10. • Psychological
rivalry between
peoples,
encouraged by
nationalist
propaganda
campaigns
• Hatred of the
neighbour was
more the norm
than the exception
Causes of WW1
11. • Two new non
European powers:
United States and
Japan
• Conflict took a
global dimension,
further away from
Europe
Causes of WW1
12. • Two new non
European powers:
United States and
Japan
• Conflict took a
global dimension,
further away from
Europe
Causes of WW1
13. Formation of alliances: The Triple Alliance
• The Triple Alliance:
Germany, Austria-
Hungary and Italy.
• It was signed in
1882 (Bismarck)
• The German Reich
and the Austro-
Hungarian Empire
constituted the
core of this
alliance.
14. Formation of alliances: The Triple Entente
• The Triple Entente made
up of Britain, France,
and Russia
• It was concluded by
1907.
• German expansionism
led to Britain and France
to end their colonial
differences.
• The rivalry between
Austria-Hungary and
Russia in the Balkans
pushed Russia into the
alliance.
21. The spark that lit the fire: Sarajevo murder
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(successor to the Austria-
Hungarian throne) was
assesinated in Sarajevo on 28
June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip,
a member of a Serb terrorist
nationalist organisation
• Austria blamed Serbia and
issued an ultimatum to allow
Austrian forces to investigate
the murder in Serbia
32. 1914 – War of movements
Schlieffen Plan
•German plan which was
based on:
• Rapid attack on
France through
neutral Belgium
• After defeating
France, German
troops could turn
about and attack
Russia, backward
country that would
need a long time to
mobilize their troops
33. 1914 – War of movements
Battle of Marne, 1914
•Allied troops managed to
halt the German advance
•From that moment, armies
dug trenches all along a
front which extended from
the North Sea to the Swiss
frontier
•Stalemate in the western
front
•Germans did not achieve a
decisive victory in the
eastern front
34. 1915-1916: The war of attrition
New weapons
•Machine guns
•Grenades
•Gas
•Flame throwers
•Tanks
The stalemate in the western
front led to a new sort of
warfare: the war of attrition.
A military strategy in which a
belligerent side attempts to
win a war by wearing down
its enemy to the point of
collapse through continuous
losses in personnel and
materiel.
38. 1917: The Turning Point of the War
Sinking of the US ship Lusitania, 1915
39. 1917: The Turning Point of the War
Zimmerman telegram was a
1917 diplomatic proposal
from the German Empire to
Mexico to make war against
the United States.
The proposal was intercepted
and decoded by British
intelligence.
Revelation of the contents
outraged American public
opinion and helped generate
support for the United States
declaration of war on
Germany in April 1917
48. 1918: The End of the War
Revolution in Germany – Kaiser abdicated
49. 1918: The End of the War
German representatives signing the armistice – 11 november 1918
50. The Peace Treaties
The victors: Lloyd George (GB), Orlando (It), Clemenceau (Fr) and Wilson (USA)
51. The Peace Treaties
No negotiations with the defeated: the diktat of Versailles
52. The Peace Treaties
Different treaties signed
by the winners with the
defeated:
•Treaty of Versailles with
Germany
•Treaty of Saint-Germain
with Austria
•Treaty of Trianon with
Hungary
•Treaty of Neuilly with
Bulgaria
•Treaty of Sevres and later
Treaty of Lausanne with
Turkey
53. The Peace Treaties
Different treaties signed
by the winners with the
defeated:
•Treaty of Versailles with
Germany
•Treaty of Saint-Germain
with Austria
•Treaty of Trianon with
Hungary
•Treaty of Neuilly with
Bulgaria
•Treaty of Sevres and later
Treaty of Lausanne with
Turkey
54.
55. The Treaty of Versailles
Different attitudes of
the the winners towards
Germany:
•Clemenceau: the hardest
stance (“Germany will
pay”)
•Lloyd George and Wilson,
although willing to punish
Germany, a more conciliatory
attitude
•Italy was the weakest
winner: Orlando tried to
obtain territorial gains in
Austria-Hungary but failed
and felt dissapointed (“We
have won the war, but he
have lost the peace”)
56. The Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt:
•Germany had to accept the
blame of starting the war
•Germans considered this
clause as extremely unfair
•As a consequence….
War reparations
•Germany has to pay for
the damage caused to the
Allies
•A huge amount of money
was fixed without any
consultation to Germany
58. The Treaty of Versailles
Military Clauses:
•Drastic limitation of the
German navy.
•Dramatic reduction of the
Army (only 100,000 troops,
prohibition of having tanks,
aircraft and heavy artillery).
•Demilitarization of the
Rhineland region.
Germany as a criminal just arrested
59. The Treaty of Saint Germain
The Treaty of Saint Germain,
signed with Austria.
•Disintegration of the Austro-
Hungarian Empire
•The result of his break up
were new states such as
Austria, Hungary and
Czechoslovakia.
•On top of that, several
sections of the former empire
were annexed by new states
such as Poland and
Yugoslavia.
60. The Treaty of Trianon
The Treaty of Trianon, signed
with Hungary.
• Theworst treated state
after the war.
• Large Hungarian
minorities (3 million
people, equivalent to one
third of the Hungarian
population total) were
left outside of the
Hungarian state, living as
minorities in
Czechoslovakia, Romania
(Transylvania) and
Yugoslavia.
61. The Treaty of Sèvres and Laussanne
The Treaty of Sèvres (1920),
signed with Turkey, and
then fixed in the Treaty of
Lausanne in 1923.
• The Treaty of Sevres was
extremely hard and led the
Turkish national rebellion led
by Kemal Ataturk and the
war against Greece had
occupied large areas of
Anatolia.
• After the Turkish victory in
the Greek-Turkish war, the
Treaty of Lausanne was much
more benign, but consecrate
the distribution of Turkish
possessions in the Middle
East between France (Syria,
Lebanon) and Britain
(Palestine, Iraq, Jordan).
62. The Treaty of Neuilly
The Treaty of Neuilly, signed
with Bulgaria.
•The small Balkan country
suffered several territorial
losses, in the benefit of
Romania, Greece and a
brand-new country:
Yugoslavia.
•All the defeated countries,
like Germany, were forced to
pay reparations and to limit
the strength of their armies.
63. The result of the Russian Revolution
The outcome of the Russian
revolution: new states in
central and eastern
Europe. As a result of the
Soviet revolution and the
collapse of Tsarist Russian
Empire, new states were
born in Central and
Eastern Europe:
• Poland, reborn from
Russian, German and
Austro-Hungarian
territories.
• Finland, Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania, which were
former regions of the
Russian Empire.
64. Failed treaties
These treaties rather than
solve the problems that
had led to the Great War,
increased tensions in
Europe.
The most important was the
German problem. Many
Germans began to bide
their time to get his
revenge against the
“diktat”, the
“humiliation” of
Versailles. (Treaty of
Versailles)
65. Consequences of the war
WWI «changed» the world.
Nothing was the same
after 1918:
• Terrible loss of life: eight
million dead, millions
wounded people,
maimed, widows and
orphans, and the material
destruction suffered
especially by Europe.
66. Consequences of the war
WWI «changed» the world.
Nothing was the same
after 1918:
• USA became the first
world power. Europe
started a lon g decadence
• The mass mobilization of
men led to the
incorporation of women
into work
• Soviet revolution and the
spread of a
prerevolutionary climate
in Europe
• The exacerbated
nationalism + fear of a
communist revolution
fascist movements