Von thunen’s model of agricultural land useThe Urban Unit
This presentation is based on a agricultural land use model around the city. This is the theory of urban Geography it describe the agricultural pattern and how should the agricultural activities perform around the city. basically this Model was put forwarded before industrialization and when there was no roads networks and this Model is not applicable in real word but is gives great ideas for developing new towns and cities.
Von thunen’s model of agricultural land useThe Urban Unit
This presentation is based on a agricultural land use model around the city. This is the theory of urban Geography it describe the agricultural pattern and how should the agricultural activities perform around the city. basically this Model was put forwarded before industrialization and when there was no roads networks and this Model is not applicable in real word but is gives great ideas for developing new towns and cities.
Class 12th Chapter 3(Population Composition) Geography Book Fundamentals of Human Development Complete Explanation of all concept of NCERT class 12th
It is easy to understand. all the topics are taken in preference
All concept are taken under Guidance of Mrs Kavita Chabbra
if there is any doubt please do comment
In India, cropping activities are observed all round the year in various intensities. In several places, short term crops are grown side by side with annual crops. In the northern India, there are two distinct seasons: one is known as kharif season (July to October) and the other one is rabi season (October to March). Crops grown between March and June are known as zaid.
On the basis of statistical distribution of crops, the country is divided into twenty-seven crop regions. It falls within eight broad crop regions, dominated by (a) rice (b) wheat (c) millets (d) cotton (e)oilseeds (f) pulses (g) maize and (h) coconut and other plantation crops.
This slide discusses about the core-periphery model given by John Friedmann. This model is basically a model of regional Development. You will able to learn about the core-periphery model very easily by this slide.
The economy of the world is fast changing during the recent years.
The changes in primary, secondary and tertiary stages are dynamic in nature.
In view of this, the objectives of studying economic geography are to integrate several factors of economic development to acquaint with the dynamic aspects of the Scenario. This module is about basics of economic geography.
Definition,meaning, scope,approach, and aim of urban-geographyKamrul Islam Karim
What is Urban Geography?
It can be considered a sub-discipline of the larger field of human geography with overlaps of content with that of Cultural Geography
Definition of Urban Geography.
Urban geography is the study of urban places with reference to their geographical environment.
Urban geography is the sub discipline of geography which concentrates on those parts of the Earth's surface that have a high concentration of buildings and infrastructure
.
It is that branch of science, which deals with the study of urban areas, in terms of concentration, infrastructure, economy, and environmental impacts.
Griffith Taylor- Urban Geography includes the site revolution pattern and classification of towns.
Dudley Stamp- Urban Geography is infecting the intensive study of town and their development in all their geographical aspects.
Meaning of an Urban Place
UN Demographic Year Book concludes: “There is no point in the continuum from large agglomerations to small clusters or scattered dwellings where urbanity disappears and rurality begins the division between urban and rural populations is necessarily arbitrary.”
A review of the problems of rural and urban centres as revealed by the Census Reports of various countries identifies a few bases for reckoning a place as urban.
Difference between rural and urban depends upon their nature of work – the former being engaged in agricultural operations and the latter in non-agricultural activities.
Criteria of an Urban Place
(1) A place designated by administrative status;
(2) A minimum population;
(3) A minimum population density;
(4) A concept of contiguity to include or exclude under suburban area or loosely scattered settlement;
(5) A proportion engaged in non-agricultural occupations; and
(6) A functional character.
Attributes of Urban Geography
Scope/nature/theme of Urban Geography
Methods or Approaches of Urban Places
Aim of urban geography
POPULATION GEOGRAPHY vs. DEMOGRAPHY
Preface of the terms.
Variability between the terms.
Skills to the study of Population Geography.
Importance of Demographics and its Data.
Factors examined by the field of demography.
Demographic Transition Theory (DTT).
Population Pyramid.
Association between the terms.
Stats / Graphs of India – with referencing to Population and Demography.
India’s population projection.
Bibliography.
SETTLEMENTS
Is the place where people live together and engage in various social, economic, and political activities.Example: industrial activities, Agricultural activities, educational activities.
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SETTLEMENTThe classification of settlement depends or bases on functions and number of people. According to the economic base theory which were founded on the idea that settlements (towns, cities or regions) perform two broad categories of economic activities, basic and non basic.Basic is an economic activity or function that either produces goods or market a service outside the settlement where it is located or within the settlement hence lead into growth of settlement and economic growth as a result Urban settlement is generated or found.Non basic is an economic activity or function that produces goods or markets services within the settlement in which it is located and therefore makes little contribution to settlement as a result Rural settlement is generated.
There are two major types of settlements namely Rural and Urban Settlements.
RURAL SETTLEMENT
The basic unit of rural settlements is a number of people and functions. In rural areas the main function or activity is agriculture. The cultivators most often live in scattered family settlement. Nature of settlement are isolated, hamlet, village and small market to
Class 12th Chapter 3(Population Composition) Geography Book Fundamentals of Human Development Complete Explanation of all concept of NCERT class 12th
It is easy to understand. all the topics are taken in preference
All concept are taken under Guidance of Mrs Kavita Chabbra
if there is any doubt please do comment
In India, cropping activities are observed all round the year in various intensities. In several places, short term crops are grown side by side with annual crops. In the northern India, there are two distinct seasons: one is known as kharif season (July to October) and the other one is rabi season (October to March). Crops grown between March and June are known as zaid.
On the basis of statistical distribution of crops, the country is divided into twenty-seven crop regions. It falls within eight broad crop regions, dominated by (a) rice (b) wheat (c) millets (d) cotton (e)oilseeds (f) pulses (g) maize and (h) coconut and other plantation crops.
This slide discusses about the core-periphery model given by John Friedmann. This model is basically a model of regional Development. You will able to learn about the core-periphery model very easily by this slide.
The economy of the world is fast changing during the recent years.
The changes in primary, secondary and tertiary stages are dynamic in nature.
In view of this, the objectives of studying economic geography are to integrate several factors of economic development to acquaint with the dynamic aspects of the Scenario. This module is about basics of economic geography.
Definition,meaning, scope,approach, and aim of urban-geographyKamrul Islam Karim
What is Urban Geography?
It can be considered a sub-discipline of the larger field of human geography with overlaps of content with that of Cultural Geography
Definition of Urban Geography.
Urban geography is the study of urban places with reference to their geographical environment.
Urban geography is the sub discipline of geography which concentrates on those parts of the Earth's surface that have a high concentration of buildings and infrastructure
.
It is that branch of science, which deals with the study of urban areas, in terms of concentration, infrastructure, economy, and environmental impacts.
Griffith Taylor- Urban Geography includes the site revolution pattern and classification of towns.
Dudley Stamp- Urban Geography is infecting the intensive study of town and their development in all their geographical aspects.
Meaning of an Urban Place
UN Demographic Year Book concludes: “There is no point in the continuum from large agglomerations to small clusters or scattered dwellings where urbanity disappears and rurality begins the division between urban and rural populations is necessarily arbitrary.”
A review of the problems of rural and urban centres as revealed by the Census Reports of various countries identifies a few bases for reckoning a place as urban.
Difference between rural and urban depends upon their nature of work – the former being engaged in agricultural operations and the latter in non-agricultural activities.
Criteria of an Urban Place
(1) A place designated by administrative status;
(2) A minimum population;
(3) A minimum population density;
(4) A concept of contiguity to include or exclude under suburban area or loosely scattered settlement;
(5) A proportion engaged in non-agricultural occupations; and
(6) A functional character.
Attributes of Urban Geography
Scope/nature/theme of Urban Geography
Methods or Approaches of Urban Places
Aim of urban geography
POPULATION GEOGRAPHY vs. DEMOGRAPHY
Preface of the terms.
Variability between the terms.
Skills to the study of Population Geography.
Importance of Demographics and its Data.
Factors examined by the field of demography.
Demographic Transition Theory (DTT).
Population Pyramid.
Association between the terms.
Stats / Graphs of India – with referencing to Population and Demography.
India’s population projection.
Bibliography.
SETTLEMENTS
Is the place where people live together and engage in various social, economic, and political activities.Example: industrial activities, Agricultural activities, educational activities.
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SETTLEMENTThe classification of settlement depends or bases on functions and number of people. According to the economic base theory which were founded on the idea that settlements (towns, cities or regions) perform two broad categories of economic activities, basic and non basic.Basic is an economic activity or function that either produces goods or market a service outside the settlement where it is located or within the settlement hence lead into growth of settlement and economic growth as a result Urban settlement is generated or found.Non basic is an economic activity or function that produces goods or markets services within the settlement in which it is located and therefore makes little contribution to settlement as a result Rural settlement is generated.
There are two major types of settlements namely Rural and Urban Settlements.
RURAL SETTLEMENT
The basic unit of rural settlements is a number of people and functions. In rural areas the main function or activity is agriculture. The cultivators most often live in scattered family settlement. Nature of settlement are isolated, hamlet, village and small market to
This slide has contents of founding of Industries, classification of Industries and its types, factors related to the establishment of Industry, major industries in the world, Pollution due to the industries, etc...
Economic Activities for the Junior CerticateNoel Hogan
Designed for Junior Certificate Geography Students in the Irish Second Level System. Covers Primary, Secondary and Tertiary economic activities and has some questions culled from past exam papers as well. Deals with Farming, Fishing, Exploitation of Peat bogs, manufacturing, tourism etc.
Loreto “Jong” Dumlao Azores, Jr.
Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Graduate School
DBA 735 Service Industry Management
1st Semester 2014-2015
Dr. Rodolfo De Lara
Professor
Loreto “Jong” Dumlao Azores, Jr.
Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Graduate School
DBA 737 Risk Management & Development
1st Semester 2014-2015
Dr. Rodolfo De Lara
Professor
This is a presentation I gave in Sociology course about the industrial revolution talking about its factors, beginnings and consequences, and some related issues. I hope you like the presentation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. Two great economic “revolutions”
occurred in human development
Domestication of plants and animals occurred
in our dim prehistory
Ultimately resulted in a huge increase in human
population
Greatly accelerated modification of the physical
environment
Resulted in major cultural readjustments
3. Two great economic “revolutions”
occurred in human development
The Industrial Revolution, started in the
eighteenth century, is still taking place today
Involves a series of inventions leading to the use
of machines and inanimate power in the
manufacturing process
Suddenly whole societies could engage in
seemingly limitless multiplication of goods and
services
Rapid bursts of human inventiveness followed
Gigantic population increases
4. Two great economic “revolutions”
occurred in human development
The Industrial Revolution, started in the eighteenth
century, is still taking place today
Massive, often unsettling, remodeling of the environment
Today, few lands remain largely untouched by its
machines, factories, transportation devices, and
communication techniques
On an individual level, no facet of North American life
remains unaffected
Just about every object and every event in your life is
affected, if not actually created, by the Industrial
Revolution
5. Culture Regions
Industrial Regions
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Industrial Ecology
Industrial Cultural Integration
Industrial Landscapes
6. Industrial regions
Five types of industrial activity, each occupying
culture regions can be distinguished
Primary industries—those involved in extracting natural
resources from the Earth
9. Primary Industry:
Nga Trang, Vietnam
Fishing is an extractive
activity – taking a
natural resource, in this
case renewable, from
the Earth.
Here in the Cai River
estuary, a variety of
boats fish the South
China Sea
10. Primary Industry:
Nga Trang, Vietnam
Nylon nets along with
styrofoam and plastic
containers are
becoming increasingly
common.
These are derived from
oil, a nonrenewable
resource.
11. Industrial regions
Five types of industrial activity, each occupying
culture regions can be distinguished
Secondary industry—processing stage, commonly called
manufacturing
Other three types all involve services of some sort, rather
than the extraction or production of commodities
Tertiary
Quaternary
Quinary
Next slide reveals worldwide patterns of some primary and
secondary industry
12.
13. Primary industry
Extract both renewable and nonrenewable sources
Renewable resources—those that can be used
without being permanently depleted, such as
forests, water, fishing grounds, and agricultural land
Overexploitation of renewable resources does causes
depletion
Example of the 1990s worldwide crisis in oceanic fishing
industry as result of overfishing
Nonrenewable resources are depleted when used
— example of minerals and petroleum
14. Secondary industry
Most of the world’s industrial activity has
traditionally been found in developed
countries of the midlatitudes
Especially true in parts of Anglo-America, Europe,
Russia, and Japan
In the U.S., secondary industries once clustered
mainly in a region called the American
Manufacturing Belt
15.
16. Secondary industry
Most of the world’s industrial activity has
traditionally been found in developed
countries of the midlatitudes
Manufacturing occupies the central core of
Europe, surrounded by a less industrialized
periphery
17.
18. Secondary industry
Most of the world’s industrial activity has
traditionally been found in developed
countries of the midlatitudes
Japan’s industrial complex lies around the shore
of the Inland Sea and in the southern part of the
country
19.
20. Secondary industry
Industrial regions usually consist of several
zones, each dominated by a particular kind of
industry
Iron and steel zone
Coal mining in another
Textiles in a third
21. Secondary industry
Pronounced regional specialization arose
with the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s
Core and periphery
Evolving industrial core consisted of developed
countries, with their collective manufacturing
regions
Periphery had nonindustrial and weakly
industrialized lands, including many colonies
Resources extracted from increasingly
impoverished peripheries flowed to core
22. Secondary industry
Core and periphery
Resultant geographical pattern is often referred to
as uneven development, or regional disparity
Uneven development has proven to be
increasingly and unyieldingly present
Manufacturing dominance of developed core
countries persists
A major global shift is currently under way in
secondary industry
23. Secondary industry
Core and periphery
In virtually every core country, much of secondary
sector is in marked decline
Especially steel making and other manufacturing
requiring a minimally skilled, blue-collar work force
Factories are closing
Blue-collar unemployment rates at highest levels since
the Great Depression of the 1930s
In the U.S., a relative decline began about 1950
Nine out of every ten new jobs have been unskilled low-
paying service positions
24. Secondary industry
Manufacturing now booming in core countries
mainly requires a highly skilled or artisanal
work force
“High-tech” firms produce quality consumer goods
Blue-collar work force has proven largely unable
to acquire needed new skills
High-tech manufacturers employ far fewer
workers than the former heavy industries
New companies tend to be concentrated in
relatively small districts sometimes called
technopoles
25. Secondary industry
Deindustrialization describes the decline and
fall of once-prosperous factory and mining
areas
Brings demoralization and erosion of the spirit of
place
Western Germany’s reaction to deindustrialization
Maintained a high proportion of its work force by
reinvesting for high productivity
Offered high wages
Specialized in expensive export-oriented products
26. Secondary industry
Western Germany’s reaction to deindustrialization
Protected high level of labor skill through a well-
developed apprenticeship system
East German regions are now faced with same
industries and mining that form core of
deindustrialization and decline
Manufacturing industries lost by core countries relocate
in newly industrializing lands of the periphery
South Korea, Taiwan, India, Singapore,
Brazil, Mexico, Guangdong province in
coastal South China, and India have a major
expansion of manufacturing
28. Secondary Industry: Ouro Preto, Brazil
This is Alcan Aluminio
do Brasil which
fashions bauxite into
ingots.
Available hydroelectric
power permits this
factory to locate near
both raw material and
market sites.
29. Secondary Industry: Ouro Preto, Brazil
Bauxite, a non-
renewable resource is
mined close by and
Alcan is part of the
greater Sao Paulo
region’s industrial
landscape.
Company housing is in
the background.
30. Secondary industry
Global corporations
Corporate giants based mainly in the U.S., Europe, and
Japan have sweeping control over:
International communications networks
Latest advances in modern technology
Large amounts of investment capital
Corporate giants effectively control economic structure of
many developing countries
In Mexico, by 1970, foreign interest controlled 67 percent of
metal- products, 84 percent of tobacco industry, and 100
percent of rubber, electrical machinery, and automobile
industries
In Argentina they controlled every “top 50” company by 1985
31. Tertiary industry
Decline of primary and secondary industries has
ushered in an era referred to as the postindustrial
phase
Part of the postindustrial phases includes:
Transportation, communication, and utility services
Highways, railroads, airlines, and pipelines
Telephones, radios, television, and the Internet
All facilitate the distribution of goods, services, and
information
Every industrial district is served by well-developed
transport systems
32.
33. Tertiary industry
Regional differences exist in relative
importance of the various modes of transport
In Russia and Ukraine
Highways have little industrial significance
Railroads, and to a lesser extent, waterways carry most
of transport load
In the U.S., highways became most important,
while railroad system declined
Western European nations rely heavily on greater
balance between rail, highway, and waterway
transport
34. Tertiary industry
Regional differences exist in relative
importance of the various modes of transport
In most of Africa, interior Asia and other weakly
industrialized regions, motorable highways and
railroads remain rare
Even in the weakly industrialized regions tertiary
activity is increasing
In more developed countries, such services as electronic
transfer of funds and telecommunications between
computers continents apart increasingly rival traditional
importance of railroads or trucks
37. Tertiary Industry: Rotterdam, Netherlands
Rotterdam, Europe’s
busiest port and one of
the world’s largest is
shipping gateway to
Western Europe and
major outlet for
Germany’s Ruhr and
other industrial districts
along the Rhine River.
38. Tertiary Industry: Rotterdam, Netherlands
Container ships carry
materials and goods to and
from overseas while barges
ply the river.
Shipping offices, shipyards
and dry docks, warehouses,
cargo and container cranes,
supertanker berths, and oil
storage tanks are only some
of the facilities located here.
39. Tertiary industry
Regional differences exist in relative importance of
the various modes of transport
In more developed countries, such services as electronic
transfer of funds and telecommunications between
computers continents apart increasingly rival traditional
importance of railroads or trucks
Utilities also belong in the tertiary sector
Automobiles create a special kind of functional culture
region
Sometimes called machine space
As usage increases more space must be devoted to them
Often results in visual blight
40.
41. Quaternary industry
Includes those services mainly required by
producers
Trade, wholesaling, retailing, and advertising
Banking, legal services, real estate transactions,
and insurance
Consulting and information generation
Such activities represent one of the major
growth sectors in postindustrial economies
Manufacturing is increasingly shunted to the
peripheries
42. Quaternary industry
Corporate headquarters, markets, and producer-
related service activities remain in the core
Multiplier leakage — global corporations invest in
secondary industry in the peripheries, but profits
flow back to the core
The industrialization of less developed countries
actually increases the power of the world’s
established industrial nations
Today, we face a world in which the basic industrial
power of the planet is more centralized than ever
43. Quaternary industry
Global corporations are headquartered mainly in
quaternary areas where the Industrial Revolution
took root earliest
Industrial development loans come from Europe,
Japan, and the U.S., with the result that interest
payments drain away from poor countries to rich
countries
Increasingly important is the collection,
generation, storage, retrieval, and processing of
computerized knowledge and information
45. Quaternary Industry:
Hong Kong (Central)
Because of its natural
harbor and
accessibility, Hong
Kong has functioned as
an entreport since 1841
and is also a major
financial center. This is
the view from Victoria
Peak on Hong Kong
Island across the
harbor to the Kowloon
peninsula.
46. Quaternary Industry:
Hong Kong (Central)
The rose-colored buildings
at top center house the
stock exchange, offices and
shops. The adjacent
Jardine House, once the
tallest building in Asia, is the
center for travel and
tourism.
The Hongkong Bank is to
the right of the green-roofed
structure and I.M. Pei’s
Bank of China skyscraper is
further right.
47. Quaternary Industry:
Hong Kong (Central)
Their dramatic architecture
reflects the significance of
banking in this post-
industrial city. Luxury
apartments dominate the
foreground. Most
manufacturing, mainly
labor-intensive, is in the
peripheral New Territories,
and increasingly in China’s
Guangdong Province.
48. Quaternary Industry:
Hong Kong (Central)
Multiplier leakage
occurs as many
corporate headquarters
and related activities
remain in the Hong
Kong.
Hong Kong reverted
from Britain to join
China as an
autonomous region in
1997.
49. Quaternary industry
Postindustrial society is organized around
knowledge and innovation used to acquire
profits and exert social control
Impact of computers is changing world
dramatically, with implication for spatial
organization of all human activities
Many quaternary industries depend on a
highly skilled, intelligent, creative, and
imaginative labor force
50. Quaternary industry
If seen on a local scale information-
generating industries seem to coalesce
around major universities and research
centers
Stanford and University of California at Berkeley
helped make San Francisco Bay area a major
center of such industry
Similar foci developed near Harvard and M.I.T. in
New England
Triuniversity Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill
“Research Triangle” of North Carolina
51.
52. Quaternary industry
If seen on a local scale information-
generating industries seem to coalesce
around major universities and research
centers
These high tech corridors, or “silicon landscapes,”
are highly focused geographically, contributing to
an uneven development spatially
In Europe, emerging core is more confined
geographically than earlier concentration of
manufacturing
53.
54. Quinary industry
One of the most rapidly expanding activities
is tourism
By 1992
Generated $3 trillion in income
Employed 1 in 14 workers worldwide
Importance trend has continued in spite of
tourist attacks
Importance varies greatly from one region
and country to another
55.
56. Quinary industry
Some countries, particularly those in tropical island
locations, depend principally on tourism to support
their national economies
One advantage is that it is disproportionately
focused in industrial peripheries rather than the core
Disproportionately focused in industrial peripheries than the
core
Somewhat alleviates problem of uneven development
Multiplier leakage typically drains most profits back to core
57.
58. Quinary industry
Tourism can be categorized into major types
One major flow is — from interior locations-to-
seacoasts
Second major movement is — from lowlands-to-
highlands
Third major flow — urban-to-rural
People seek vacations away from crowded cities
Acquisition of vacation homes in isolated places
In rural Norway, about 40 percent of all farmers take in
summer guest to supplement income
59. Quinary industry
Tourism can be categorized into major types
Third major flow — urban-to-rural
Ecotourism — visits to very remote areas, particularly
wilderness regions
Fourth flow is directed to places of cultural and
historical importance
Most modern tourism involves multiple
destinations
Europeans, in general, prefer a single destination for the
summer
Americans generally seek multiple destinations
61. Quinary Industry: Sex Tourism, Bangkok
Like Manila, Taipei, and
(increasingly) Saigon,
Bangkok is one of the
“sex capitals” of the
world. Desperate men
and women enter into
prostitution as a last
resort to survive or to
feed a drug habit.
There is also an active
slave trade from
Mynmar (Burma).
62. Quinary Industry: Sex Tourism, Bangkok
Destitute families in urban
squatter settlements and
poor villages are enticed to
sell their children (primarily
girls) to middlemen who
promise to find them
employment with a rich
family who will send them to
school.
These children are enslaved
and forcibly turned into
prostitutes by whatever
means necessary including
physical abuse and drug
addiction.
63. Quinary Industry: Sex Tourism, Bangkok
This is Patpong Street,
notorious for its sex shows,
brothels, and related
services. AIDS has
reached critical proportions,
but the industry continues to
thrive on tourism. Planned
sex tours are widely
available from around the
world and are especially
popular with Japanese
businessmen.
64. Culture Regions
Industrial Regions
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Industrial Ecology
Industrial Cultural Integration
Industrial Landscapes
65. Introduction
World map of formal industrial regions
provides a good measure of how far the
Industrial Revolution has spread
Generally, people resist substantial changes
in their basic cultural patterns
The Industrial Revolution offered personal
benefit, causing many people from many
cultures to discard tradition
66.
67. Introduction
Life before the Industrial Revolution
People were concerned with the most basic of
primary economic activities
Acquired the necessities of survival from the land
Society and culture was overwhelmingly rural and
agricultural
Before 1700 virtually all manufacturing was
carried on in two systems, cottage and guild
industries, both depended on hand labor and
human power
68. Introduction
Cottage industry
Most common, was practiced in farm homes and
rural villages
Usually a sideline to agriculture
Objects for family use were made in each
household
Most villages had a cobbler, miller, weaver, and
smith who worked part-time at home
Skills passed from parents to children with little
formality
69. Introduction
Guild industry
Consisted of professional organizations of highly
skilled, specialized artisans engaged full time in
their trades and based in towns and cities
Membership came after a long apprenticeship
Was a fraternal organization of artisans skilled in
a particular craft
70. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Arose among back-country English cottage
craftspeople in the early 1700s
First: human hands were replaced by
machines in fashioning finished products
Rendered the word manufacturing (“made by
hand”) obsolete
Weavers no longer sat at a hand loom, instead
large mechanical looms were invented to do the
job faster and more economically
71. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Second: Human power gave way to various
forms of inanimate power
Machines were driven by water power, burning of
fossil fuels, and later hydroelectricity and the
energy of the atom
Men and women became tenders of machines
instead of producers of fine handmade goods
Within 150 years, the Industrial Revolution
greatly altered the first three sectors of
industrial activity
72. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Textiles
Initial breakthrough occurred in the British cotton textile
cottage industry, centered in the Lanchashire district of
western England
First changes were modest and on a small scale
Mechanical looms, powered by flowing water were invented
Industries remained largely rural
Diffused hierarchically to sites of rushing streams
Later in the eighteenth century invention of the steam
engine provided a better source of power
In the United states, textile plants were also the first
factories
73. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Metallurgy
Traditionally, metal industries had been small-
scale, rural enterprises
Situated near ore sources
Forests provided charcoal for smelting process
Chemical changes that occurred in steel making
remained mysterious even to craftspeople who
used them
Techniques had changed little since the beginning
of the Iron Age, 2500 years before
74. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Metallurgy
In the 1700s, inventions by iron makers in the
Coalbrookdale of English Midlands, created a new
scientific, large-scale industry
Coke, nearly pure carbon, which is derived from nearly
pure coal, replaced charcoal in the smelting process
Large blast furnaces replaced the forge
Efficient rolling mills took the place of hammer and anvil
Mass production of steel resulted
75. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Mining
First to feel effects of new technology was coal
mining
Adoption of steam engine necessitated huge amounts of
coal to fire boilers
Conversion to coke further increased demand for coal
Fortunately, Britain had large coal deposits
New mining techniques and tools were invented
Coal mining became a large-scale mechanized industry
76. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Mining
Because coal is heavy and bulky, manufacturing
industries began flocking to the coal fields, to be
near supplies
Similar modernization occurred in mining of iron
ore, copper, and other metals needed by growing
industries
77. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Railroads
Wooden sailing ships gave way to steel vessels
driven by steam engines
Canals were built
British-invented railroad came on the scene
Need to move raw materials and finished products
from place to place, cheaply and quickly, was
main stimulus leading to transportation
breakthroughs
78. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Railroads
Impact of the Industrial Revolution would have
been minimized if distribution of goods and
services had not been improved
British revolutionized shipbuilding industry and
dominated it from their Scottish shipyards even
into the twentieth century
New modes of transport fostered additional
cultural diffusion
New industrial-age popular culture could easily
penetrate previously untouched areas
79. Diffusion from Britain
For a century, Britain held a virtual monopoly
on its industrial innovations
Government actively tried to prevent diffusion
Gave Britain enormous economic advantage
Contributed greatly to growth and strength of
British Empire
80.
81. Diffusion from Britain
The technology finally diffused beyond the
British Isles
Continental Europe first received its impact in last
half of the nineteenth century
Took firm root hierarchically in coal fields of Germany,
Belgium, and other nations of northwestern and Central
Europe
Diffusion of railroads provides a good index
82.
83. Diffusion from Britain
The technology finally diffused beyond the
British Isles
United States began rapid adoption of new
technology about 1850
About 1900, Japan was the first major non-
Western country to undergo full industrialization
In the first third of the 1900s, diffusion spilled into
Russia and Ukraine
Recently, countries such as Taiwan, South Korea,
China, Indian, and Singapore joined the
manufacturing age