5. Actuation & Actuator
• Conversion of any form of energy in to
Mechanical form is Actuation.
• The device doing this conversion is called as
Actuator.
6. Classification of Actuators
Actuator
Electrical
Actuator
> ON OFF type control
action
> Diodes, TRIACs,
Relays, Transistor
Electrical
Mechanical
Actuator
Motors
Electrical
Magnetic
Actuator
Motion due to
internal magnetic
field
Solenoid
Hydraulic &
Pneumatic
Actuator
Active
Material
based
Actuator
Material undergo transformation
through Physical interactions
Piezoelectric materials (small motion)
Shape memory alloy (Nitinol)
Magnetoastricive (Ferromagnetic
material change shape during
magnetism – Terfenol – Tb, Dy, Fe)
Electro Rheological – change in
viscosity – Liquid to gell
35. Stepper motor
• The motor converts electrical pulse into
discrete mechanical movements.
• 2°, 2.5°, 5°, 7.5°, 15° rotations per input
electrical pulse.
• Speed of motor shaft ∝ Frequency of input
pulses.
38. Properties of stepper motor
• Open – Loop control system
• Rotates in both direction
• Self locking when rotor is stationary
• Excellent positional accuracy
39. Types of Stepper motor
1. Permanent magnet stepper motor
2. Variable reluctance stepper motor
3. Hybrid stepper motor
49. Construction of Variable Reluctance
Stepper motor
• Multi tooth – Soft
iron core.
• No. of poles on rotor
< No. of poles on
stator
• Stator coil windings –
DC current – poles
get magnetized.
71. Step modes of Stepper motor
• Full step mode – 1.8 step
• Half step mode – 0.9 step
• Microstep mode – 1/256 steps or 50,000 steps
per revolution
72.
73.
74. Servo motor
• Rotation for certain angle for long period of
time.
• Special type of motor which is automatically
operated up to certain limit for a given
command with help of error-sensing feedback
to correct the performance.
75.
76.
77.
78. Types of Servo motor
1. DC Servo motor
2. AC servo motor
89. Advantages & Disadvantages of
Servo motor
• Closed loop
• High efficiency up to 90% at light loads
• High output relative to motor size and weight
• AC servo motor is low cost
• No linear characteristics
• Complex design, Needs encoder
• DC servo motor is costly but widely used
• Brushes wears out to 2000hrs
• Services and maintenance required.
103. • Preliminary design – ‘skeleton’
• After this stage, only minor design
modification
• Consists of:
– product architecture – subsystem and
its relation
– configuration design of part and components
– mathematical modeling and simulation
– sensors and actuators selection
– controller design
Stage 2: Embodiment design
104. • Prototyping
– approximation of a product
– Proof of concept
– E.g sketch, model, 3D drawing or fully
functional product
• Stage 3: Production
Stage 2: Embodiment design
133. Before understanding the working of
Pick and place Robot
• Microprocessor, Microcontroller
• DCV – Direction Control Valve in Hydraulics
and Pneumatics
• TRIAC
134. Before understanding the working of
Pick and place Robot
•Microprocessor,
Microcontroller
• DCV – Direction Control Valve in Hydraulics
and Pneumatics
• TRIAC
135.
136.
137. Before understanding the working of
Pick and place Robot
• Microprocessor, Microcontroller
•DCV – Direction Control
Valve in Hydraulics and
Pneumatics
• TRIAC
149. Before understanding the working of
Pick and place Robot
• Microprocessor, Microcontroller
• DCV – Direction Control Valve in Hydraulics
and Pneumatics
•TRIAC
150. TRIAC
• Triac used as a simple static AC
power switch providing an “ON”-
“OFF” function similar in
operation to the previous DC
circuit.
184. Pick and Place Robot
• Movements in Pick and Place
Robot:
– Clockwise & anticlockwise of
robot unit on its base
– Linear movement (extension or
contraction)
– Up & down movement of arm
– Open & close movement of
gripper
185. Pick and Place Robot
• Robot consists of:
1. Rover – main body
2. End effectors or Grippers
3. Sensors
4. Actuators
5. Controller
186. Microcontroller
Display
(LCD)
Teach pendent
(PLC)/ Keypad
Electro-
Pneumatics
Base actuator
(Clockwise &
anticlockwise)
Basic Block diagram for Pneumatically actuated Pick and Place Robot
Electro-
Pneumatics
Electro-
Pneumatics
Electro-
Pneumatics
Up & Down
movement of Arm
Extension &
Retention of Arm
Open & Close of
End
Effector/Gripper
197. EMS
• ECU
• Throttle position sensor
– Throttle opening and force applied by the driver
– Controls fuel delivery & spark ignition
– Potentiometer and Hall effect sensor
• EGO – Exhaust gas Oxygen sensor
– Amt of Oxygen in exhaust system
– Lambda (l) Sensor
– ZrO2/ Pt electrodes
199. EMS
• EGR
– Low HC level in exhaust
• MAF sensor
– Engine load to spray right amt of fuel
– Hot wire airflow sensor (Anemometer)
• Knock sensor
– Unburnt fuel inside will before ignition starts
– Piezoelectric sensor
200.
201.
202.
203. Case Studies
1. Pick and Place Robot
2. Engine Management System
3.Automatic Car
park barrier
230. Sensory perception & Knowledge
representation
• Knowledge representation
– Ability to model the world
– Recognize certain object in an environment
• AGV – communicate to humans about the
location of victims and hazards
• IoT – use Maps
233. Factors
• Dimensions, mass of objects to be handled
• Actuators
• Power source
• Range of gripping force
• Positioning
• Environment
• Protection from hazards
234. Application of AGV
• Nuclear Accident cleanup
• Planetary exploration
• Mail delivery
243. Mechatronic System Examples
(Maybe asked as Part C in Univ exam)
• Robots
• Printer System (3D)
• Photocopying machines
• Bar code reader
• Any Home appliances (TV,
CD player, remote, Fridge,
Air conditioner, Sewing
machines etc.,)
• Automatic door systems
• Automatic security system
• ABS
• Fuel injection systems
• Sorting and packaging
systems (Packing
machines)
• CNC
• Heat-seeking missiles
• CMM
• ATM
• Medical field (magnetic
resonance, ultrasonic
probes, arthroscopic
devices)
• Digital thermostat