Unit 10 Rural and urban settlement.pptx

UNIT 10:
RURAL AND URBAN
SETTLEMENT IN RWANDA

INTRODUCTION: RURAL
SETTLEMENT
Settlement is a place where people live (shelter).
Rural settlement is people’s shelter (house) found in countryside or in rural areas
(outside the urban areas).
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Dusabimana Jean D Amour

TYPES OF RURAL
SETTLEMENTS
1. Clustered or nucleated rural
settlement: This is a form of rural
settlement where people live in
houses that are grouped together
in close proximity.
These settlements are common in
areas where extended families still
hold a strong influence. In Rwanda,
this type of settlement can be seen in
parts of Rubavu, Muhanga,
Musanze, Burera and Nyabihu
districts. 2/8/2023 12:06 PM
Clustered or nucleated rural settlement

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Poombarai nucleated village settlement in India

2. Dispersed, sparsed
or scattered rural
settlement: This is
where people stay in
houses that are far
from each other.
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Dispersed, sparsed or scattered rural settlement

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Most of the land in scattered
settlement is used for cultivation and
grazing.

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Scattered settlement can also be found in areas
near the National Park and other reserved areas like
the Akagera and Birunga National Parks.

3. Linear rural settlement: This is
a type of settlement where
people establish their
homesteads in a linear form,
usually along a road, a river,
lake shores or a dyke.
This type of settlement is evident
in most parts of Rwanda, for
example along the Kigali-Huye
road.
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Linear rural settlement

4. Planned rural settlement: This is a
settlement that is established
according to the standards put in place
by the government. Such settlements
are well-facilitated in terms of social
facilities such as roads and health
centers. This is known as Umudugudu.
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Planned Rural settlement in Gishuro village (Nyagatare) in
Eastern Province of Rwanda

CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL
SETTLEMENTS
• Sparse settlements: Rural settlements are usually associated with
scattered homesteads that are established far apart from each other
• Poor transport network: Most rural areas usually lack or have poor
transport and communication networks especially roads
• Limited social amenities: Most rural areas lack or have very few essential
social facilities and amenities like hospitals and schools
• Less developed economy: The economic activities carried out in rural
areas are primary in nature and less developed like agriculture, fishing,
forestry, etc.
• Cultural rigidity: Rural settlements are still deeply absorbed in cultural
traditions.

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Most rural areas usually lack or have poor transport
and communication networks especially roads

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Rural settlements are usually associated with scattered
homesteads that are established far apart from each other

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Most rural areas lack or have very few essential
social facilities and amenities like hospitals and
schools
Activities like agriculture, fishing, forestry, dominates
the rural area
Typical hospital in rural areas
Families staying with domestic animals under
the same roof

• Poor sanitation: Rural areas are usually characterised poor toilets and
families staying with domestic animals under the same roof
• Unemployment: A majority of the people in rural areas stay idle all day
long especially when it is not a farming season
• Low standards of living: The standard of living of most of the rural
population is low due to the low incomes
• Most of the houses in the rural areas are semi permanent due to using
simple, cheap and locally available materials like clay soils and logs
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Dusabimana Jean D Amour Poor standards of living in rural areas
Rural areas are usually characterised poor toilets
Typical houses which are semi permanent

FACTORS INFLUENCING RURAL
SETTLEMENTS
• High cost of living in urban areas: Life in rural areas is cheap and affordable
compared to the urban areas
• Need for space to run businesses: In rural areas, there seems to be enough space
for entrepreneurs to set up their businesses
• Soils: In Rwanda, all areas with fertile soils encourage agriculture hence attracting
human occupation.
• Agricultural activities: Areas dominated by pastoralism such as the Eastern Province
have rural settlements. Areas dominated by crop agriculture such as the Western and
Northern Province, also have dense rural settlements
• Size of the families: Big families and the need to live with members of the extended
family requires big spaces for settlements only found in rural settlements
• Climate: Areas which receive heavy and reliable rainfall like Burera, Musanze,
Nyabihu are densely settled on compared to those with unreliable rainfall like
Nyagatare, Kirehe and Bugesera

• Lack of employment: Most people settle in rural areas because they don’t
have jobs in towns
• Drainage: Water logged areas are sparsely or not settled on compared to dry
and drained areas
• Transport: areas with good transport networks like roads attracts human
settlement than those with no transport network
• Government policy: The government of Rwanda encourages grouped
settlements by establishing settlement schemes
• Relief: The gentle slopes and flat areas such as areas in the Eastern Province
and the Central plateau were settled on more than the steep slopes.
Mountainous areas of the Northern Province of Rwanda discourage
settlement because it is difficult for people to build houses on steep slopes.
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PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RURAL
SETTLEMENTS
• Poor transport and communication facilities: Rural areas in Rwanda are
not well served with roads and communication systems which lead to
slow economic development of a country
• Low levels of education: The concentration of schools especially higher
institutions of learning is very low in rural areas which lead to poor quality
education
• Poor medical care: The numbers of hospitals and other health facilities
are very low. The few that are there have insufficient medical personnel.
This translates to poor medical care and a high death rate
• Ease of spread of diseases: If there is disease outbreak or attack, many
rural settlers tend to affected
• Lack of social services: Some rural areas in Rwanda completely lack
facilities such as piped water and electricity. This makes some of the
areas to remain remote and inaccessible

• Unemployment: There are fewer job opportunities in the rural areas
which increase crime rate and conflicts
• Limited markets due to low population in rural areas which lead to
wastage of food and eventually poverty
• Land and social conflicts: Conflicts between neighbours and relatives
over land and other resources like rivers, pasture land and boundaries
are a common occurrence in rural areas
• Underutilization of resources: The population available fails to properly
utilise the available resources because the available resources exceeds
the population
• Poverty and poor standards of living: The high levels of poverty have
made the rural population to live under very poor living conditions
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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF RURAL
SETTLEMENTS
• Government housing and construction scheme: The government should
construct better houses in the rural areas and make them affordable to all
people.
• Establishment of investments: Both local and foreign investors should be
encouraged to venture into the unused opportunities available in the rural areas
of Rwanda
• Development of the rural areas: Rural areas should be developed and provided
with facilities like electricity, piped water, to attract people to settle there
• Provision Transport and communication facilities: Transport and communication
networks should be established and developed in the rural areas to make rural
areas accessible
• Provision of Social services: Health centres should be constructed and more
schools should be established in order to reduce the pressure being exerted
onto the few existing ones.

• Implementation of regional balance by the government: The government
should develop well balanced policies that will ensure equal development of
all regions in the country
• Mass education: The rural population needs to be educated on the
disadvantages of migration to towns and on how to solve the social
challenges that they face
• Credit facilities: Financial and credit institutions should endeavour to
economically empower the rural masses by giving them loans and credit
facilities to eradicate poverty
• Diversification of the rural economy: The rural economy should be diversified
through the establishment of other economic activities that will enable the
farmers and the rural population in general to earn extra income.
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REASONS FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF
IMIDUGUDU SETTLEMENT SCHEMES IN
RWANDA
• To improve the living standards of the people
• To promote peace and unity among the Rwandese people
• To utilize the natural resources around the country
• To provide better social services to its citizens
• To provide general education and other social services
• To implement the government’s policies and programs
• To settle thousands of refugees who returned after the 1994 genocide
• To find land for landless people in the country
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IMPORTANCE OF IMIDUGUDU
(VILLAGIZATION) SETTLEMENTS IN
RWANDA
• Resettling the returning refugees
• Easy provision of better housing for the low income earners
• Easy provision of social services
• Promotion of peace and security
• It supported the land reform program and landless people were given
land
• It reduced the problem of land shortage to give enough land for
industrialisation and agriculture
• Support of the implementation of government policies and programs like
Gacaca and daily meetings
• It has led to the diversification of the economy
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Kinigi Modern Village in Northern province

DISADVANTAGES OF IMIDUGUDU RURAL SETTLEMENT
SCHEMES
• Improper disposal of garbage due to the absence of places designated
for waste disposal
• Spread of diseases due to the close proximity of the houses in the
scheme, infectious diseases spread very fast
• Lack of room for expansion: The land that is provided to each family is
so small which leaves very little or no room for expansion of homes
• Conflicts and social misunderstandings: there are constant
misunderstandings between neighbours due to closeness of their
homes
• Shortage of land: The land allocated for agricultural activities is
becomes very little yet agriculture is the only source of livelihood for
most of the people who live

• Incomplete houses: Most of the imidugudu houses were not fully constructed. The
people who live in the houses are poor and cannot afford to do the finishing on their
own
• Neglect of the young during allocation of land: The system never put the young
people and children into consideration during the allocation of land and this created
more landless people
• Moral decay: The arrival of returning refugees who had stayed in different places with
varying social backgrounds brought home different cultures some of which are
unacceptable
• Unsuitable for some practices: This system discouraged some activities like
pastoralism that had for many years been part of the culture of some communities in
Rwanda.
• Lack of privacy due to the closeness of houses
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URBAN SETTLEMENT
An urban area is a built-up area such as a town or city.
Urbanization means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban
areas compared to those living in the rural areas.
As a country industrializes, the number of people living in urban areas
tends to increase.
The urban centres of Rwanda include the following:
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Muhanga
Nyaruguru
Ngoma
Ruhango
Kigali
Huye
Gicumbi
Rusizi
Kayonza
Karongi
Nyamata
Nyagatare
Nyanza
Musanze
Rwamagana
Nyamagabe
Rubavu

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN
CENTERS IN RWANDA
1. They have poor waste disposal
facilities
2. They are administrative centers
3. They host various recreation
facilities
4. They have improved infrastructure
and social facilities
5. They have trade supporting aids
6. They have a high population
7. They have slum settlements
8. They have trading centers
9. They are characterized by high cost
of living
10.They have traffic jams
11.They have modern buildings
12.Employment opportunities
13.Industrialization
14.Limited land
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THEY ARE ADMINISTRATIVE
CENTRES
Urban centres in Rwanda are the
headquarters for most of the
government agencies and provinces.
The urban centres host government
offices
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THEY HOST VARIOUS RECREATION
FACILITIES
Urban centres have better hotels,
museums and green belts, theatres and
social halls. These facilities are used by
both locals and tourists
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Kigali Arena

THEY HAVE IMPROVED INFRASTRUCTURE
AND SOCIAL FACILITIES
Urban centres enjoy a variety of
infrastructure and social facilities
that are of higher standards
compared to the ones in the rural
areas. The facilities include roads,
highways, better hospitals, schools
and higher institutions of learning,
water fountains, electricity, street
lights and cinema halls.
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Riviera High School
Kigali city

THEY HAVE TRADE SUPPORTING
AIDS
Urban centres are hosts to financial
institutions such as banks, insurance
companies and other micro finance
institutions that offer loans and credit
facilities to the urban dwellers to carry
out businesses
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THEY HAVE A HIGH POPULATION
Urban centres have a
high population. The ever
increasing number of
people migrating from
rural to urban areas
rapidly increases the
number of people living
in urban centres. This
inflow results in
congestion and
overcrowding in the
urban centres
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High population in Kigali

THEY HAVE SLUM SETTLEMENTS
The rural-urban
migration results in too
many people living in
the urban areas. The
high population causes
a shortage of
resources including
housing. Shortage in
housing leads to the
development of
unplanned settlements
around the edges of
the urban centres.
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Dusabimana Jean D Amour Bannyahe slum

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Dusabimana Jean D Amour Nyabisindu slum

They have poor waste disposal facilities
Poor waste disposal in the
urban areas of Rwanda is a
common characteristic. In
some parts of the towns and
cities, residents dump wastes
in the nearby water bodies
while others create dumpsites
near residential areas.
This affects the environment,
causing foul smell and eye
sores. Other areas lack
proper drainage systems
leaving waste water and
sewage to flow everywhere
within the towns.
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Nduba waste disposal-Kigali

They have trading centres
Most urban centres are
characterised by the
presence of a variety
of commercial
services. The urban
centres of Rwanda are
the commercial hubs of
the country
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CHIC Building in Kigali

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They are characterised by high cost of living
Urban centres are associated
with high cost of living due to
the dense population and
sometimes because of
shortage of some goods and
services.
The demand for the goods
and services is always higher
than the supply. This
difference in demand and
supply increases the cost of
some items
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They have traffic jams
In cities like Kigali, there
are always
inconveniences that are
caused by traffic jams.
This is because of too
many people and
vehicles coupled with
narrow roads
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Kampala Traffic Jam

They have modern
buildings
Urban centres are associated with
better and modern buildings and
houses.
The buildings are beautiful and some
are of international stature
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Employment opportunities
The economic activities in urban
centres are a source of
employment to many people. This
is the main cause of migration from
rural to urban areas
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Most urban centres
of Rwanda have
industrial areas in
their out-skirts.
For example, Kigali
special economic
zone in Kigali city is
an industrial area.
Industrialisation
Kigali special economic Zone

Limited land
There is usually a
scarcity of land in
the urban centres.
The price of land
in the urban
centres is also
very high.
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FACTORS FOR GROWTH OF URBAN CENTERS IN
RWANDA
• Mining: Most of the people migrate to mining areas to look for employment opportunities which later
expand them to be towns and cities
• Transport and communication: some cities like Kigali, Musanze and Kayonza have grown due to good
network of transport and communication facilities
• Industrialization: Areas that have many industries usually turn out to be industrial towns. The employment
opportunities available attract many people
• Supportive government policies: The government through policy makers identifies areas that have to be
developed into towns
• Historical factors: Many people were attracted to Nyanza town where they settled and invested in due to
its history as a king’s palace
• Strategic position: The location or position of a place in relation to major facilities contributes a lot to the
growth of an urban area. Kigali City for example being located in the centre of Rwanda
• Social facilities: The presence of facilities such as schools and hospitals influence the development of
urban centres since they attract many people
• Trade and commerce: Areas which are associated with trading activities easily develop into urban
centres. Such areas include Musanze, Kigali, Rubavu and Gicumbi
• Power: The presence of electric power stations and other sources of energy such as methane gas play a
great role in attracting various activities to areas. An example is the Bralirwa industry in Rubavu
• Favorable climate: Areas with favourable climatic conditions like Musanze and Rubavu usually attract
dense settlements. This so because people can practice agriculture and they are assured of food security

FUNCTIONS OF URBAN CENTERS IN
RWANDA
• Commercial function: Urban centers of Rwanda are business and commercial centers:
large supermarkets, big and small shops, markets, banks, insurance services
• Administrative function: Urban centers of Rwanda are headquarters of local administration
(sectors, districts, provinces) and government.
• Religious services: Some urban centers have major place of worship such us churches,
cathedrals and mosques. Example: Huye, Kigali, Ruhango, etc.
• Educational and cultural services: Presence of museums, many schools (primary and
secondary), universities and research centers.
• Tourism function: Presence of many tourism attractions and infrastructures likes hotels.
• Industrial functions: Presence of one or a big number of industries
• Residential function: Presence of places where people live.
• Transport and communication services
• Entertainment services and Health services
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Problems facing urban centers in Rwanda
• Loss of Rwandan culture because of mixing of different cultures especially
European culture. Example: social evils like pornography, prostitution, drugs
abuse, bad clothing for young people, etc.
• Environmental pollution from industries, transport and urban settlement.
• Limited social services like schools, hotels, entertainment centers.
• Rural –urban migration and its associated dangers.
• Unemployment and underemployment.
• Traffic congestion especially during the rush hours of the day.
• Expensive lodging or accommodation.
• Many street children.
• Development of slums and the associated evil habits
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MAJOR
URBAN
CENTERS
IN
RWANDA

Kigali is the capital city of Rwanda and
the largest city in the country. It is found
in Kigali Province. It was founded in
1907 by Richard Kant but was made
the capital city in 1962.
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KIGALI CITY
Richard Kant
Factors that influenced the
development and growth of Kigali
City
1. Its strategic position: located in the
middle of the country
2. Favorable climate: moderate
climatic conditions
3. Colonial influence
4. Trading center
5. High population
6. Defense and security

FUNCTIONS OF KIGALI CITY
• Transport and communication
• It is a financial center, BK, GT, RSSB,
• It is a recreational center, (Amahoro and Nyamirambo stadiums,
Cinema centers, Swimming pools, Arenas, etc.)
• It is the health center of the country by the fact that it hosts several
major and referral hospitals, health center and clinics, for example King
Faisal hospital.
• It is a cultural and religious center.
• It is the industrial hub of the country
• It is the education center of the country
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• It is an administrative center. It hosts the capital city of the country, the
national parliament, embassies and many government agencies such as
RDB
• It is the country’s commercial center with major shopping areas like
Simba and Igihozo supermarkets
• It is a major residential area with houses in major estates such as
Kiyovu, Nyarutarama, Kimironko and Kicukiro
• It is the country capital defense center
• It acts as a tourist attraction to Rwanda with tourist attraction sites like
memorial sites and art galleries.
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2. HUYE
It is located in the Southern Province of
Rwanda. It has a total surface area of
581.5km2. It consists of 14 sectors, 77 cells and
509 villages. The district has a population of
about 314,022 people with a population density
of 540 people per sq. km
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Factors for the establishment of the Huye
urban center
1. Historical factors: colonialists chose it as an
administrative center that was then named
Astrida
2. Fertile soils which favor agriculture
3. Tourist attraction sites like national museum
4. White settlers who lived there in early years
Functions of Huye town
1. It is an education center in the region
2. It is a tourist attraction center
3. It is an agricultural center (Coffee and tea)
4. It is an industrial center for agricultural products

3. RUBAVU
The Rubavu urban center is found in the
Western Province of Rwanda. It is
divided into 12 sectors and 80 cells. It
has a total land area of 388 km2, a
population of 403,662 people and a
density of 1,000 people per sq. km.
Factors that influenced development
and growth of Rubavu Town
Favorable climate: Rubavu has a good
climate that supports agriculture
Relief: Rubavu town is situated in an
area where the relief is relatively gently
sloping.
Strategic location which offered a
commercial advantage from DRC
Functions of Rubavu
1. It is an education center with good schools.
2. It is a tourist attraction center with forests like
Gishwati, caves, Lake Kivu and hot springs.
3. It is an agricultural center with tea plantations, trees
and dairy keeping.
4. It is a mining center

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Rubavu

4. MUSANZE
Musanze is located in the Northern
Province of Rwanda. It has 15 sectors. It
is characterized by mountains and a
wide range of flora and fauna. The area
has mountain gorillas and contains the
largest part of the Volcanoes National
Park.
The factors responsible for the growth
and development of Musanze town
• The presence of flora and fauna
• Fertile soils
• Enriched scenery
• Location
The functions of Musanze town
• It is a residential center with many houses where
people live
• It is an industrial area
• It is a very resourceful area for academicians
• It is an administrative area
• It is an educational center
• It is a commercial center which hosts a variety of
businesses.

EFFECTS OF URBAN
SETTLEMENTS
Urbanization is the process by which towns and cities form
• Urban centers provide employment opportunities
• Urban areas provide people with high standards of living like piped water,
electricity and better housing facilities
• Urban areas enable the provision of modern transport and
communication facilities
• Urbanization helps the government to be able to raise its revenue
through taxes and other levies that are taxed.
• Urban centers provide markets for goods

• People acquire skills in urban areas which they use in the
transformation of rural areas
• Urbanization brings about unity among different people through
friendship and intermarriages hence creating a united society.
• Urbanization brings about easy access to social infrastructure such
better schools, hospitals and recreational facilities such as stadia.
• Urbanization leads to the development of industries
• Urbanization reduces the problem of land shortage
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Problems associated with urban settlements
• Unemployment.
• Environmental pollution.
• Deforestation that occurs due to the need for space for expansion and
timber for building.
• Decline in agriculture due to rural urban migration.
• Congestion of people posing a risk of infections and the spread of other
diseases.
• High rates of crime and other social ills that arise due to the large
number of idle youths.
• Loss of culture that occurs because of mixing of people from different
cultural backgrounds.
• Development of slums.
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Solutions to the problems of urban centers
• Reclamation of swamps to create more land for expansion
• Construction of sky scrapers in order to use less land and gain space for other activities.
• Recycling, treatment and proper disposal of industrial waste to avoid pollution of the
environment.
• Strengthening the police force in order to fight the increase of crime.
• Developing transport systems in order to avoid traffic congestion.
• Construction of more industries to create more employment opportunities.
• Mass education on the danger of rural urban migration in order to have fewer people in the
urban areas and other people practicing agriculture in the rural areas.
• Extension of credit facilities by the government through banks and other financial institutions
to enable people create jobs for themselves.
• Devolving essential services and institutions to the rural areas to contain rural urban
migration.
• Provision of decent and affordable housing to the people to contain the emergence of slums.

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Construction of sky scrapers in order to use
less land and gain space for other activities

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Provision of decent and affordable housing to the
people to contain the emergence of slums
Gacuriro – An affordable residential area in Kigali

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Recycling, treatment and proper disposal of
industrial waste to avoid pollution of the
environment.

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Developing transport systems in order to avoid traffic
congestion

DEVELOPMENT OF SLUMS
A slum is an extremely dirty and unpleasant place that is overcrowded within the suburbs
of a city.
It is usually occupied by poor people. Slums have poor living conditions and unplanned
buildings. Examples of slums in Rwanda include the following: Kimicanga, Bannyahe,
Myembe and Kiniha.
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Bannyahe
Kimicanga

Characteristics of slums in Rwanda
• They are characterized by small, compact and poor houses.
• The houses are usually semi-permanent.
• There are narrow footpaths between houses.
• They are characterized by many social ills that include prostitution
and drug abuse.
• They are sometimes hideouts for law breakers(criminals).
• They are usually overcrowded.
• They are characterized by poor sanitation, drainage and waste
disposal systems.
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They are characterized by small,
compact and poor houses

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The houses are usually semi-permanent

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There are narrow footpaths between houses

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They are characterized by poor sanitation,
drainage and waste disposal systems

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They are usually overcrowded

CAUSES OF SLUMS IN RWANDA
• Rural–urban migration.
• Poverty.
• Poor planning of the urban areas leads to the development of slums.
• Urbanization
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PROBLEMS FACED BY SLUMS IN
RWANDA
• Poor sanitation.
• Spread of diseases.
• Unemployment.
• Crime.
• Illiteracy.
• High populations.
• Congestion and lack of privacy.
• Degradation of the environment.
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SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS OF SLUMS IN
RWANDA
• Scaling up of the delivery of basic infrastructural services such as safe
water, sanitation, better and affordable housing, waste removal etc.
• Resettling of people to better places that are free from the congestion
and filth associated with slum areas.
• Provision of free primary education to all slum children by the
government.
• Provision of family planning education to the slum dwellers so as to
contain the birth rates in the slum.
• Recruitment of the unemployed youth in the slums to the National Youth
Service or the army to help earn a living and to keep them busy.
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Busanza

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Types of settlement

UNIT 10 RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENT REVISION
QUESTIONS
1. (a) Define a rural settlement.
(b) Giving examples, discuss four types of rural settlements that are found in Rwanda.
2. List five characteristics of rural settlements in Rwanda.
3. (a) Explain five factors that influence rural settlements in Rwanda.
(b) List three problems of rural settlements in Rwanda and give their solutions.
4. Discuss in detail Rwanda’s government policy towards rural settlements.
5. (a) Define urbanisation.
(b) Discuss five characteristics of urban centres in Rwanda.
(c) Explain five factors that have favoured urbanisation in Rwanda.
6. Giving examples, discuss the functions of four major urban centres in Rwanda.
7. (a) Evaluate three positive and three negative effects of urban settlements in Rwanda.
(b) Provide solutions to the negative effects that you have listed in (a) above.
8. (a) Giving examples, investigate the causes of the development of slums in the urban centres
of Rwanda.
(b) Analyse the problems associated with slum areas in Rwanda.
(c) Suggest solutions to the problems highlighted in (b) above.

Unit 10 Rural and urban settlement.pptx

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Unit 10 Rural and urban settlement.pptx

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