Animal breeding involves selectively mating animals with desirable genetic traits to maintain or enhance those traits in future generations. There are different systems of mating animals, including pen mating where females are brought into a male's pen to mate, and hand mating where a female in heat is mated with a male. Relationships between animals can involve monogamy between one male and female, promiscuity where any male mates with any female, or polygamy where one male mates with multiple females. Breeding systems aim to pure breed animals of the same type or crossbreed different breeds to benefit from heterosis and complementarity of traits.

1. ANIMAL BREEDING
Is the process of selective
mating of animals with desirable
genetic traits to maintain or
enhance these traits in future
generation.

2. BREED
Is a specific group of domestic
animals having homogeneous
appearance (phenotype),
homogeneous behavior, and/or other
characteristics that distinguish it from
other organisms of the same species.

3. SYSTEMS OF MATING
The way animal
populations are being
structured in relation to
reproductive/sexual behavior.

4. PEN MATING
a cohort of females is brought into the male's
pen and he services them all while they are in the
pen. This is the least labor-intensive mating system
because the animals are just left to mate at will.

5. HAND MATING
mating in which the female is detected to be
estrus and is then handheld while she is mated or is
let into a paddock or pen with a male, where she is
the only female.

6. MONOGAMY
one male and one female have an exclusive mating
relationship, serially or for a life-time.

7. PROMISCUITY
any male mates with any female in a population or
social group.

8. POLYGAMY
one or more males have a relationship with one or
more females.

9. POLYGYNY
one male has a relationship with two or more
females.

10. POLYANDRY
one female has a relationship with two or more
males.

11. POLYGYNANDRY
two or more males have a relationship with two or
more females (almost promiscuity).

12. SYSTEMS OF BREEDING

13. PURE BREEDING
is the mating of males and females livestock animals
of the same breed or type.

14. TYPES OF PURE BREEDING
1. Out-breeding – mating of animals of the same
breed but which have no closer relationship than at
least 4 to 6 generation.
2. Inbreeding – mating of closely related animals. For
example, sire to daughter, son to dam, and bother
to sister.
3. Line breeding – a system of breeding in which the
degree of relationship is less intense than in
inbreeding. It is usually directed towards keeping the
offspring related to some highly priced ancestor.

15. CROSSBREEDING
Is the mating of males and females livestock
animals of different breed compositions or types.

16. Crossbreeding offers two distinct advantages:
1.Heterosis – is the superiority
of the crossbreed offspring.
Mathematically, heterosis is
the difference in
performance between the
crossbred and the average
performance of its purebred
parents.

17. 2. Breed Complementarity – all breeds have strengths and
weaknesses. No breed excels in all relevant traits. Thus,
production can be optimized when mating systems place
breeds in roles that maximize their strengths and
their weaknesses.
POLYPAY SHEEP SUFFOLK
SHEEP

18. TYPES OF CROSSBREEDING
1. Terminal Crossing – all the crossbred offspring are sold
and replacement of females must be purchased or
produced in the group by mating the proportion of the
group to the males of the same breed.
2. Rotational Crossing – involves alternating the use of
males of two, three or more breeds. Females are mated
to males of the breed which are least related.
3. Roto-terminal Crossing – involves both terminal
crossing and rotational crossing.

19. 4. Grading Up – denotes the repeated
crossing of females’ and their females
progeny to males of a single breed.
5. Single Crossing – a first generation breeds
between two selected and usually inbred
lines.
6. Back Crossing – breeding of animals with one
of its parents or individual genetically similar to its
parent, in order to achieve offspring with a
identity which is closer to that of the parent.