Student at University of Central Punjab

1. GOVERNORS
PREPARED BY
ASAD ABID

2. ORGANIZATION
• Introduction
• Working of Centrifugal Governor
• Related Terms
• Sensitivity
• Types
• Advantages

3. INTRODUCTION

4. TYPES OF GOVERNORS
The governors may broadly be classified as
1)Centrifugal governors
2)Inertia governors

5. The centrifugal governors may further be classified as follows:
Centrifugal governor
Pendulum type Loaded type
Watt governor Dead weight
governor
Spring controlled
governor
Porter governor Proell governor
Pickering
governor
Hartung
governor
Wilson - Hartnel
governor
Hartnell
governor

6. CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR

7. WORKING OF CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR

8. WORKING OF CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR

9. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GOVERNOR AND
FLY WHEEL
GOVERNOR FLY WHEEL
Controls mean speed Controls cyclic fluctuations in speed
Adjusts supply energy to demand energy No influence on supply energy
Mathematically, controls δN
Mathematically, controls
δN/δt
(rate of change of speed)
Its action is repeating (intermittent) Its action is uniform and continuous
It is provided on prime movers such as engines
and turbines
It is provided on engines and fabricating
machines

10. TERMS USED IN GOVERNORS
• Height of a Governor
It is the vertical distance from the
centre of the ball to a point where the
axes of the arms (or arms produced)
intersect on the spindle axis. It is
usually denoted by h.

11. TERMS USED IN GOVERNORS
• Equilibrium Speed
It is the speed at which the governor balls, arms etc. are in
complete equilibrium and the sleeve does not tend to
move upwards or downwards.
• Mean Equilibrium Speed
It is the speed at the mean position of the balls or the
sleeve.

12. TERMS USED IN GOVERNORS
• Maximum And Minimum Equilibrium Speeds
The speeds at the maximum and minimum radius of rotation of the
balls, without tending to move either way are known as maximum
and minimum equilibrium speeds respectively.
• Note :
There can be many equilibrium speeds between the mean and the
maximum and the mean and the minimum equilibrium speeds.

13. TERMS USED IN GOVERNORS
• Sleeve Lift
It is the vertical distance which
Centrifugal governor the sleeve travels
due to change in equilibrium speed.

14. SENSITIVENESS OF GOVERNORS
Phenomenon in which governor respond to
the small change in speed
What we want in ideal case?
1: Movement of sleeve should be as large as possible
2: Corresponding change in equilibrium speed as small as possible
What happened practically?
1: The movement of sleeve has no more importance.
2: We are concerned with the change in equilibrium speed w.r.t mean equilibrium
speed.

15. SO WE DEFINE SENSITIVITY AS
Ratio of the difference between the
maximum & minimum equilibrium speed to
the mean equilibrium speed

16. WATT GOVERNOR

17. WATT GOVERNOR
• Arms of the governor can be connected
in three ways as shown:
(a)The pivot P, may be on spindle axis
(b)The pivot p, may be offset from the
spindle axis and the arms when
produced intersect at O.
(c)The pivot p, may be offset, but the arms
cross the axis at O.

18. DERIVATION FOR HEIGHT (H)
Let;
• w = weight of ball is N = m.g,
• T = tension in arms is N
• ω = angular velocity of arm about the spindle
axis in rad/s
• r = Radius of the governor
• Fc= Centrifugal force acting on the ball in N=
m.ω².r
• h = Height of the governor in metres

19. DERIVATION - EQUILIBRIUM IN BALLS
•These balls are in equilibrium under the
action of three forces:
(1) Centrifugal force on the fly balls.(Fc)
(2) The tension in the arm (T)
(3) The weight of the balls (w)

20. Porter Governor

21. The porter governor is a
modification of a Watt’s governor,
with central load attached to the
sleeve. The load moves up and
down the central spindle. This
additional downward force
increases the speed of revolution
required to enable the balls to rise
to any predetermined level.

22. Let,
m = mass of each ball
w = Wt. of each ball
M = mass of central load
W = Wt. of central load
r = Radius o rotation
h = Height of governor
N = Speed o ball in r.p.m.
 = Angular speed o balls
Fc = centrifugal force
Let,
T1 = Force on the arm
T2 = Force in the links
 = Angle of inclination of
arm to vertical
 = Angle of inclination of
link to vertical

23. Proell Governor

24. This governor is similar to the porter governor
except that the revolving balls are attached to
the extensions of the lower links. This has the
effect of reducing the change of speed
necessary for a given sleeve moment .In
other words the governor is made more
sensitive .
The Proell governor has the balls fixed at B &
C to the extension of the links DF & EG, as
shown. The arms FP & GQ are pivoted at p &
Q respectively.

25. Hartnell Governor

26. It is a spring loaded governor,
consists of two bell crank levers pivoted at the
pts. O, O to the frame. Frame is attached to
the governor spindle and therefore rotates
with it. Each lever carries a ball at the end of
the vertical arm OB & a roller at the end of
horizontal arm OR. A helical spring in
compression provides equal downward forces
on two rollers through collar on the sleeve.
The spring force may be adjusted by
screwing a nut up or down on the sleeve.

27. Hartung Governor

28. A spring controlled governor
of Hartung type is shown in
fig. In this type of governor,
the vertical arms of the bell
crank levers are fitted with
spring balls which compress
against the frame of the
governor when the rollers at
the horizontal arm press
against the sleeve.

29. Wilson - Hartnell
Governor

30. It is a governor in which the balls
are connected by a spring in
tension as shown. An auxiliary
spring is attached to the sleeve
mechanism, through lever by
means of which equilibrium speed
for a given radius may e adjusted.
The main spring may be
considered of two equal parts each
belonging to both the balls.

31. ADVANTAGES OF GOVERNORS
• It is used to control engine speed
• It is used in steam turbine
• It is used in Cars
• It is used in Gramophone

32. THANK YOU