1. The document discusses units and systems of units in mechanics. It describes fundamental and derived units and the SI system of units which is the internationally accepted system.
2. Newton's laws of motion are introduced, including Newton's first law of inertia, Newton's second law relating force and acceleration, and Newton's third law of action and reaction.
3. Methods for analyzing systems of forces are presented, including vector representations of forces and operations like vector addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Parallel and triangular laws are used to determine the resultant force from multiple forces.
Charactteristics of forces;
Vector to represent forces;
Classification of forces;
What is force system;
Principles of forces;
Resultant of forces;
Components of forces;
Solved numericals;
examples;
Solved problems;
excercise;
Charactteristics of forces;
Vector to represent forces;
Classification of forces;
What is force system;
Principles of forces;
Resultant of forces;
Components of forces;
Solved numericals;
examples;
Solved problems;
excercise;
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
ME2201_Unit 1.pdf
1. UNIT I
BASICS AND STATICS OF
PARTICLES
E.M - B.K.P
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Mr.B.K.Parrthipan, M.E., M.B.A., (Ph.D).,
Assistant Professor / Mechatronics Engineering,
Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology.
3. Units - Definition
Units may be defined as those standards in terms of
which the various physical quantities like length,
mass, time, force, area, volume, velocity,
acceleration etc., are measured.
E.M - B.K.P
4. Units - Types
Fundamental units
• The units which are
independent of all other units
are known as fundamental
units
• 1. Length
• 2. Mass
• 3. Time
• 4. Temperature
• 5. Electric Current
• 6. Amount of substance
• 7. Luminous Intensity
Derived units
• The units which are dependent
of one or more fundamental
unit is known as derived units.
• 1. Area
• 2. Volume
• 3. Velocity
• 4. Acceleration
• 5. Force
• 6. Pressure
• 7. Density
E.M - B.K.P
5. System of Units
• 1. CGS Units
• 2. FPS Units
• 3. MKS Units
• 4. SI Units
E.M - B.K.P
6. System of Units
The C.G.S. system of units (Centimetre, Gram, Second
system) is a French system. This system deals with only three
fundamental units – the Centimetre, Gram and the Second for
length, mass and time respectively.
The F.P.S. system of units (Foot, Pound, Second system) is a
British system. This system deals with only three fundamental
units – the Foot, Pound and the Second for length, mass and
time respectively.
The M.K.S. system of units (Metre, Kilogram, Second system)
was set up by France. This system also deals with three
fundamental units – the Metre, kilogram and the Second for
length, mass and time respectively. This system is also called
the metric system of units and is closely related to C.G.S
system of units. E.M - B.K.P
7. System of Units
The measurement system which is internationally accepted
now is the one suggested by the Eleventh general conference
of weights and Measures held in 1960 in France, and is known
as Systeme Internationale d’ Unites or International System of
Units abbreviated as SI units of measurement.
According to this system, there are seven basic or fundamental
units and three supplementary units.
E.M - B.K.P
12. Examples of SI Units in Everyday Use
Examples of SI Unit Usage SI Units Used
Medication dose such as pills 100 mg, 250 mg, or 500 mg Hi
Height 170 cm
Sports - running 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 5000 m, and so
on
Light bulbs 60 W, 100 W, or 150 W
Electric consumption kWh (killo-Watt-hour)
Radio broadcasting signal frequencies 88–108 MHz (FM broadcast band)
E.M - B.K.P
17. Newton`s First Law
It states that every body continues in its state of
rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is
compelled by an external agency acting on it.
E.M - B.K.P
Laws of Mechanics
18. Newton`s Second Law
It states that the rate of change of momentum of a
body is directly proportional to the impressed force
and it takes place in the direction of the force acting
on it.
Newton`s Third Law
It states that for every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
E.M - B.K.P
Laws of Mechanics
F m × a
19. Lami`s theorem
• Lami`s theorem states that, “If three forces acting on
a particle are in equilibrium then, each force acting on
the particle is proportional to the sine of the angle
between the other two forces”.
• Lami’s theorem is also known as law of sines.
E.M - B.K.P
20. Exercise 1
E.M - B.K.P
Determine the force required the hold the 4kg lamp in
position.
21. Exercise 2
A barge is pulled by two tugboats. If the resultant of
the forces exerted by the tugboats is a 25 kN directed
along the axis of the barge, determine
a)the tension in each of the ropes for α= 45o,
b)the value of α for which the tension in rope 2 is
minimum and the tension in each rope.
E.M - B.K.P
Hint:
The minimum tension in rope 2
occurs when T1 and T2 are
perpendicular.
22. Parallelogram Law
If two vectors acting at a point be represented in
magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then their resultant is represented in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram passing through that point.
E.M - B.K.P
23. Triangle Law
If two forces acting on a body are represented one
after another by the sides of a triangle, their resultant
is represented by the closing side of the triangle taken
from first point to the last point.
E.M - B.K.P
24. Exercise 3
A disabled automobile is pulled by means of two
ropes as shown in figure. Determine the Magnitude
and direction of Resultant by (a) parallelogram law
and (b)Triangle law.
E.M - B.K.P
25. Exercise 4 (2.4)
If two concurrent, coplanar forces F1 and F2 act at a
point as shown in figure, find the magnitude and
direction of the resultant by using parallelogram law.
E.M - B.K.P
26. Exercise 5 (2.7)
Find the resultant of F1 = 100 kN and F2 = 200 kN,
which are acting on a particle as shown in figure using
triangle law.
E.M - B.K.P
27. Vector representation of forces
Vectors is a quantity that has both magnitude and
direction. It is typically represented by an arrow
whose direction is the same as that of the quantity and
whose length is proportional to the quantity's
magnitude. There are four operations in vectors -
1. Vector addition,
2. Vector subtraction,
3. Vector dot product and
4. Vector cross product.
E.M - B.K.P
28. Vector addition
Two force vectors A and B may be added by using
(i) Parallelogram law of addition
(ii) Triangle law of addition
E.M - B.K.P
29. Parallelogram law of addition :
If two forces A and B are represented by the
adjacent sides of the parallelogram then their resultant
is represented by the diagonal of parallelogram drawn
from the same point.
R = A + B
E.M - B.K.P
Vector addition
30. Vector addition
Triangular law of addition :
If two forces A and B are acting in a same
direction then its resultant R will the sum of two
vectors.
R = A + B
E.M - B.K.P
31. Vector subtraction
If two forces A and B are acting in the
direction opposite to each other then their
resultant R is represented by the difference between
the two vectors.
R = A - B
E.M - B.K.P
32. Exercise 6
If two forces represented by
A = 5 i +2 j -3 k and
B = 3 i - 2 j +4k are acting in the same direction,
calculate the resultant force.
E.M - B.K.P
33. Exercise 6 - Solution
If two forces represented by
A = 5 i + 2 j - 3 k and B = 3 i - 2 j + 4 k are
acting in the same direction, calculate the resultant
force.
Solution:
Let A = 5i + 2 j - 3 k
B = 3i - 2 j + 4 k
A + B = 5i + 2 j - 3 k + 3 i - 2 j +4 k
= 8i + k .
The Resultant force R = 8i + k .
E.M - B.K.P
34. Exercise 7
If two forces A = 2i -3k and B =-2i +7 j +4k are
acting in the direction opposite to each other.
Calculate the Resultant force.
E.M - B.K.P
35. Exercise 7 - Solution
If two forces A = 2i -3k and B =-2i +7 j +4k are
acting in the direction opposite to each other.
Calculate the Resultant force.
Solution:
Let A =2i -3k ,
B = -2i +7j +4k
A - B = 2i -3k - (-2i +7j +4k )
= 4i -7j -7k
The Resultant force R = 4i -7j -7k .
E.M - B.K.P
36. Vector dot product
The dot (or) scalar product of two vectors a and b is
written as a .b is a scalar quantity and is defined as the
product of the magnitude of the two vectors and cosine of
the their included angle θ.
Thus, a .b = abcosθ
The scalar product of two vectors is a scalar quantity.
Therefore the product is called scalar product.
Note: When two vectors are at right angles to each other,
the dot product of the vectors should be zero.
E.M - B.K.P
37. Vector cross product
The cross (or) vector product of two vectors a and b
is written as a × b and is another
vector c where c = a ×b , whose magnitude is the
product of the magnitude of the two vectors and sine
of the their included angle.
E.M - B.K.P
Note:
For parallel vectors, their
cross product is zero
38. Exercise 8
If P = 6i +12j -5k and Q = -3i +4j -2k find
(i) 4P +3Q (ii) P . 5Q
(iii) 2P x3Q (iv) (3P xQ ).(2P x4Q )
E.M - B.K.P
39. System of forces
E.M - B.K.P
Generally in a body several forces are acting.
When a number of forces of different magnitude and
direction act upon rigid body, then they are form System
of Forces, These are given below
40. Coplanar Force System:
When the system of forces are in a plane, it is
called coplanar system of forces.
Non-Coplanar Force System:
When the system of forces are not lie in a plane,
it is called coplanar system of forces.
E.M - B.K.P
System of forces
41. System of forces - Coplanar Force
System
1. Collinear forces: In this system, line of action of all
the forces act along the same line.
2. Concurrent forces: All forces of this kind, which act
at one point, are known as concurrent forces.
E.M - B.K.P
42. 3. Parallel Forces: If the lines of action of forces are
parallel to each other and they lie in same plane then
the system is known as parallel forces system.
E.M - B.K.P
System of forces - Coplanar Force
System
43. 1. Non-coplanar concurrent forces: In this system, all
forces do not lie in the same plane, but their line of
action passes through a single point.
E.M - B.K.P
System of forces – Non Coplanar
Force System
44. 2. Non coplanar parallel forces: In this case, all the
forces are parallel to each other, but not in the same
plane.
E.M - B.K.P
System of forces – Non Coplanar
Force System
45. 3.Non-concurrent non parallel: This consists of a
number of vectors that do not meet at a single point
and none of them are parallel but all does not lie in a
same plane.
E.M - B.K.P
System of forces – Non Coplanar
Force System
46. Resolution and Composition of Forces
E.M - B.K.P
1. It is convenient to have
Fx= F cos Ө
Fy= F sin Ө
and always measure angle
from horizontal reference
(acute angle).
2. Assume force pointing
right and top as positive
otherwise negative.
47. Equilibrium of a Particle
When the resultant of all forces acting on a
particle is zero, the particle is in equilibrium.
E.M - B.K.P
48. Equilibrium of a particle in space
E.M - B.K.P
When the resultant of all forces and moments
acting on a particle in space is zero, the
particle is in equilibrium.
49. Principle of Transmissibility
• According to this law the state of rest or motion of
the rigid body is unaltered if a force acting on the
body is replaced by another force of the same
magnitude and direction but acting anywhere on the
body along the line of action of the replaced force.
E.M - B.K.P