1. The document discusses the dynamics of machines and introduces the key concepts of kinematics, dynamics, kinetics, and statics as the four main branches of the theory of machines.
2. It then discusses static and dynamic force analysis and introduces concepts like inertia forces and torques. D'Alembert's principle is explained which states that inertia and external forces together result in static equilibrium.
3. Methods for dynamic analysis of reciprocating engines like graphical and analytical methods are introduced. Key forces on reciprocating parts like piston effort, connecting rod force, thrust, crank pin effort, and crank effort are defined.
Static force analysis, Unit-1 of Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus compiled by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 5- balancing of reciprocating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
The various forces acts on the reciprocating parts of an engine.
The resultant of all the forces acting on the body of the engine due to inertia forces only is known as unbalanced force or shaking force.
PRESENTATION ON WORM GEAR FOR DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENT 2 BY :
Ranjan Rajkumar, Ranjan Leishangthem and Daihrii Kholi
of mechanical engineering Department, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MANIPUR
Static force analysis, Unit-1 of Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus compiled by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 5- balancing of reciprocating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
The various forces acts on the reciprocating parts of an engine.
The resultant of all the forces acting on the body of the engine due to inertia forces only is known as unbalanced force or shaking force.
PRESENTATION ON WORM GEAR FOR DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENT 2 BY :
Ranjan Rajkumar, Ranjan Leishangthem and Daihrii Kholi
of mechanical engineering Department, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MANIPUR
Unit 4- balancing of rotating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit-3 - Velocity and acceleration of mechanisms, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 7-gear trains, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
This presentation contains basic idea regarding spur gear and provides the best equations for designing of spur gear. One can Easily understand all the parameters required to design a Spur Gear
Unit 4- balancing of rotating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit-3 - Velocity and acceleration of mechanisms, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 7-gear trains, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
This presentation contains basic idea regarding spur gear and provides the best equations for designing of spur gear. One can Easily understand all the parameters required to design a Spur Gear
9 Control Strategies for Variable-speed Fixed-pitch Win.docxevonnehoggarth79783
9
Control Strategies for Variable-speed
Fixed-pitch Wind Turbines
Bunlung Neammanee, Somporn Sirisumrannukul and
Somchai Chatratana1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok
1National Science and Technology Development Agency
Thailand
1. Introduction
This chapter deals with a design of controllers for variable-speed fixed-pitch wind turbines.
The chapter begins with an introduction to wind turbine control and the detail of nonlinear
models of the wind energy conversion system (WECS). Linearization around a set of
equilibrium points is presented to obtain a linear parameter variable model from a nonlinear
system. Open-loop characteristics for small signals are then described to analyze dynamic
behaviors under different operating conditions. The control objectives for variable-speed
fixed-pitch wind turbines detailed in this chapter consists of three operating conditions:
1. Maximization of extracted energy: The wind turbine should extract wind energy at the
highest efficiency to obtain the highest energy conversion ratio. Three alternative
maximum peak power tracking (MPPT)-based algorithms for fixed pitch wind turbines
are introduced. The first algorithm is guided by a torque reference (Mirecki et at., 2004).
The second method searches an optimal operating point from the slope of the power-
rotational speed curve. The last method is based on the control objective derived from a
fuzzy rule base.
2. Limitation of extracted energy with active stall with rotational speed control: The aim of
this control is to limit stresses on the turbine while minimizing the power fluctuations
around a constant value, normally around the nominal power.
3. Control of MPPT and stall regulation at the overlapping region: This operating
condition is effective with constant rotational speed control.
The controller objectives, controller schemes and controller designs are discussed in detail.
The developed controllers for fixed-pitch wind turbines are based on a speed and torque-
feedback control scheme. The proper design of the reference signal allows accurate tracking
of each control strategy along the entire operating range. Hardware and software
implementation for the control algorithms are explained. The case studies were carried out
with two laboratory experiments with a developed wind turbine simulator: 1) three MPPT
algorithms and active stall regulation with rotational speed control, and 2) an MPPT
algorithm with a grid-connected converter. The chapter is concluded in the last section. The
references are also provided for further research and studies.
Source: Wind Power, Book edited by: S. M. Muyeen,
ISBN 978-953-7619-81-7, pp. 558, June 2010, INTECH, Croatia, downloaded from SCIYO.COM
www.intechopen.com
Wind Power
210
2. Model of variable speed fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system
2.1 Modeling of rotor .
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. Introduction
The subject Theory of Machines may be
defined as that branch of Engineering-science,
which deals with the study of relative motion
between the various parts of a machine, andbetween the various parts of a machine, and
forces which act on them.
The knowledge of this subject is very
essential for an engineer in designing the
various parts of a machine.
DOM - B.K.P 2
3. Sub-divisions of Theory of
Machines
The Theory of Machines may be sub-
divided into the following four branches :
1. Kinematics.
2. Dynamics.2. Dynamics.
3. Kinetics.
4. Statics.
DOM - B.K.P 3
4. 1. Kinematics.
It is that branch of Theory of Machines
which deals with the relative motion between
the various parts of the machines.
Sub-divisions of Theory of
Machines
the various parts of the machines.
2. Dynamics.
It is that branch of Theory of Machines
which deals with the forces and their effects,
while acting upon the machine parts in motion.
DOM - B.K.P 4
5. Sub-divisions of Theory of
Machines
3. Kinetics.
It is that branch of Theory of Machines
which deals with the inertia forces which arise
from the combined effect of the mass andfrom the combined effect of the mass and
motion of the machine parts.
DOM - B.K.P 5
6. 4. Statics.
It is that branch of Theory of Machines
which deals with the forces and their effects
while the machine parts are at rest. The mass
Sub-divisions of Theory of
Machines
while the machine parts are at rest. The mass
of the parts is assumed to be negligible.
DOM - B.K.P 6
8. Static force analysis
When the inertia forces due to the mass of
the machine components are neglected, then
the analysis of the mechanism is known as
static force analysis.static force analysis.
Condition for static equilibrium
• The vector sum of all the forces acting on the
system is equal to zero.
∑ F = 0
8DOM - B.K.P
9. Dynamic force analysis
When the inertia forces are considered in the
analysis of the mechanism, the analysis is known
as dynamic force analysis.
Condition for dynamic equilibrium
• The vector sum of all the forces acting on the system is
equal to zero.
∑ F = 0
• The vector sum of the moments of all the forces about
any arbitrary axis is equal to zero.
∑ M = 0
9DOM - B.K.P
10. Inertia force
A force equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction and collinear with the impressed
force producing the acceleration, is known as
inertia force.inertia force.
Inertia force = – m x a
10DOM - B.K.P
11. Inertia torque
The inertia torque is an imaginary torque,
which when applied upon the rigid body,
brings it in equilibrium position. It is equal to
the accelerating couple in magnitude butthe accelerating couple in magnitude but
opposite in direction.
Inertia Torque = -I x α
11DOM - B.K.P
12. D-Alembert’s principle
D-Alembert’s principle states that, the
inertia forces and toques, and the external
forces and torques, acting on a body together
result in statically equilibrium.result in statically equilibrium.
∑ F = 0 and ∑ M = 0
12DOM - B.K.P
13. Dynamic Analysis in reciprocating
engines
The velocity and acceleration of the reciprocating
parts of the steam engine or internal combustion
engine may be determined by graphical method or
analytical method.
The velocity and acceleration, by graphical
method, may be determined by one of the following
constructions:
1. Klien’s construction,
2. Ritterhaus’s construction, and
3. Bennett’s construction.
13DOM - B.K.P
14. Dynamic Analysis in reciprocating
engines - Analytical Method
Consider the motion of a crank and connecting rod of
a reciprocating steam engine as shown in Figure.
14DOM - B.K.P
15. Dynamic Analysis in reciprocating
engines - Analytical Method
Let OC be the crank and PC the connecting rod. Let
the crank rotates with angular velocity of rad/s and
the crank turns through an angle θ from the inner
dead centre (briefly written as I.D.C).dead centre (briefly written as I.D.C).
Let x be the displacement of a reciprocating body P
from I.D.C. after time t seconds, during which the
crank has turned through an angle θ.
15DOM - B.K.P
16. Let
l = Length of connecting rod between the centres,
r = Radius of crank or crank pin circle,
θ = Inclination of crank to the line of stroke PO
Dynamic Analysis in reciprocating
engines - Analytical Method
θ = Inclination of crank to the line of stroke PO
n = Ratio of length of connecting rod to the radius of crank
= l/r.
16DOM - B.K.P
17. Velocity of the piston
Dynamic Analysis in reciprocating
engines - Analytical Method
17DOM - B.K.P
22. Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an
Engine
1. Piston effort
It is the net force acting on the piston or
crosshead pin, along the line of stroke. It is
denoted by F .denoted by FP.
22DOM - B.K.P
24. Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an
Engine
2. Force acting along the connecting rod, FQ
24DOM - B.K.P
25. Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an
Engine
3.Thrust on the sides of the cylinder walls (or)
normal reaction on the guide bars, FN
25DOM - B.K.P
26. Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an
Engine
4. Crank-pin effort, FT
26DOM - B.K.P
27. Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an
Engine
5. Thrust on crank shaft bearings, FB
27DOM - B.K.P
28. Forces on the Reciprocating Parts of an
Engine
6. Crank effort or turning moment or torque on
the crank shaft.
The product of the crankpin effort (FT) and
the crank pin radius (r) is known as crankthe crank pin radius (r) is known as crank
effort or turning moment or torque on the
crank shaft.
T = F × r
28DOM - B.K.P
29. Turning moment diagram
The turning moment diagram (also known
as crank effort diagram) is the graphical
representation of the turning moment or crank-
effort for various positions of the crank. It iseffort for various positions of the crank. It is
plotted on cartesian co-ordinates, in which the
turning moment is taken as the ordinate and
crank angle as abscissa.
29DOM - B.K.P
33. Fluctuation of Energy
The variations of energy above and below the
mean resisting torque line are called fluctuations of
energy.
The difference between the maximum and theThe difference between the maximum and the
minimum energies is known as maximum fluctuation
of energy.
Maximum fluctuation of energy, E =
Maximum energy – Minimum energy
33DOM - B.K.P
34. Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy
It may be defined as the ratio of the
maximum fluctuation of energy to the work
done per cycle.
C = Maximum fluctuation of energy /CE= Maximum fluctuation of energy /
Work done per cycle
34DOM - B.K.P
35. Work done per cycle
The work done per cycle (in N-m or joules)
may be obtained by using the following two
relations :
35DOM - B.K.P
37. Flywheel
A flywheel used in machines serves as a
reservoir, which stores energy during the
period when the supply of energy is more than
the requirement, and releases it during thethe requirement, and releases it during the
period when the requirement of energy is more
than the supply.
DOM - B.K.P 37
38. Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed
The difference between the maximum and
minimum speeds during a cycle is called the
maximum fluctuation of speed. The ratio of the
maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is
called the coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
DOM - B.K.P 38
39. Energy Stored in a Flywheel
Energy stored, E = mk2ω2CS = mv2CS
m = Mass of the flywheel in kg,
k = Radius of gyration of the flywheel in metres
ω = angular speed in rad/s2ω = angular speed in rad/s2
Cs = Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed
v = Mean linear velocity
DOM - B.K.P 39
40. Dimensions of the Flywheel Rim
Tensile stress or hoop stress,σ = ρR2ω2 = ρv2
ρ = Density of rim material in kg/m3,
N = Speed of the flywheel in r.p.m.,
ω = Angular velocity of the flywheel in rad/s,
v = Linear velocity at the mean radius in m/s
= ω R = DN/60
DOM - B.K.P 40
41. Mass of the rim, m = Volume × density = ρ DA
If the cross-section of the rim is a
rectangular, then
A = b × t
Dimensions of the Flywheel Rim
A = b × t
where b = Width of the rim, and
t = Thickness of the rim.
DOM - B.K.P 41
42. Flywheel in Punching Press
The function of a flywheel in an engine is to
reduce thefluctuations of speed, when the load on the
crankshaft is constant and the input torque varies
during the cycle. The flywheel can also be used to
perform the same function when the torque isperform the same function when the torque is
constant and the load varies during the cycle. Such an
application is found in punching press or in a riveting
machine.
DOM - B.K.P 42
43. Dynamics of Cam follower mechanism
Cam Dynamics
Cam dynamics is the study of cam follower
systems with considering the dynamic forces and
torques developed in it.torques developed in it.
Types of cam systems
1. Rigid body cam systems
2. Elastic body cam systems
DOM - B.K.P 43
44. Rigid cam system
If the members of the cam system are fairly rigid
and their speed is moderate, then the analysis of such
a cam system is known as analysis of rigid cam
Dynamics of Cam follower mechanism
a cam system is known as analysis of rigid cam
system.
Elastic cam system
If the members of the cam system are elastic and
their speed is very high, then the analysis of such a
cam system is known as analysis of elastic cam
system
DOM - B.K.P 44