1. A governor is a device that regulates the speed of an engine by automatically adjusting the fuel supply as the load and speed change.
2. Governors are classified as centrifugal or inertia governors. Centrifugal governors use the centrifugal force of rotating masses to control the fuel supply, while inertia governors use the inertia of rotating masses.
3. Common types of centrifugal governors discussed include the Watt, Porter, Proell, Hartnell, Hartung, Wilson-Hartnell, and Pickering governors. Key characteristics of governors like sensitivity, isochronism, stability, effort, and power are also defined.
Static force analysis, Unit-1 of Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus compiled by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 6- Governers , Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
This PPT describes toothed wheels technically called as Gears. It consists of classification of gears that are commonly used in industries. Mostly when any mechanical components came to industrial scenario it deals with dynamic and static characteristics. Metallurgical restriction are also been involved in this .This PPT will definitely clears all the doubts and allow you to think more.
Unit 5- balancing of reciprocating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 1-introduction to Mechanisms, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
The various forces acts on the reciprocating parts of an engine.
The resultant of all the forces acting on the body of the engine due to inertia forces only is known as unbalanced force or shaking force.
Whirling of shafts occurs due to rotational imbalance of a shaft, even in the absence of external loads, which causes resonance to occur at certain speeds, known as critical speeds.
Static force analysis, Unit-1 of Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus compiled by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 6- Governers , Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
This PPT describes toothed wheels technically called as Gears. It consists of classification of gears that are commonly used in industries. Mostly when any mechanical components came to industrial scenario it deals with dynamic and static characteristics. Metallurgical restriction are also been involved in this .This PPT will definitely clears all the doubts and allow you to think more.
Unit 5- balancing of reciprocating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 1-introduction to Mechanisms, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
The various forces acts on the reciprocating parts of an engine.
The resultant of all the forces acting on the body of the engine due to inertia forces only is known as unbalanced force or shaking force.
Whirling of shafts occurs due to rotational imbalance of a shaft, even in the absence of external loads, which causes resonance to occur at certain speeds, known as critical speeds.
This presentation provide complete study of governor for GTU as well as PU and other university students. It covers basic terminologies, characteristics of governor, diagram, derivations etc. for proper understanding.
Terms Used in Governors
Height of a governor, Equilibrium speed, Sleeve lift
Performance of Governors
Sensitiveness , Stability, Hunting, Isochronism, Governor Effort, Power
Types, Application, Function
With sketch explain construction working of
1.watt Governor
2.Porter governor
3.Proell Governor
4.Harnell Governor
Numerical Problems
Comparison of Flywheel and Governor
MCQs
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
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This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Unit 5 Mechanism for control
1. Unit V
MECHANISM FOR CONTROL
DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
MECHANISM FOR CONTROL
DOM - B.K.P 1
B.K.Parrthipan, M.E., M.B.A., (Ph.D).,
Assistant Professor / Mechanical Engineering
Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology.
2. Governor
• Governor is a device which is used to regulate the mean speed
of an engine, when there are variations in the load.
• when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases,
therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of
working fluid.working fluid.
• On the other hand, when the load on the engine decreases, its
speed increases and thus less working fluid is required.
• The governor automatically controls the supply of working
fluid to the engine with the varying load conditions and keeps
the mean speed within certain limits.
2DOM - B.K.P
3. The governors are broadly classified as
1. Centrifugal governors and
2. Inertia governors.
Governor - types
3DOM - B.K.P
4. Centrifugal Governor
In these governors, the change in centrifugal forces of the
rotating masses due to change in the speed of the engine is
utilized for movement of the governor sleeve. These governors
are commonly used because of simplicity in operation.
4DOM - B.K.P
6. Gravity Controlled Centrifugal
Governors
In this type of governors there is gravity force due to weight
on the sleeve or weight of sleeve itself which controls
movement of the sleeve. These governors are comparatively
larger in size.larger in size.
(a) Watt governor
(b) Porter governor
(c) Proell governor
6DOM - B.K.P
7. Spring Controlled Centrifugal
Governors
In these governors, a helical spring or several springs are
utilized to control the movement of sleeve or balls. These
governors are comparatively smaller in size.
(a) Hartnell governor
(b) Wilson-Hartnell governor
(c) Hartung governor
(d) Pickering governor
7DOM - B.K.P
8. Terms used in Governors
• Height of a governor.
It is the vertical distance from the centre of the ball to a point
where the axes of the arms (or arms produced) intersect on
the spindle axis. It is usually denoted by h.
• Equilibrium speed.• Equilibrium speed.
It is the speed at which the governor balls, arms etc., are in
complete equilibrium and the sleeve does not tend to move
upwards or downwards.
• Mean equilibrium speed.
It is the speed at the mean position of the balls or the sleeve.
DOM - B.K.P 8
9. Terms used in Governors
• Maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds.
The speeds at the maximum and minimum radius of rotation
of the balls, without tending to move either way are known as
maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds respectively.
• Sleeve lift.• Sleeve lift.
It is the vertical distance which the sleeve travels due to
change in equilibrium speed.
DOM - B.K.P 9
10. Watt Governor
It is basically a conical pendulum with links attached to a
sleeve of negligible mass. The arms of the governor may be
connected to the spindle in the following three ways :
1. The pivot P, may be on the spindle axis as shown in Fig.(a).
2. The pivot P, may be offset from the spindle axis and the arms
when produced intersect at O, as shown in Fig.(b).
3. The pivot P, may be offset, but the arms cross the axis at O, as3. The pivot P, may be offset, but the arms cross the axis at O, as
shown in Fig.(c).
DOM - B.K.P 10
11. Watt Governor
Let
m = Mass of the ball in kg,
w = Weight of the ball in newtons = m.g,
T = Tension in the arm in newtons,
ω = Angular velocity of the arm and ball about the spindle axis in
rad/s,rad/s,
r = Radius of the path of rotation of the ball
FC = Centrifugal force acting on the ball in newtons = m ω 2r
h = Height of the governor in metres.
It is assumed that the weight of the arms, links and the sleeve are
negligible as compared to the weight of the balls.
DOM - B.K.P 11
12. Watt Governor
Now, the ball is in equilibrium under the action of
1. the centrifugal force (FC) acting on the ball,
2. the tension (T) in the arm, and
3. the weight (w) of the ball.
Taking moments about point O, we haveTaking moments about point O, we have
DOM - B.K.P 12
13. Porter Governor
• The Porter governor is a modification of a Watt’s governor,
with central load attached to the sleeve as shown in Fig. (a).
• The load moves up and down the central spindle. This
additional downward force increases the speed of revolution
required to enable the balls to rise to any predetermined level.required to enable the balls to rise to any predetermined level.
• Consider the forces acting on one-half of the governor as
shown in Fig. (b).
DOM - B.K.P 13
14. Porter Governor
DOM - B.K.P 14
Though there are several ways of determining the relation between
the height of the governor (h) and the speed of the balls (N), yet
the following two methods are important
1. Method of resolution of forces and
2. Instantaneous centre method.
15. Porter Governor
m = Mass of each ball in kg,
w = Weight of each ball in newtons = m.g,
M = Mass of the central load in kg,
and
DOM - B.K.P 15
W = Weight of the central load in newtons = M.g,
r = Radius of rotation in metres,
h = Height of governor in metres ,
N = Speed of the balls in r.p.m .,
F = Frictional force
α= Angle of inclination of the arm (or upper link) to the
vertical, and
β = Angle of inclination of the link (or lower link) to the
vertical.
16. Proell Governor
• The Proell governor has the balls fixed at B and C
to the extension of the links DF and EG, as shown
in Fig. (a).
• The arms FP and GQ are pivoted at P and Q
respectively. Consider the equilibrium of therespectively. Consider the equilibrium of the
forces on one-half of the governor as shown in
Fig. (b).
• The instantaneous centre (I) lies on the
intersection of the line PF produced and the line
from D drawn perpendicular to the spindle axis.
The perpendicular BM is drawn on ID.
DOM - B.K.P 16
19. Hartung Governor
• A spring controlled governor of the Hartung
type is shown in Fig. (a).
• In this type of governor, the vertical arms of
the bell crank levers are fitted with spring ballsthe bell crank levers are fitted with spring balls
which compress against the frame of the
governor when the rollers at the horizontal arm
press against the sleeve.
DOM - B.K.P 19
20. Hartung Governor
DOM - B.K.P 20
S = Spring force,
FC = Centrifugal force,
M = Mass on the sleeve, and
x and y = Lengths of the vertical and horizontal arm of the bell
crank lever respectively.
21. Wilson-Hartnell Governor
• A Wilson-Hartnell governor is a governor in
which the balls are connected by a spring in
tension as shown in Fig.
• An auxiliary spring is attached to the sleeve
mechanism through a lever by means of which themechanism through a lever by means of which the
equilibrium speed for a given radius may be
adjusted.
• The main spring may be considered of two equal
parts each belonging to both the balls. The line
diagram of a Wilson- Hartnell governor is shown
in Fig.
DOM - B.K.P 21
23. Wilson-Hartnell Governor
P = Tension in the main spring or ball spring A,
S = Tension in the auxiliary spring B,
m = Mass of each ball,m = Mass of each ball,
M = Mass of sleeve,
Sb = Stiffness of each ball spring,
Sa = Stiffness of auxiliary spring,
FC = Centrifugal force of each ball, and
r = Radius of rotation of balls,
DOM - B.K.P 23
24. Pickering Governor
• A Pickering governor is mostly used for driving gramophone. It
consists of three straight leaf springs arranged at equal angular
intervals round the spindle.
• Each spring carries a weight at the centre. The weights move
outwards and the springs bend as they rotate about the spindle axis
with increasing speed.with increasing speed.
• In Fig. (a), the governor is at rest. When the governor rotates, the
springs together with the weights are deflected as shown in Fig. (b).
The upper end of the spring is attached by a screw to hexagonal nut
fixed to the governor spindle.
• The lower end of the spring is attached to a sleeve which is free to
slide on the spindle. The spindle runs in a bearing at each end and is
driven through gearing by the motor. The sleeve can rise until it
reaches a stop, whose position is adjustable.
DOM - B.K.P 24
26. Pickering Governor
DOM - B.K.P 26
m = Mass attached at the centre of the leaf spring,
a = Distance from the spindle axis to the centre of gravity of the mass,
when the governor is at rest,
ω = Angular speed of the governor spindle,
δ = Deflection of the centre of the leaf spring at angular speed , when
the governor is rotating
28. Iso chronism
A governor is said to be isochronous if equilibrium speed is
constant for all the radii of rotation in the working range.
Hunting
A governor is said to be hunt if the speed of the engine
fluctuates continuously above and below the mean speed. This
Characteristics of Governors
fluctuates continuously above and below the mean speed. This
is caused by a too sensitive governor which changes the fuel
supply by a large amount when a small change in the speed of
rotation takes place.
Stability
A governor is said to be stable when there is one radius of
rotation of the balls for each speed which is within the speed
range of the governor.
28DOM - B.K.P
29. Characteristics of Governors
Effort
The effort of a governor is the mean force exerted at the sleeve
for a given percentage change of speed. (or lift of the sleeve).
Power
The power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for aThe power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for a
given percentage change of speed. It is the product of the mean
value of the effort and the distance through which the sleeve
moves.
Power = Mean effort × lift of sleeve
29DOM - B.K.P
30. Controlling Force
A governor running at a steady speed, the inward force acting
on the rotating balls is known as controlling force. It is equal
and opposite to the centrifugal reaction.
Controlling force, FC = mω2r
When the graph between the controlling force (FC) as ordinate
and radius of rotation of the balls (r) as abscissa is drawn, thenand radius of rotation of the balls (r) as abscissa is drawn, then
the graph obtained is known as controlling force diagram.
30DOM - B.K.P
31. Controlling Force Diagram for Spring-
Controlled Governors
The controlling force diagram for the
spring controlled governors is a straight
line.
1. The relation between the controlling1. The relation between the controlling
force (FC) and the radius of rotation (r) for
the stability of spring controlled
governors is given by the following
equation
FC = ar – b
where a and b are constants.
31DOM - B.K.P
32. Controlling Force Diagram for Spring-
Controlled Governors
2. The relation between the controlling
force and the radius of rotation, for an
isochronous governor is,
FC = a.rFC = a.r
3. A governor is said to be unstable and
the relation between the controlling force
and the radius of rotation is,
FC = a.r + b
32DOM - B.K.P
33. Gyroscope
• A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation,
based on the principles of angularmomentum.
• Mechanically, a gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disk in which the
axle is free to assume any orientation. Although this orientation
does not remain fixed, it changes in response to an external torque
much less and in a different direction than it would without the
large angular momentum associated with the disk's high rate of spinlarge angular momentum associated with the disk's high rate of spin
and moment of inertia.
• Since external torque is
minimized by mounting the
device in gimbals, its
orientation remains nearly
fixed, regardless of any
motion of the platform on
which itismounted. DOM - B.K.P 33
34. PrecessionalAngularMotion
(Vectorial representation of angularmotion)
• Weknow that the angularaccelerationisthe rate of changeof
angularvelocity with respect totime.
• It isavector quantity and maybe represented by drawingavector
diagramwith the help of right handscrewrule.
• Consider a disc, asshown in Fig. (a), revolving or spinning about the axis OX
(known as axis of spin) in anticlockwise when seenfrom the front, with an
angularvelocity in aplane at right anglesto thepaper.
34DOM - B.K.P
35. • After ashort interval of time t,letthediscbespinningaboutthenewaxisofspin
OX’(atan angleδθ ) with anangular velocity (ω +δω).
• Usingthe right handscrewrule, initial angularvelocity of the discω isrepresented by
vector ox;and thefinalangular velocityofthedisc(ω +δω )is represented by vector ox’as
showninFig.(b).
• Thevectorxx’representsthechange ofangular velocity in time δt i.e.theangular acceleration
ofthedisc.Thismay beresolvedintotwocomponents,oneparallel to oxandtheother
perpendiculartoox.
5
35DOM - B.K.P
38. GyroscopicCouple
• Consideradiscspinning with anangular velocity ωrad/s about the axisofspin OX,
inanticlockwisedirectionwhenseenfromthefront,asshowninFig.
• SincetheplaneinwhichthediscisrotatingisparalleltotheplaneYOZthereforeit iscalled
planeofspinning.
The plane XOZ is a horizontal plane and the
axis of spin rotates in a plane parallel to the
horizontalplaneabout an axisOY.
Inotherwords,theaxis ofspin is said tobe
rotatingor processingabout an axisOY.
In otherwords,theaxisofspin is said tobe
rotatingabout an axisOY(whichis
perpendiculartoboththeaxes OX and OZ)at
an angular velocityωprad/s.
ThishorizontalplaneXOZis calledplaneof
precessionand OYis theaxis ofprecession.
38DOM - B.K.P
40. where ω = Angular velocity of precession of the axiswhere ωp= Angular velocity of precession of the axis
of spin or the speed of rotation of the axis of spin
about the axisof precessionOY.
In S.I.units, the units of CisN-mwhenIisin kg-m2.
Relationship between force
(F),torque (τ), momentum
(p), and angularmomentum
(L)vectors in arotating
system,r= Positionvector
40DOM - B.K.P
41. Effectof the Gyroscopic Couple on an
Aero-plane
• Thetop andfront view of anaero-plane areshown in Fig.
• Letengineorpropellerrotates in the clockwise direction whenseenfrom the rear or tail
end andthe aero-plane takesaturn to the left.
41DOM - B.K.P
44. • Thetop and front viewsof anavalship are shown in Fig. Thefore
end of the ship iscalled bow and therearend is known as sternor
aft.Thelefthandandrighthandsidesoftheship,when viewed from
the stern are called portand star-boardrespectively.
• Theeffect of gyroscopiccouple on the navalship will occur in the
Effectof the Gyroscopic Couple on a
Navel Ship
• Theeffect of gyroscopiccouple on the navalship will occur in the
following threecases:
1. Steering
2. Pitching, and
3. Rolling
DOM - B.K.P 44
45. Effect of Gyroscopic Couple on a Naval
Ship during Steering
• Steering is the turning of a complete ship in a curve towards left or
right, while itmovesforward.
DOM - B.K.P 45
46. Effectof Gyroscopic Couple on a Naval Ship
during Steering
S. No. View Point
Direction of
rotor direction
Turn Effect
1 Stern Clockwise Left Bow raised Stern depressed
2 Stern Clockwise Right Bow depressed Stern raised2 Stern Clockwise Right Bow depressed Stern raised
3 Stern Anticlockwise Left Bow depressed Stern raised
4 Stern Anticlockwise Right Bow raised Stern depressed
5 Bow Anticlockwise Left Bow raised Stern depressed
6 Bow Anticlockwise Right Bow depressed Stern raised
7 Bow Clockwise Left Bow depressed Stern raised
8 Bow Clockwise Right Bow raised Stern depressed
DOM - B.K.P 46
47. Effectof Gyroscopic Couple on a Naval
Ship duringPitching
• Pitching is the movement of acomplete ship up
and down in avertical plane about transverse axis,
asshown in Fig.
DOM - B.K.P 47
49. Effectof Gyroscopic Couple on a Naval Ship
duringPitching
S. No. Pitching View Point
Direction of
rotor direction
Effect
1 Upward Stern Clockwise Ship turn towards star board side
2 Upward Stern Anticlockwise Ship turn towards port side
3 Upward Bow Clockwise Ship turn towards port side
DOM - B.K.P 49
3 Upward Bow Clockwise Ship turn towards port side
4 Upward Bow Anticlockwise Ship turn towards star board side
5 Downward Stern Clockwise Ship turn towards port side
6 Downward Stern Anticlockwise Ship turn towards star board side
7 Downward Bow Clockwise Ship turn towards star board side
8 Downward Bow Anticlockwise Ship turn towards port side
50. Effectof Gyroscopic Couple on a Naval
Ship duringRolling
• We know that, for the effect of gyroscopic couple to occur, the axis
of precessionshould alwaysbe perpendicular to the axisofspin.
• If, however, the axis of precession becomes parallel to the axis of
spin, there will be no effect of the gyroscopic couple acting on
the body of theship.the body of theship.
• In caseof rolling of aship, the axis of precession (i.e.longitudinal
axis)isalwaysparalleltothe axisof spin for all positions.
• Hence, there is no effect of the gyroscopic couple acting on the
body of aship during rolling.
DOM - B.K.P 50