Industrialization began in Great Britain due to several factors: the agricultural revolution increased the food supply, enclosure acts displaced peasants into cities where they provided labor, and entrepreneurs were free to start businesses. Key inventions like James Watt's steam engine, Henry Cort's iron refining process, and Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive accelerated industrialization. This led to rapid urbanization and poor living conditions for many workers. Nationalism arose across Europe as countries unified in the 1800s, often through military strength and popular revolts. Germany and Italy unified under Prussia and Piedmont respectively, while the US experienced its Civil War.

1. INDUSTRIALIZATION
AND NATIONALISM

2. INDUSTRIALIZATION
• Why did it begin in Great Britain?
• Agrarian revolution led to increased food supply
• Enclosure Acts forced peasants to move to towns
and cities, increasing the labor force
• Lax government control of businesses allowed
entrepreneurs to make money
• Excess raw materials, including
iron ore and coal
• Colonial Empire allowed for
ready markets

3. • On the next two slides choose three inventions or
improvements that you find interesting and add
them into the open lines of your notes. Include all
the information you think is important.

4. INVENTIONS AND
IMPROVEMENTS
• James Watt invented the steam engine that could
drive machinery; first used in textiles which
increased cotton clothes production
• Henry Cort invented “puddling”, a process which
removed impurities in iron maker it stronger
• Richard Trevithick invented the steam locomotive in
1804
• Robert Fulton built the first paddle
wheeled steamboat in 1807

5. INVENTIONS AND
IMPROVEMENTS
• Louis Pasteur: developed the germ theory of
disease
• Dmitri Mendeleyev: classified elements based on
their atomic weight (the Periodic Table)
• Charles Darwin: “Origin of Species”, about evolution
and natural selection (i.e., survival of the fittest)

6. SOCIAL IMPACT
• From 1750-1850, European population almost
doubled
• Rapid growth of cities led to pitiful living conditions
for the urban poor
• Social Classes: Industrial Middle Class (owners of
factories and developer of markets)
Industrial Working Class (worked 12 to 16 hour days,
6 days a week; included women and children)

7. EARLY SOCIALISM
• Early Socialism: economic system in which the
government owns the means of production and
allows a more equal distribution of wealth
• Called “utopian socialists”, they created a
hypothetical society in which every ones needs
would be met
• Robert Owen attempted to build a utopian
society in New Lanark Scotland and
New Harmony Indiana

8. CONGRESS OF VIENNA
• Congress of Vienna: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and
Russia arranged a peace settlement after the final
defeat of Napoleon
• Rearranged territories in Europe to prevent one country
from becoming more powerful than the others
• These rulers believed in conservatism, based on
tradition and social stability
• Also adopted the “Principle of Intervention” which
would allow foreign powers to invade other countries
which were going through revolutions
• Agreed to later meetings, called
“the Concert of Europe”

9. FORCES OF CHANGE
• Liberalism: philosophy that grew from
the Enlightenment; believed that
people should be as free as possible
from government restraints
• Included protection of civil liberties,
religious toleration, and separation of
church and state
• Favored constitutional governments, but
not democracy
• Nationalism: people identified as part of
a community based off of language,
common institutions, and customs
called a nation

10. BREAKDOWN
• Crimean War: 1853-1856; Russia
declared war on the weakened
Ottoman Empire
• Great Britain and France sided
with the Ottoman Empire fearing
Russia’s growing power
• Austria did not support it’s ally,
Russia
• Treaty of Paris ended the war in
1856
• Russia lost and withdrew from
European affairs, and Austria was
left without any real allies

11. Part Two: Unifciation

12. UNIFICATION
• ITALY
• King Victor Emmanuel II ruled northern Piedmont
region of Italy
• His minister Camillo di Cavour made an alliance
with the French emperor Louis Napoleon
• In 1859, Cavour provoked Austria into a war. France
sided with the Piedmont
• Other Italian states revolted and joined with the
Piedmont

13. UNIFICATION
• ITALY
• Giuseppe Garibaldi: led a revolt against the
Bourbon Monarchs of Sicily and Naples
• Army was called Red Shirts due to their uniform
• By 1860, Garibaldi controlled Sicily and Naples
• He turned his state over to Victor Emmanuel II
• On March 17, 1861, The State of Italy was declared
• Gained Venetia in 1866,
and Rome in 1870

14. UNIFICATION
• GERMANY
• King William I of Prussia appointed Otto von
Bismarck as Prime Minister
• Von Bismarck used military strength and political
maneuvering to form the North German
Confederation
• He started wars with Denmark and Austria and
expanded Prussian power

15. UNIFICATION
• GERMANY
• The southern German states allied with the north
because they feared France
• In 1870, von Bismarck provoked France into a war
over the dispute for the throne of Spain
• The southern German states supported the north
• On January 18, 1871 at Versailles, William I of Prussia
was crowned Kaiser of the Second German Empire
• Paris surrendered on Jan 28, 1871
• France lost Alsace and Lorraine and
had to pay 5 billion Francs to Germany

16. NATIONALISM
• Great Britain
• Great Britain managed to avoid the revolutions of
the 1800’s
• Parliament made laws granting more men the right
to vote as well as social reforms to maintain stability
• Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 -1901and
oversaw a prosperous Great Britain known as the
“The Victorian Age”

17. NATIONALISM
• FRANCE
• Louis Napoleon became Emperor Napoleon III in
1852
• He modernized and rebuilt France and even began
liberalizing the government and gave the
legislature more power
• Louis-Napoleon was captured during the Franco-
Prussian war and died in exile in England in 1873
• France started the Third Republic

18. NATIONALISM
• AUSTRIA
• Lost power during their war with Prussia
• Compromise of 1867 split Austria and Hungary,
each with it’s own constitution, government, and
capital
• Each was ruled by the same monarch
• Both used the same military, currency, and foreign
policy

19. NATIONALISM
• RUSSIA
• After their loss in the Crimean War, Russia realized it
had fallen behind the rest of Europe
• Czar Alexander II attempted reforms, including
freeing the serfs
• Alexander II was assassinated by radicals, and
Alexander III returned to the old ways
• Serf emancipation had the opposite effect, leading
to starving peasants and not enough land

20. NATIONALISM
• UNITED STATES
• In the early 1800’s, the government was divided
between Federalists (favoring strong federal
government) and Republicans (favoring state’s
power over federal power)
• By 1860, the South's economy was based on cotton,
which relied on slave labor
• In the North, abolitionists sought an end to all
slavery

21. NATIONALISM
• UNITED STATES
• Abraham Lincoln was elected President in
November 1860
• In February 1861, southern states formed the
“Confederate States of America”
• The Civil War began April 1861 and ended April
1865