1) There are various systems of breeding cattle to improve genetic merit such as inbreeding, outbreeding, crossbreeding, backcrossing, and grading up. 2) Common breeding methods in cattle include artificial insemination, natural mating, and multiple ovulation embryo transfer where embryos are collected and transferred to improve productivity. 3) Improving the genetic potential of cattle is important to increase milk production in India, which has the world's highest milk production but lower individual animal productivity.

1. Dr. P. Ravikanth Reddy
MVSc, PhD
Guest Faculty
KBR College of Agriculture and Horticulture
Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University
Dr. YSR Horticulture University

2.  India has worlds highest milk production, but the productivity of
individual animal is less.
Problems:
 1) Low genetic potentiality
 2) Low feed resources
 Therefore, improving genetic merit is important

6. Systems of
Breeding
Inbreeding
Close breeding
Line breeding
Outbreeding
Out crossing
Cross breeding
Species hybridization
Grading up

7. Cross
breeding
Criss
crossing
Triple
crossing
Back
crossing

8. Inbreeding
 Mating of more closely related individuals
 Mating of
1. Sire to daughter
2. Sone to dam
3. Full sister to full brother
Close
breeding

9.  Mating of less closely related individuals
 Mating of
1. Half sister and half brother
2. Cousin mating
Line
breeding

10. Out breeding
 Mating of unrelated pure-bred animals within the same breed
 To maintain purity of the breed
 Eg:- Mating of Ongole bull to Ongole cow
Out crossing

12.  Mating of animals of different breeds
 For production of new breeds
 Common in pigs and hybrid chickens
Cross
breeding

14. A1
milk

15. Criss
crossing
 Two breeds are crossed alternatively.
 Utilizes heterosis of both dams and progeny

17. Triple
crossing
 Three breeds are crossed in rotational manner.
 Also called as rotational crossing

19. Back
crossing
 Mating a crossbred animal back to one of the pure parent
races, which were used to produce it.
 Commonly used in genetic studies.
 Not followed for breeders.

21.  Crossing two different species
 Jack (male ass) x Mare (female horse) = Mule.
 Stallion (male horse) x Jannet (female ass) = Hinny.
Species
hybridization
Zonkey (Zebra and donkey)

22. Mule (Ass and Horse) Hinny (Horse and Ass)
Liger

23.  Bulls of a distinct breed are bred on non-descript cows from
generation to generation.
 Final animal resembles the breed of bull used.
 After 5-6 generations the off springs will have 96.9 & 98.3% of
the hereditary characters of Pure Breed.
Grading up
Non-descript cow x Jersey Bull
F1 - 50% ND + 50% Jersey x Jersey Bull
F2 - 25% ND + 75% Jersey x Jersey Bull
F3 - 12.5% ND + 87.5% Jersey x Jersey Bull

25. METHODS OF BREEDING IN CATTLE
 Artificial insemination (AI) –Where bull semen is introduced in
to the cow ‘s uterus artificially using artificial insemination gun.
Artificial insemination
Artificial insemination
gun

26. Liquid Nitrogen (-196oC)

27.  Natural mating – A healthy and proven bull is used to mate a cow.
 Multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET) – A method of
insemination where embryos (fertilized eggs) are transferred in to
the cow‘s uterus.
 Generally, one ovum is released from each ovary at the time of
ovulation. But by hormone injection, more ova can be produced
from the ovary. After artificial insemination 4 to 10 embryos are
collected at a time.
 Then each embryo is transplanted into a replacement mother
carrier cow. At very low temperature fetuses can be preserved for
several days.