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Unit 5

The document discusses various topics related to air pollution including its definitions, sources, effects, and control measures. It defines air pollution as the presence of man-made substances in the atmosphere that can negatively impact human health and welfare. The two main sources of air pollution are natural sources like volcanoes and forests fires, and man-made sources such as industry, automobiles, and agriculture. Some of the key effects discussed include impacts on human health like respiratory illnesses, as well as environmental effects such as acid rain, global warming, and ozone layer depletion. The document also examines the health impacts of different air pollutants and various methods that can be used to control air pollution.

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AIR POLLUTION, SOURCES & EFFECTS
AIR POLLUTION - DEFINITIONS  The presence in ambient atmosphere of substances, generally resulting from the activities of man, in sufficient concentration, present for sufficient time and under circumstances to interfere significantly with comfort, health or welfare of persons or with full use or enjoyment of property.  Air pollution means  Eye irritation & soiled clothing – Common man.  Damaged vegetation – Farmer  Loss of visibility – Pilot  Cost of control – Industry, Public representatives  Air pollution is attributed as the price of INDUSTRIALIZATION
OTHER DEFINITIONS  Pollutant is one which interferes with environment to cause toxicity, distress, disease, physiological effect or environmental decay.  Contaminants are defined as dust, fumes, mist, liquid smoke, other particulate matter, vapor, gas, odourous substances or any combination there of, but shall not include uncombined water vapour.  Certain odours, which are considered as nuisances rather than pollutants may eventually be designated as pollutants.
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION (BASED ON THE ORIGIN OF POLLUTANT)  Natural sources (non- anthropogenic)  Volcanoes  Forest fires  Dust storms  Ocean sprays  Pollen  Radio active materials  Decaying matter  Man made sources (anthropogenic)  Industry  Automobile  Domestic  Nuclear reactors  Agricultural practices
OTHER TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION  Based on mobility  1. Stationary sources and 2. Mobile sources  Based on type  1. Point source 2. Line source & 3. Area source  Based on nature of pollutant  1. Primary sources & 2. Secondary sources
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION Pollutants Sources 1. Particulates Mining, Cement, Power Stations 2. SOx Power Plants, Acid plants, Pet. & Oil ref. 3. NOx Fertilizers, Automobile, Acid plants, 4. H2S Rayon Ind., Pet. & Oil Ref., Dyes 5. CO Automobile, Coal Mines 6. HC Automobile, Organic chemicals 7. Oxidants Photochemical Oxidants, Sec. Pol. 8. HF Fertilizers, Chemical, Alkali, Bricks
PRIMARY & SECONDARY POLLUTANTS Class Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants S – Compounds SO2, H2S SO3, H2SO4, MSO4 N – Compounds NO, NH3 NO2, MNO3 Organic Compounds C1-C5 Compounds Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids COx CO, CO2 -- Halogens HCl, HF --
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT – GLOBAL WARMING  Green house roof (glass) allows incoming short wave (high energy) solar radiation (UV) and obstructs outgoing long wave (low energy) IR radiation.  This results in accumulation of heat inside the enclosure.  Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, HC, etc.) create a similar effect in the atmosphere.  Rate of increase – 1.8 mg/cum/year
GLOBAL WARMING - CONSEQUENCES  Melting of ice caps  Inundation/flooding of low lying areas  Changes in natural cycles dependent on temp.  Effect on aquatic life/ diversity.  Changing cropping growth
ACID RAIN  Normal rain is acidic due to carbonic acid (5.65)  Precipitation with pH < 4.5  SO2  SO3  Sulphuric acid  Fe & Mg salts catalyze the reaction  NO2  Nitric acid  Result of accumulation of SOx & NOx due to emissions from industries and automobiles
ACID RAIN - CONSEQUENCES  Destroys aquatic life  Damage to forest vegetation  Leaching of soil nutrients (K)  Solubility of heavy metals  Corrosion of buildings, monuments, metals  Affects decomposition process
DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER  Ozone layer exists between troposphere and stratosphere.  Ozone acts as catalyst in transformation of UV energy into translational KE.  CFCs are responsible for depletion  Supersonic aircrafts interfere with ozone balance  Consequences  Skin cancer  Effects on ecosystems
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION - FACTORS  Nature of pollutant  Concentration  Duration  State of health  Age
EFFECTS OF SPM  Depends on size & Chemical quality  Combination with other pollutants – serious problems
EFFECTS OF CO  CO + Hemoglobin  COHb  CO – 200 times more affinity to Hb than O2  Impairs O2 carrying capacity of the blood  O2 starvation – headache to comma & death  Asphyxiation
EFFECTS OF SOX  Sulphuric acid, SO2 & Sulfate salts  Irritation in Mucous membranes of resp. tract.  Increased airway resistance  Chronic problems : Bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema
EFFECTS OF NOX  NO2 & NO (Changes to NO2) – pollutants  Moderately toxic  Reduces O2 carrying capacity of Hb (low)  Irritates alveoli of lungs  Increases bronchitis in children  Forms photochemical oxidants
EFFECTS OF HC  No direct adverse impacts  Aromatic HC found in soot & tar – carcinogenic  Result in smog along with NOx
OTHER OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS  Asbestosis – Asbestos  Silicosis - Silica  Pb, Zn – Cancer  Coal dust – Pnuemocosis  Aromatic amines - Cancer
EFFECTS OF SMOG  Reduced visibility  Nose, throat & eye irritation  Chest pain & cough
EFFECTS OF AP ON PLANTS  Chlorosis – Loss or reduction of chlorophyll (analogous to pneumonia)  Necrosis – Killing or collapse of tissue  Epinasty – Downward curvature to leaf  Abscission – dropping of leaves
SUMMARY OF EFFECTS (PLANTS) Pol. Effect ppm Sustained exp. Time O3 Fleck, bleaching, bleached spotting growth suppression, tips of confer needles become brown and necrotic 0.03 4 hr. SO2 Bleached spots, bleached areas between runs, chlorosis, growth suppression reduction in yield 0.03 8 hr. PAN Glazing, silvering or bronzing on lower surface of leaves, young leaves none susceptible 0.01 6 hr. HF Tips and margin burn, chlorosis dwarfing leaf abscission, lower yield 0.0001 5 week Cl2 Bleaching between reins, tip leaf abscission 0.01 2 hr. Ethene C2 H4 Withering, leaf abnormalities, flower dropping and failure of flower to open Epinasty 0.05 6 hr.
SUMMARY OF EFFECTS AP ON MATERIALS Material Damage Measurements 1. Metals Surface is spoiled loss of metal Reflectance weight 2. Building Materials Leaching and discolouration Photographic technique and loss of weight. 3. Paint Discolouration and change in tinge Reflectance qualitative 4. Textiles a.Discolouration b. Weathering of fibres c. Fading Reflectance Tensile strength Tensile strength 5. Paper Embrittlement discolouration Decrease in folding resistance reflectance 6. Leather Weathering Embrittlement Tensile strength 7. Rubber Cracking Loss of elasticity Measurement of depth crack
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS
Carbon Monoxide •colorless, odorless •produced when carbon does not burn in fossil fuels •present in car exhaust •deprives body of O2 causing headaches, fatigue, and impaired vision
Sulfur Dioxide •produced when coal and fuel oil are burned •present in power plant exhaust •narrows the airway, causing wheezing and shortness of breath, especially in those with asthma
Nitrogen Dioxide •reddish, brown gas •produced when nitric oxide combines with oxygen in the atmosphere •present in car exhaust and power plants •affects lungs and causes wheezing; increases chance of respiratory infection
Particulate Matter •particles of different sizes and structures that are released into the atmosphere •present in many sources including fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc. •can build up in respiratory system •aggravates heart and lung disease; increases risk of respiratory infection
Ground Level Ozone •at upper level, ozone shields Earth from sun’s harmful UV rays •at ground level, ozone is harmful pollutants •formed from car, power and chemical plant exhaust •irritate respiratory system and asthma; reduces lung function by inflaming and damaging lining of lungs
•Combination of gases with water vapor and dust •Combination of words smoke and fog •Forms when heat and sunlight react gases (photochemical smog) •Occurs often with heavy traffic, high temperatures, and calm winds
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT – GLOBAL WARMING  Green house roof (glass) allows incoming short wave (high energy) solar radiation (UV) and obstructs outgoing long wave (low energy) IR radiation.  This results in accumulation of heat inside the enclosure.  Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, HC, etc.) create a similar effect in the atmosphere.  Rate of increase – 1.8 mg/cum/year
GLOBAL WARMING - CONSEQUENCES  Melting of ice caps  Inundation/flooding of low lying areas  Changes in natural cycles dependent on temp.  Effect on aquatic life/ diversity.  Changing cropping growth
DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER  Ozone layer exists between troposphere and stratosphere.  Ozone acts as catalyst in transformation of UV energy into translational KE.  CFCs are responsible for depletion  Supersonic aircrafts interfere with ozone balance  Consequences  Skin cancer  Effects on ecosystems
ACID RAIN  Normal rain is acidic due to carbonic acid (5.65)  Precipitation with pH < 4.5  SO2  SO3  Sulphuric acid  Fe & Mg salts catalyze the reaction  NO2  Nitric acid  Result of accumulation of SOx & NOx due to emissions from industries and automobiles
ACID RAIN - CONSEQUENCES  Destroys aquatic life  Damage to forest vegetation  Leaching of soil nutrients (K)  Solubility of heavy metals  Corrosion of buildings, monuments, metals  Affects decomposition process
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION - FACTORS  Nature of pollutant  Concentration  Duration  State of health  Age
•Ride your bike •Tell your friends and family about pollution •Make sure your parents get pollution checks on their cars •Ride the school bus
•Learn more; stay up to date •Join a group to stop pollution •Encourage your parents to carpool to work •Switch off lights, fan, heat, etc. when you leave the room
Module-3 Air Pollution Effects & Control
Lecture-1 Air pollution effects: On living and nonliving beings
Human Health Effects • Exposure to air pollution is associated with numerous effects on human health, including pulmonary, cardiac, vascular, and neurological impairments. • The health effects vary greatly from person to person. High-risk groups such as the elderly, infants, pregnant women, and sufferers from chronic heart and lung diseases are more susceptible to air pollution. • Children are at greater risk because they are generally more active outdoors and their lungs are still developing.
Conti….. • Exposure to air pollution can cause both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) health effects. • Acute effects are usually immediate and often reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends. Some acute health effects include eye irritation, headaches, and nausea. • Chronic effects are usually not immediate and tend not to be reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends. – Some chronic health effects include decreased lung capacity and lung cancer resulting from long- term exposure to toxic air pollutants.
• Both gaseous and particulate air pollutants can have negative effects on the lungs. • Solid particles can settle on the walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. • Continuous breathing of polluted air can slow the normal cleansing action of the lungs and result in more particles reaching the lower portions of the lung. • Damage to the lungs from air pollution can inhibit this process and contribute to the occurrence of respiratory diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer. Effects on Human respiratory system
Table 1: Sources, Health and Welfare Effects for Criteria Pollutants. Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects Welfare Effects Carbon Monoxide (CO) Colorless, odorless gas Motor vehicle exhaust, indoor sources include kerosene or wood burning stoves. Headaches, reduced mental alertness, heart attack, cardiovascular diseases, impaired fetal development, death. Contribute to the formation of smog. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Colorless gas that dissolves in water vapor to form acid, and interact with other gases and particles in the air. Coal-fired power plants, petroleum refineries, manufacture of sulfuric acid and smelting of ores containing sulfur. Eye irritation, wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, lung damage. Contribute to the formation of acid rain, visibility impairment, plant and water damage, aesthetic damage. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Reddish brown, highly reactive gas. Motor vehicles, electric utilities, and other industrial, commercial, and residential sources that burn fuels. Susceptibility to respiratory infections, irritation of the lung and respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing). Contribute to the formation of smog, acid rain, water quality deterioration, global warming, and visibility impairment. Ozone (O3) Gaseous pollutant when it is formed in the troposphere. Vehicle exhaust and certain other fumes. Formed from other air pollutants in the presence of sunlight. Eye and throat irritation, coughing, respiratory tract problems, asthma, lung damage. Plant and ecosystem damage. Lead (Pb) Metallic element Metal refineries, lead smelters, battery manufacturers, iron and steel producers. Anemia, high blood pressure, brain and kidney damage, neurological disorders, cancer, lowered IQ. Affects animals and plants, affects aquatic ecosystems. Particulate Matter (PM) Very small particles of soot, dust, or other matter, including tiny droplets of liquids. Diesel engines, power plants, industries, windblown dust, wood stoves. Eye irritation, asthma, bronchitis, lung damage, cancer, heavy metal poisoning, cardiovascular effects. Visibility impairment, atmospheric deposition, aesthetic damage.
Pollutants Sources Effects on Vegetables Aldehydes Photochemical reactions The upper portions of Alfalfa etc. will be affected to Narcosis if 250 ppm of aldehydes is present for 2 hrs duration. Ozone (O3) Photochemical reaction of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides from fuel combustion, refuse burning, and evaporation from petroleum products. All ages of tobacco leaves, beans, grapes, pine, pumpkins and potato are affected. Fleck, stipple, bleaching, bleached spotting, pigmentation, growth suppression, and early abscission are the effects. Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate (PAN) The sources of PAN are the same as ozone Young spongy cells of plants are affected if 0.01 ppm of PAN is present in the ambient air for more than 6 hrs. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) High temperature combustion of coal, oil, gas, and gasoline in power plants and internal combustion engines. Irregular, white or brown collapsed lesion on intercostals tissue and near leaf margin. Suppressed growth is observed in many plants. Ammonia & Sulfur dioxide Thermal power plants, oil and petroleum refineries. Bleached spots, bleached areas between veins, bleached margins, chlorosis, growth suppression, early abscission, and reduction in yield and tissue collapse occur. Chlorine (Cl2) Leaks in chlorine storage tanks, hydrochloric acid mists. If 0.10 ppm is present for at least 2 hrs, the epidermis and mesophyll of plants will be affected. Hydrogen fluoride, Silicon tetrafluoride Phosphate rock processing, aluminum industry, and ceramic works and fiberglass manufacturing. Epidermis and mesophyll of grapes, large seed fruits, pines and fluorosis in animals occur if 0.001 ppm of HF is present for 5 weeks. Pesticides & Herbicides Agricultural operations Defoliation, dwarfing, curling, twisting, growth reduction and killing of plants may occur. Particulates Cement industries, thermal power plants, blasting, crushing and processing industries. Affects quality of plants, reduces vigor & hardness and interferences with photosynthesis due to plugging leaf stomata and blocking of light. Mercury (Hg) Processing of mercury containing ores, burning of coal and oil. Greenhouse crops, and floral parts of all vegetations are affected; abscission and growth reduction occur in most of the plants. Table-2: Sources, Effects of Air Pollutants on Vegetables
PEOPLE PERSONALEXPOSURE AMBIENT LEVELS NON SMOKERS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTS COMMUTER CONTROL HOMES OTHER LOCATIONS SMOKERS PERSONAL CAR PUBLIC TRANSPORT WALK OR CYCLING SCHOOLS OFFICES SHOPS BARS Support from citizens Support from local authorities CITY BACKGROUND AND HOT SPOTS CHILDREN BUS TRAM METRO
Lecture-2 Air pollution control: Principles of controls, source control
Source Control Technology • Air quality management sets the tools to control air pollutant emissions. • Control measurements describes the equipment, processes or actions used to reduce air pollution. • The extent of pollution reduction varies among technologies and measures. • The selection of control technologies depends on environmental, engineering, economic factors and pollutant type.
Settling Chambers • Settling chambers use the force of gravity to remove solid particles. • The gas stream enters a chamber where the velocity of the gas is reduced. Large particles drop out of the gas and are recollected in hoppers. Because settling chambers are effective in removing only larger particles, they are used in conjunction with a more efficient control device. Figure: Settling chambers
Cyclones • The general principle of inertia separation is that the particulate-laden gas is forced to change direction. As gas changes direction, the inertia of the particles causes them to continue in the original direction and be separated from the gas stream. • The walls of the cyclone narrow toward the bottom of the unit, allowing the particles to be collected in a hopper. • The cleaner air leaves the cyclone through the top of the chamber, flowing upward in a spiral vortex, formed within a downward moving spiral. • Cyclones are efficient in removing large particles but are not as efficient with smaller particles. For this reason, they are used with other particulate control devices. Figure: Cyclone Collector
Venturi Scrubbers • Venturi scrubbers use a liquid stream to remove solid particles. • In the venturi scrubber, gas laden with particulate matter passes through a short tube with flared ends and a constricted middle. • This constriction causes the gas stream to speed up when the pressure is increased. Figure: Venturi scrubber components
Conti…. • The difference in velocity and pressure resulting from the constriction causes the particles and water to mix and combine. • The reduced velocity at the expanded section of the throat allows the droplets of water containing the particles to drop out of the gas stream. • Venturi scrubbers are effective in removing small particles, with removal efficiencies of up to 99 percent. • One drawback of this device, however, is the production of wastewater.
Fabric Filters • Fabric filters, or baghouses, remove dust from a gas stream by passing the stream through a porous fabric. The fabric filter is efficient at removing fine particles and can exceed efficiencies of 99 percent in most applications. Figure: Fabric filter (baghouse) components
Conti….. • The selection of the fiber material and fabric construction is important to baghouse performance. • The fiber material from which the fabric is made must have adequate strength characteristics at the maximum gas temperature expected and adequate chemical compatibility with both the gas and the collected dust. • One disadvantage of the fabric filter is that high- temperature gases often have to be cooled before contacting the filter medium.
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) • An ESP is a particle control device that uses electrical forces to move the particles out of the flowing gas stream and onto collector plates. • The ESP places electrical charges on the particles, causing them to be attracted to oppositely charged metal plates located in the precipitator. Figure: Electrostatic precipitator components
Conti…. • The particles are removed from the plates by "rapping" and collected in a hopper located below the unit. • The removal efficiencies for ESPs are highly variable; however, for very small particles alone, the removal efficiency is about 99 percent. • Electrostatic precipitators are not only used in utility applications but also other industries (for other exhaust gas particles) such as cement (dust), pulp & paper (salt cake & lime dust), petrochemicals (sulfuric acid mist), and steel (dust & fumes).
Control of gaseous pollutants from stationary sources • The most common method for controlling gaseous pollutants is the addition of add-on control devices to recover or destroy a pollutant. • There are four commonly used control technologies for gaseous pollutants: – Absorption, – Adsorption, – Condensation, and – Incineration (combustion)
Absorption • The removal of one or more selected components from a gas mixture by absorption is probably the most important operation in the control of gaseous pollutant emissions. • Absorption is a process in which a gaseous pollutant is dissolved in a liquid. • Water is the most commonly used absorbent liquid. • As the gas stream passes through the liquid, the liquid absorbs the gas, in much the same way that sugar is absorbed in a glass of water when stirred. Typical Packed Column Diagram
Conti…. • Absorbers are often referred to as scrubbers, and there are various types of absorption equipment. • The principal types of gas absorption equipment include spray towers, packed columns, spray chambers, and venture scrubbers. • In general, absorbers can achieve removal efficiencies grater than 95 percent. One potential problem with absorption is the generation of waste-water, which converts an air pollution problem to a water pollution problem.
Adsorption • When a gas or vapor is brought into contact with a solid, part of it is taken up by the solid. The molecules that disappear from the gas either enter the inside of the solid, or remain on the outside attached to the surface. The former phenomenon is termed absorption (or dissolution) and the latter adsorption. • The most common industrial adsorbents are activated carbon, silica gel, and alumina, because they have enormous surface areas per unit weight. • Activated carbon is the universal standard for purification and removal of trace organic contaminants from liquid and vapor streams.
• Carbon adsorption systems are either regenerative or non-regenerative. – Regenerative system usually contains more than one carbon bed. As one bed actively removes pollutants, another bed is being regenerated for future use. – Non-regenerative systems have thinner beds of activated carbon. In a non-regenerative adsorber, the spent carbon is disposed of when it becomes saturated with the pollutant. Non-Regenerative Carbon Adsorption System Regenerative Carbon Adsorption System
Condensation • Condensation is the process of converting a gas or vapor to liquid. Any gas can be reduced to a liquid by lowering its temperature and/or increasing its pressure. • Condensers are typically used as pretreatment devices. They can be used ahead of absorbers, absorbers, and incinerators to reduce the total gas volume to be treated by more expensive control equipment. Condensers used for pollution control are contact condensers and surface condensers.
• In a contact condenser, the gas comes into contact with cold liquid. • In a surface condenser, the gas contacts a cooled surface in which cooled liquid or gas is circulated, such as the outside of the tube. • Removal efficiencies of condensers typically range from 50 percent to more than 95 percent, depending on design and applications. Surface condenser Contact condenser
Incineration • Incineration, also known as combustion, is most used to control the emissions of organic compounds from process industries. • This control technique refers to the rapid oxidation of a substance through the combination of oxygen with a combustible material in the presence of heat. • When combustion is complete, the gaseous stream is converted to carbon dioxide and water vapor. • Equipment used to control waste gases by combustion can be divided in three categories: – Direct combustion or flaring, – Thermal incineration and – Catalytic incineration.
Direct combustor • Direct combustor is a device in which air and all the combustible waste gases react at the burner. Complete combustion must occur instantaneously since there is no residence chamber. • A flare can be used to control almost any emission stream containing volatile organic compounds. Studies conducted by EPA have shown that the destruction efficiency of a flare is about 98 percent.
In thermal incinerators the combustible waste gases pass over or around a burner flame into a residence chamber where oxidation of the waste gases is completed. Thermal incinerators can destroy gaseous pollutants at efficiencies of greater than 99 percent when operated correctly. Thermal incinerator general case
Catalytic incinerators are very similar to thermal incinerators. The main difference is that after passing through the flame area, the gases pass over a catalyst bed. A catalyst promotes oxidation at lower temperatures, thereby reducing fuel costs. Destruction efficiencies greater than 95 percent are possible using a catalytic incinerator. Catalytic incinerator
References • USEPA, 2007. Online literature from www.epa.gov • Rao, M.N. and Rao, H. V. N., 1993. Air Pollution, Tata Mc-Graw Hill, New Delhi. • Murty, B. P., 2004. Environmental Meteorology, I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. • Nevers, N.D. 2000. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Second Edition, Pub., McGraw Hill, New York. • Cheremisinoff, N.P., 2002. Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control, Pub., Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Science, USA.

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Unit 5

  • 1.
  • 2.
    AIR POLLUTION -DEFINITIONS  The presence in ambient atmosphere of substances, generally resulting from the activities of man, in sufficient concentration, present for sufficient time and under circumstances to interfere significantly with comfort, health or welfare of persons or with full use or enjoyment of property.  Air pollution means  Eye irritation & soiled clothing – Common man.  Damaged vegetation – Farmer  Loss of visibility – Pilot  Cost of control – Industry, Public representatives  Air pollution is attributed as the price of INDUSTRIALIZATION
  • 3.
    OTHER DEFINITIONS  Pollutantis one which interferes with environment to cause toxicity, distress, disease, physiological effect or environmental decay.  Contaminants are defined as dust, fumes, mist, liquid smoke, other particulate matter, vapor, gas, odourous substances or any combination there of, but shall not include uncombined water vapour.  Certain odours, which are considered as nuisances rather than pollutants may eventually be designated as pollutants.
  • 4.
    SOURCES OF AIRPOLLUTION (BASED ON THE ORIGIN OF POLLUTANT)  Natural sources (non- anthropogenic)  Volcanoes  Forest fires  Dust storms  Ocean sprays  Pollen  Radio active materials  Decaying matter  Man made sources (anthropogenic)  Industry  Automobile  Domestic  Nuclear reactors  Agricultural practices
  • 5.
    OTHER TYPES OFCLASSIFICATION  Based on mobility  1. Stationary sources and 2. Mobile sources  Based on type  1. Point source 2. Line source & 3. Area source  Based on nature of pollutant  1. Primary sources & 2. Secondary sources
  • 6.
    SOURCES OF AIRPOLLUTION Pollutants Sources 1. Particulates Mining, Cement, Power Stations 2. SOx Power Plants, Acid plants, Pet. & Oil ref. 3. NOx Fertilizers, Automobile, Acid plants, 4. H2S Rayon Ind., Pet. & Oil Ref., Dyes 5. CO Automobile, Coal Mines 6. HC Automobile, Organic chemicals 7. Oxidants Photochemical Oxidants, Sec. Pol. 8. HF Fertilizers, Chemical, Alkali, Bricks
  • 7.
    PRIMARY & SECONDARYPOLLUTANTS Class Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants S – Compounds SO2, H2S SO3, H2SO4, MSO4 N – Compounds NO, NH3 NO2, MNO3 Organic Compounds C1-C5 Compounds Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids COx CO, CO2 -- Halogens HCl, HF --
  • 8.
    GREEN HOUSE EFFECT– GLOBAL WARMING  Green house roof (glass) allows incoming short wave (high energy) solar radiation (UV) and obstructs outgoing long wave (low energy) IR radiation.  This results in accumulation of heat inside the enclosure.  Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, HC, etc.) create a similar effect in the atmosphere.  Rate of increase – 1.8 mg/cum/year
  • 9.
    GLOBAL WARMING -CONSEQUENCES  Melting of ice caps  Inundation/flooding of low lying areas  Changes in natural cycles dependent on temp.  Effect on aquatic life/ diversity.  Changing cropping growth
  • 10.
    ACID RAIN  Normalrain is acidic due to carbonic acid (5.65)  Precipitation with pH < 4.5  SO2  SO3  Sulphuric acid  Fe & Mg salts catalyze the reaction  NO2  Nitric acid  Result of accumulation of SOx & NOx due to emissions from industries and automobiles
  • 11.
    ACID RAIN -CONSEQUENCES  Destroys aquatic life  Damage to forest vegetation  Leaching of soil nutrients (K)  Solubility of heavy metals  Corrosion of buildings, monuments, metals  Affects decomposition process
  • 12.
    DEPLETION OF OZONELAYER  Ozone layer exists between troposphere and stratosphere.  Ozone acts as catalyst in transformation of UV energy into translational KE.  CFCs are responsible for depletion  Supersonic aircrafts interfere with ozone balance  Consequences  Skin cancer  Effects on ecosystems
  • 13.
    EFFECTS OF AIRPOLLUTION - FACTORS  Nature of pollutant  Concentration  Duration  State of health  Age
  • 14.
    EFFECTS OF SPM Depends on size & Chemical quality  Combination with other pollutants – serious problems
  • 15.
    EFFECTS OF CO CO + Hemoglobin  COHb  CO – 200 times more affinity to Hb than O2  Impairs O2 carrying capacity of the blood  O2 starvation – headache to comma & death  Asphyxiation
  • 16.
    EFFECTS OF SOX Sulphuric acid, SO2 & Sulfate salts  Irritation in Mucous membranes of resp. tract.  Increased airway resistance  Chronic problems : Bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema
  • 17.
    EFFECTS OF NOX NO2 & NO (Changes to NO2) – pollutants  Moderately toxic  Reduces O2 carrying capacity of Hb (low)  Irritates alveoli of lungs  Increases bronchitis in children  Forms photochemical oxidants
  • 18.
    EFFECTS OF HC No direct adverse impacts  Aromatic HC found in soot & tar – carcinogenic  Result in smog along with NOx
  • 19.
    OTHER OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS Asbestosis – Asbestos  Silicosis - Silica  Pb, Zn – Cancer  Coal dust – Pnuemocosis  Aromatic amines - Cancer
  • 20.
    EFFECTS OF SMOG Reduced visibility  Nose, throat & eye irritation  Chest pain & cough
  • 21.
    EFFECTS OF APON PLANTS  Chlorosis – Loss or reduction of chlorophyll (analogous to pneumonia)  Necrosis – Killing or collapse of tissue  Epinasty – Downward curvature to leaf  Abscission – dropping of leaves
  • 22.
    SUMMARY OF EFFECTS(PLANTS) Pol. Effect ppm Sustained exp. Time O3 Fleck, bleaching, bleached spotting growth suppression, tips of confer needles become brown and necrotic 0.03 4 hr. SO2 Bleached spots, bleached areas between runs, chlorosis, growth suppression reduction in yield 0.03 8 hr. PAN Glazing, silvering or bronzing on lower surface of leaves, young leaves none susceptible 0.01 6 hr. HF Tips and margin burn, chlorosis dwarfing leaf abscission, lower yield 0.0001 5 week Cl2 Bleaching between reins, tip leaf abscission 0.01 2 hr. Ethene C2 H4 Withering, leaf abnormalities, flower dropping and failure of flower to open Epinasty 0.05 6 hr.
  • 23.
    SUMMARY OF EFFECTSAP ON MATERIALS Material Damage Measurements 1. Metals Surface is spoiled loss of metal Reflectance weight 2. Building Materials Leaching and discolouration Photographic technique and loss of weight. 3. Paint Discolouration and change in tinge Reflectance qualitative 4. Textiles a.Discolouration b. Weathering of fibres c. Fading Reflectance Tensile strength Tensile strength 5. Paper Embrittlement discolouration Decrease in folding resistance reflectance 6. Leather Weathering Embrittlement Tensile strength 7. Rubber Cracking Loss of elasticity Measurement of depth crack
  • 24.
  • 26.
    Carbon Monoxide •colorless, odorless •producedwhen carbon does not burn in fossil fuels •present in car exhaust •deprives body of O2 causing headaches, fatigue, and impaired vision
  • 27.
    Sulfur Dioxide •produced whencoal and fuel oil are burned •present in power plant exhaust •narrows the airway, causing wheezing and shortness of breath, especially in those with asthma
  • 28.
    Nitrogen Dioxide •reddish, browngas •produced when nitric oxide combines with oxygen in the atmosphere •present in car exhaust and power plants •affects lungs and causes wheezing; increases chance of respiratory infection
  • 29.
    Particulate Matter •particles ofdifferent sizes and structures that are released into the atmosphere •present in many sources including fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc. •can build up in respiratory system •aggravates heart and lung disease; increases risk of respiratory infection
  • 30.
    Ground Level Ozone •atupper level, ozone shields Earth from sun’s harmful UV rays •at ground level, ozone is harmful pollutants •formed from car, power and chemical plant exhaust •irritate respiratory system and asthma; reduces lung function by inflaming and damaging lining of lungs
  • 33.
    •Combination of gaseswith water vapor and dust •Combination of words smoke and fog •Forms when heat and sunlight react gases (photochemical smog) •Occurs often with heavy traffic, high temperatures, and calm winds
  • 36.
    GREEN HOUSE EFFECT– GLOBAL WARMING  Green house roof (glass) allows incoming short wave (high energy) solar radiation (UV) and obstructs outgoing long wave (low energy) IR radiation.  This results in accumulation of heat inside the enclosure.  Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, HC, etc.) create a similar effect in the atmosphere.  Rate of increase – 1.8 mg/cum/year
  • 37.
    GLOBAL WARMING -CONSEQUENCES  Melting of ice caps  Inundation/flooding of low lying areas  Changes in natural cycles dependent on temp.  Effect on aquatic life/ diversity.  Changing cropping growth
  • 40.
    DEPLETION OF OZONELAYER  Ozone layer exists between troposphere and stratosphere.  Ozone acts as catalyst in transformation of UV energy into translational KE.  CFCs are responsible for depletion  Supersonic aircrafts interfere with ozone balance  Consequences  Skin cancer  Effects on ecosystems
  • 42.
    ACID RAIN  Normalrain is acidic due to carbonic acid (5.65)  Precipitation with pH < 4.5  SO2  SO3  Sulphuric acid  Fe & Mg salts catalyze the reaction  NO2  Nitric acid  Result of accumulation of SOx & NOx due to emissions from industries and automobiles
  • 43.
    ACID RAIN -CONSEQUENCES  Destroys aquatic life  Damage to forest vegetation  Leaching of soil nutrients (K)  Solubility of heavy metals  Corrosion of buildings, monuments, metals  Affects decomposition process
  • 45.
    EFFECTS OF AIRPOLLUTION - FACTORS  Nature of pollutant  Concentration  Duration  State of health  Age
  • 47.
    •Ride your bike •Tellyour friends and family about pollution •Make sure your parents get pollution checks on their cars •Ride the school bus
  • 48.
    •Learn more; stayup to date •Join a group to stop pollution •Encourage your parents to carpool to work •Switch off lights, fan, heat, etc. when you leave the room
  • 50.
  • 51.
    Lecture-1 Air pollution effects: Onliving and nonliving beings
  • 52.
    Human Health Effects •Exposure to air pollution is associated with numerous effects on human health, including pulmonary, cardiac, vascular, and neurological impairments. • The health effects vary greatly from person to person. High-risk groups such as the elderly, infants, pregnant women, and sufferers from chronic heart and lung diseases are more susceptible to air pollution. • Children are at greater risk because they are generally more active outdoors and their lungs are still developing.
  • 53.
    Conti….. • Exposure toair pollution can cause both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) health effects. • Acute effects are usually immediate and often reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends. Some acute health effects include eye irritation, headaches, and nausea. • Chronic effects are usually not immediate and tend not to be reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends. – Some chronic health effects include decreased lung capacity and lung cancer resulting from long- term exposure to toxic air pollutants.
  • 54.
    • Both gaseousand particulate air pollutants can have negative effects on the lungs. • Solid particles can settle on the walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. • Continuous breathing of polluted air can slow the normal cleansing action of the lungs and result in more particles reaching the lower portions of the lung. • Damage to the lungs from air pollution can inhibit this process and contribute to the occurrence of respiratory diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer. Effects on Human respiratory system
  • 56.
    Table 1: Sources,Health and Welfare Effects for Criteria Pollutants. Pollutant Description Sources Health Effects Welfare Effects Carbon Monoxide (CO) Colorless, odorless gas Motor vehicle exhaust, indoor sources include kerosene or wood burning stoves. Headaches, reduced mental alertness, heart attack, cardiovascular diseases, impaired fetal development, death. Contribute to the formation of smog. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Colorless gas that dissolves in water vapor to form acid, and interact with other gases and particles in the air. Coal-fired power plants, petroleum refineries, manufacture of sulfuric acid and smelting of ores containing sulfur. Eye irritation, wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, lung damage. Contribute to the formation of acid rain, visibility impairment, plant and water damage, aesthetic damage. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Reddish brown, highly reactive gas. Motor vehicles, electric utilities, and other industrial, commercial, and residential sources that burn fuels. Susceptibility to respiratory infections, irritation of the lung and respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing). Contribute to the formation of smog, acid rain, water quality deterioration, global warming, and visibility impairment. Ozone (O3) Gaseous pollutant when it is formed in the troposphere. Vehicle exhaust and certain other fumes. Formed from other air pollutants in the presence of sunlight. Eye and throat irritation, coughing, respiratory tract problems, asthma, lung damage. Plant and ecosystem damage. Lead (Pb) Metallic element Metal refineries, lead smelters, battery manufacturers, iron and steel producers. Anemia, high blood pressure, brain and kidney damage, neurological disorders, cancer, lowered IQ. Affects animals and plants, affects aquatic ecosystems. Particulate Matter (PM) Very small particles of soot, dust, or other matter, including tiny droplets of liquids. Diesel engines, power plants, industries, windblown dust, wood stoves. Eye irritation, asthma, bronchitis, lung damage, cancer, heavy metal poisoning, cardiovascular effects. Visibility impairment, atmospheric deposition, aesthetic damage.
  • 57.
    Pollutants Sources Effectson Vegetables Aldehydes Photochemical reactions The upper portions of Alfalfa etc. will be affected to Narcosis if 250 ppm of aldehydes is present for 2 hrs duration. Ozone (O3) Photochemical reaction of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides from fuel combustion, refuse burning, and evaporation from petroleum products. All ages of tobacco leaves, beans, grapes, pine, pumpkins and potato are affected. Fleck, stipple, bleaching, bleached spotting, pigmentation, growth suppression, and early abscission are the effects. Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate (PAN) The sources of PAN are the same as ozone Young spongy cells of plants are affected if 0.01 ppm of PAN is present in the ambient air for more than 6 hrs. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) High temperature combustion of coal, oil, gas, and gasoline in power plants and internal combustion engines. Irregular, white or brown collapsed lesion on intercostals tissue and near leaf margin. Suppressed growth is observed in many plants. Ammonia & Sulfur dioxide Thermal power plants, oil and petroleum refineries. Bleached spots, bleached areas between veins, bleached margins, chlorosis, growth suppression, early abscission, and reduction in yield and tissue collapse occur. Chlorine (Cl2) Leaks in chlorine storage tanks, hydrochloric acid mists. If 0.10 ppm is present for at least 2 hrs, the epidermis and mesophyll of plants will be affected. Hydrogen fluoride, Silicon tetrafluoride Phosphate rock processing, aluminum industry, and ceramic works and fiberglass manufacturing. Epidermis and mesophyll of grapes, large seed fruits, pines and fluorosis in animals occur if 0.001 ppm of HF is present for 5 weeks. Pesticides & Herbicides Agricultural operations Defoliation, dwarfing, curling, twisting, growth reduction and killing of plants may occur. Particulates Cement industries, thermal power plants, blasting, crushing and processing industries. Affects quality of plants, reduces vigor & hardness and interferences with photosynthesis due to plugging leaf stomata and blocking of light. Mercury (Hg) Processing of mercury containing ores, burning of coal and oil. Greenhouse crops, and floral parts of all vegetations are affected; abscission and growth reduction occur in most of the plants. Table-2: Sources, Effects of Air Pollutants on Vegetables
  • 58.
    PEOPLE PERSONALEXPOSURE AMBIENT LEVELS NONSMOKERS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTS COMMUTER CONTROL HOMES OTHER LOCATIONS SMOKERS PERSONAL CAR PUBLIC TRANSPORT WALK OR CYCLING SCHOOLS OFFICES SHOPS BARS Support from citizens Support from local authorities CITY BACKGROUND AND HOT SPOTS CHILDREN BUS TRAM METRO
  • 62.
  • 63.
    Source Control Technology •Air quality management sets the tools to control air pollutant emissions. • Control measurements describes the equipment, processes or actions used to reduce air pollution. • The extent of pollution reduction varies among technologies and measures. • The selection of control technologies depends on environmental, engineering, economic factors and pollutant type.
  • 64.
    Settling Chambers • Settlingchambers use the force of gravity to remove solid particles. • The gas stream enters a chamber where the velocity of the gas is reduced. Large particles drop out of the gas and are recollected in hoppers. Because settling chambers are effective in removing only larger particles, they are used in conjunction with a more efficient control device. Figure: Settling chambers
  • 65.
    Cyclones • The generalprinciple of inertia separation is that the particulate-laden gas is forced to change direction. As gas changes direction, the inertia of the particles causes them to continue in the original direction and be separated from the gas stream. • The walls of the cyclone narrow toward the bottom of the unit, allowing the particles to be collected in a hopper. • The cleaner air leaves the cyclone through the top of the chamber, flowing upward in a spiral vortex, formed within a downward moving spiral. • Cyclones are efficient in removing large particles but are not as efficient with smaller particles. For this reason, they are used with other particulate control devices. Figure: Cyclone Collector
  • 66.
    Venturi Scrubbers • Venturiscrubbers use a liquid stream to remove solid particles. • In the venturi scrubber, gas laden with particulate matter passes through a short tube with flared ends and a constricted middle. • This constriction causes the gas stream to speed up when the pressure is increased. Figure: Venturi scrubber components
  • 67.
    Conti…. • The differencein velocity and pressure resulting from the constriction causes the particles and water to mix and combine. • The reduced velocity at the expanded section of the throat allows the droplets of water containing the particles to drop out of the gas stream. • Venturi scrubbers are effective in removing small particles, with removal efficiencies of up to 99 percent. • One drawback of this device, however, is the production of wastewater.
  • 68.
    Fabric Filters • Fabricfilters, or baghouses, remove dust from a gas stream by passing the stream through a porous fabric. The fabric filter is efficient at removing fine particles and can exceed efficiencies of 99 percent in most applications. Figure: Fabric filter (baghouse) components
  • 69.
    Conti….. • The selectionof the fiber material and fabric construction is important to baghouse performance. • The fiber material from which the fabric is made must have adequate strength characteristics at the maximum gas temperature expected and adequate chemical compatibility with both the gas and the collected dust. • One disadvantage of the fabric filter is that high- temperature gases often have to be cooled before contacting the filter medium.
  • 70.
    Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) •An ESP is a particle control device that uses electrical forces to move the particles out of the flowing gas stream and onto collector plates. • The ESP places electrical charges on the particles, causing them to be attracted to oppositely charged metal plates located in the precipitator. Figure: Electrostatic precipitator components
  • 71.
    Conti…. • The particlesare removed from the plates by "rapping" and collected in a hopper located below the unit. • The removal efficiencies for ESPs are highly variable; however, for very small particles alone, the removal efficiency is about 99 percent. • Electrostatic precipitators are not only used in utility applications but also other industries (for other exhaust gas particles) such as cement (dust), pulp & paper (salt cake & lime dust), petrochemicals (sulfuric acid mist), and steel (dust & fumes).
  • 72.
    Control of gaseouspollutants from stationary sources • The most common method for controlling gaseous pollutants is the addition of add-on control devices to recover or destroy a pollutant. • There are four commonly used control technologies for gaseous pollutants: – Absorption, – Adsorption, – Condensation, and – Incineration (combustion)
  • 73.
    Absorption • The removalof one or more selected components from a gas mixture by absorption is probably the most important operation in the control of gaseous pollutant emissions. • Absorption is a process in which a gaseous pollutant is dissolved in a liquid. • Water is the most commonly used absorbent liquid. • As the gas stream passes through the liquid, the liquid absorbs the gas, in much the same way that sugar is absorbed in a glass of water when stirred. Typical Packed Column Diagram
  • 74.
    Conti…. • Absorbers areoften referred to as scrubbers, and there are various types of absorption equipment. • The principal types of gas absorption equipment include spray towers, packed columns, spray chambers, and venture scrubbers. • In general, absorbers can achieve removal efficiencies grater than 95 percent. One potential problem with absorption is the generation of waste-water, which converts an air pollution problem to a water pollution problem.
  • 75.
    Adsorption • When agas or vapor is brought into contact with a solid, part of it is taken up by the solid. The molecules that disappear from the gas either enter the inside of the solid, or remain on the outside attached to the surface. The former phenomenon is termed absorption (or dissolution) and the latter adsorption. • The most common industrial adsorbents are activated carbon, silica gel, and alumina, because they have enormous surface areas per unit weight. • Activated carbon is the universal standard for purification and removal of trace organic contaminants from liquid and vapor streams.
  • 76.
    • Carbon adsorptionsystems are either regenerative or non-regenerative. – Regenerative system usually contains more than one carbon bed. As one bed actively removes pollutants, another bed is being regenerated for future use. – Non-regenerative systems have thinner beds of activated carbon. In a non-regenerative adsorber, the spent carbon is disposed of when it becomes saturated with the pollutant. Non-Regenerative Carbon Adsorption System Regenerative Carbon Adsorption System
  • 77.
    Condensation • Condensation isthe process of converting a gas or vapor to liquid. Any gas can be reduced to a liquid by lowering its temperature and/or increasing its pressure. • Condensers are typically used as pretreatment devices. They can be used ahead of absorbers, absorbers, and incinerators to reduce the total gas volume to be treated by more expensive control equipment. Condensers used for pollution control are contact condensers and surface condensers.
  • 78.
    • In acontact condenser, the gas comes into contact with cold liquid. • In a surface condenser, the gas contacts a cooled surface in which cooled liquid or gas is circulated, such as the outside of the tube. • Removal efficiencies of condensers typically range from 50 percent to more than 95 percent, depending on design and applications. Surface condenser Contact condenser
  • 79.
    Incineration • Incineration, alsoknown as combustion, is most used to control the emissions of organic compounds from process industries. • This control technique refers to the rapid oxidation of a substance through the combination of oxygen with a combustible material in the presence of heat. • When combustion is complete, the gaseous stream is converted to carbon dioxide and water vapor. • Equipment used to control waste gases by combustion can be divided in three categories: – Direct combustion or flaring, – Thermal incineration and – Catalytic incineration.
  • 80.
    Direct combustor • Directcombustor is a device in which air and all the combustible waste gases react at the burner. Complete combustion must occur instantaneously since there is no residence chamber. • A flare can be used to control almost any emission stream containing volatile organic compounds. Studies conducted by EPA have shown that the destruction efficiency of a flare is about 98 percent.
  • 81.
    In thermal incineratorsthe combustible waste gases pass over or around a burner flame into a residence chamber where oxidation of the waste gases is completed. Thermal incinerators can destroy gaseous pollutants at efficiencies of greater than 99 percent when operated correctly. Thermal incinerator general case
  • 82.
    Catalytic incinerators arevery similar to thermal incinerators. The main difference is that after passing through the flame area, the gases pass over a catalyst bed. A catalyst promotes oxidation at lower temperatures, thereby reducing fuel costs. Destruction efficiencies greater than 95 percent are possible using a catalytic incinerator. Catalytic incinerator
  • 83.
    References • USEPA, 2007.Online literature from www.epa.gov • Rao, M.N. and Rao, H. V. N., 1993. Air Pollution, Tata Mc-Graw Hill, New Delhi. • Murty, B. P., 2004. Environmental Meteorology, I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. • Nevers, N.D. 2000. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Second Edition, Pub., McGraw Hill, New York. • Cheremisinoff, N.P., 2002. Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control, Pub., Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Science, USA.