Rwanda's power sector is dominated by hydropower, which accounts for over 90% of the country's electricity generation. The country also has a small thermal power plant and a number of solar and mini-hydropower plant. On the other hand, Rwanda's energy sector is also dominated by biomass, which accounts for over 80% of the country's energy consumption. The country also uses some electricity, imported petroleum products and solar energy. Rwanda's power and energy sector is still under development, but it is making significant progress. The government is committed to improving the sector, and it is playing an increasingly important role in the country's economic development.
Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity. It has been used for centuries to power mills and factories. Modern hydropower plants first emerged in the late 19th century and have since become a major source of renewable energy worldwide. Hydropower is classified based on factors like plant size and head. Key components include dams, reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, generators, and transformers. While hydropower has significant advantages as a clean energy source, new plants also face environmental challenges and changing water availability due to climate change. Many regions still have potential to expand sustainable hydropower development in the future.
Learn what hard water is, where it comes from, and why it's costing you money. Sodium based ion exchange water softeners have taken a bum rap in recent years. This presentation will set the record straight with information from several reports detailing the energy, detergent, and appliance saving power of water softeners.
This document discusses heating and cooling load calculations for buildings. It covers calculating heating loads by estimating transmission heat losses through walls, infiltration, and ducts. Cooling load calculations are more complex as they consider time-varying conditions like solar radiation. Methods like CLTD and SHGC are used to account for time lags in roofs/walls and solar heat gains through windows. Internal loads from people, lights, and equipment must also be included to determine required cooling capacities. The assumptions behind design cooling loads consider maximum outdoor conditions, full occupancy, and all equipment operating.
It includes the introduction to energy , different form of energy, energy sources, current Indian Electricity scenario , Renewable energy potentials in India
Principle
OTEC
methods (open cycle & close cycle) energy from tides
components of tidal power plants
Operation
methods of utilization of tidal energy
Storage
ocean waves
wave energy conversion devices
The document provides information on different types of hydro power plants. It discusses the basic components and working of hydro power plants, including dams, reservoirs, penstocks and turbines. It also classifies hydro power plants by size (mini, micro, pico) and by facility type (run-of-river, storage, pumped storage, in-stream). Measurement of head and flow is important for determining a site's hydro power potential.
This document discusses different types of biomass resources and technologies for converting biomass into energy. It covers three categories of biomass: direct combustion of solid biomass, conversion to liquid fuels like ethanol and methanol, and production of biogas through anaerobic digestion. The technologies of gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction, anaerobic digestion and fermentation for biomass conversion are described. Family-sized biogas plants, including the KVIC and fixed dome models, are also summarized.
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth.It is most important that the water which people drink and use for other purposes is clean water. This means that the water must be free of germs and chemicals and be clear (not cloudy).
Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity. It has been used for centuries to power mills and factories. Modern hydropower plants first emerged in the late 19th century and have since become a major source of renewable energy worldwide. Hydropower is classified based on factors like plant size and head. Key components include dams, reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, generators, and transformers. While hydropower has significant advantages as a clean energy source, new plants also face environmental challenges and changing water availability due to climate change. Many regions still have potential to expand sustainable hydropower development in the future.
Learn what hard water is, where it comes from, and why it's costing you money. Sodium based ion exchange water softeners have taken a bum rap in recent years. This presentation will set the record straight with information from several reports detailing the energy, detergent, and appliance saving power of water softeners.
This document discusses heating and cooling load calculations for buildings. It covers calculating heating loads by estimating transmission heat losses through walls, infiltration, and ducts. Cooling load calculations are more complex as they consider time-varying conditions like solar radiation. Methods like CLTD and SHGC are used to account for time lags in roofs/walls and solar heat gains through windows. Internal loads from people, lights, and equipment must also be included to determine required cooling capacities. The assumptions behind design cooling loads consider maximum outdoor conditions, full occupancy, and all equipment operating.
It includes the introduction to energy , different form of energy, energy sources, current Indian Electricity scenario , Renewable energy potentials in India
Principle
OTEC
methods (open cycle & close cycle) energy from tides
components of tidal power plants
Operation
methods of utilization of tidal energy
Storage
ocean waves
wave energy conversion devices
The document provides information on different types of hydro power plants. It discusses the basic components and working of hydro power plants, including dams, reservoirs, penstocks and turbines. It also classifies hydro power plants by size (mini, micro, pico) and by facility type (run-of-river, storage, pumped storage, in-stream). Measurement of head and flow is important for determining a site's hydro power potential.
This document discusses different types of biomass resources and technologies for converting biomass into energy. It covers three categories of biomass: direct combustion of solid biomass, conversion to liquid fuels like ethanol and methanol, and production of biogas through anaerobic digestion. The technologies of gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction, anaerobic digestion and fermentation for biomass conversion are described. Family-sized biogas plants, including the KVIC and fixed dome models, are also summarized.
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth.It is most important that the water which people drink and use for other purposes is clean water. This means that the water must be free of germs and chemicals and be clear (not cloudy).
This document provides information on hydropower, including how it works, its renewable nature, types of hydropower plants, plant components, and turbines. Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water to generate electricity. Dams impound water to form reservoirs that provide potential energy, then water flows through turbines connected to generators to produce emissions-free renewable electricity. Hydropower plant components include reservoirs, dams, inlet waterways, penstocks or tunnels, powerhouses containing turbines and generators, and spillways. Common turbine types are impulse (Pelton) for high head applications and reaction (Francis and Kaplan) for lower head situations.
This document provides an overview of geothermal energy. It begins by defining geothermal energy as heat from within the Earth, generated from radioactive decay deep underground. This heat can be captured using hydrothermal reservoirs or enhanced geothermal systems. Geothermal energy is then harnessed by tapping into naturally occurring hydrothermal systems, where hot water rises to the surface and its steam is used to generate electricity. Direct uses of geothermal heat include heating buildings and greenhouses. The document discusses advantages such as being renewable and pollution-free, and disadvantages including high initial costs. It concludes by discussing the future potential of geothermal energy.
The document summarizes pumped storage power plants, which use excess electricity at night to pump water to a higher reservoir, then release the water through turbines to generate electricity during periods of high demand. Key points include: pumped storage plants store energy by pumping water to an upper reservoir using cheap off-peak power, then releasing the water to generate peak power; they provide flexibility to power grids and improve the efficiency of thermal and nuclear base load generation; major examples from around the world include the 1,872 MW Ludington plant in the US and the 360 MW Ffestiniog plant in the UK.
The document discusses hydroelectric power plants. It describes how hydroelectric power is generated using the potential energy of water. It then classifies hydroelectric plants based on factors like storage characteristics, head, capacity, and nature of the project. The major components of hydroelectric plants are also outlined, including dams, reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, and powerhouses. Advantages include being renewable and having low operation costs, while disadvantages include high initial costs and reduced power in droughts.
This document provides information on small hydro power plants, including their essential elements and working. It discusses that small hydro power plants can utilize small rivers and streams with little environmental impact. The key elements are a catchment area, reservoir, dam, turbines, draft tubes, power house, and safety devices. It explains that water is stored in the reservoir and flows through penstocks to drive the turbines and generate electricity in the power house. Some advantages are low costs and emissions while disadvantages include high initial costs and dependence on water availability.
Geothermal energy harnesses heat from the Earth's core that continuously flows outward. Sometimes it reaches the surface as lava, but usually remains below ground, heating rock. When water is heated, it can become trapped in permeable rock underground, forming geothermal reservoirs. There are four main types of geothermal power plants - flash, dry steam, binary, and combined flash/binary - that generate electricity via steam turbines from these underground reservoirs of hot water and steam. Geothermal energy is also used for direct heating purposes and heating/cooling buildings using geothermal heat pumps.
This presentation summarizes key aspects of hydroelectric power plants. It introduces hydroelectricity as a renewable energy source that converts the kinetic energy of flowing water into electricity. It then discusses applications of hydroelectric power, providing examples of how hydroelectric plants can supply base load and peak load power. The document proceeds to describe the Kaptai hydroelectric power plant in Bangladesh as a case study, detailing its dam, reservoir, and power generation capacity. It concludes by outlining the essential components and schematic arrangement of typical hydroelectric power stations.
Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. It originates from the Earth's formation and radioactive decay. Geothermal power stations use this heat to boil water/fluid which spins turbines to generate electricity. There are three main technologies: dry steam plants directly use geothermal steam; flash steam plants separate steam from hot water; binary cycle plants use a secondary fluid to extract energy from lower temperature resources. Geothermal energy has benefits of being renewable with low emissions, but also risks from toxic fluids and potential earthquakes during extraction.
This document discusses different forms of energy and energy conversions. It defines key terms like chemical energy, electrical current, fossil fuels, global warming, gravitational potential energy, hydroelectricity, kinetic energy, light, nuclear energy, renewable and nonrenewable resources, sound, and thermal energy. Energy can exist in many forms and can be converted between forms, though it cannot be created or destroyed. Common energy conversions include burning fossil fuels to release chemical energy, water or wind power generating electrical current, and nuclear fission or fusion reactions.
Hydroelectric power plants generate electricity using the kinetic energy of flowing water. Water is channeled through turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. Key components include a dam/reservoir, intake, penstocks, turbines, generator, and tailrace. Hydro is a renewable source of energy but development can impact the environment and local populations. It has low operating costs but high initial infrastructure costs. Output depends on water flow/head which can vary seasonally.
1. Diversion headworks are structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the water level in the river and regulate the water supply to the canal.
2. The key components of diversion headworks include weirs or barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, approach channels, undersluices, silt excluders, and river training works. Common types of weirs are masonry weirs, rockfill weirs, and concrete weirs.
3. Weirs are designed to withstand seepage and subsurface flow, which can cause failures through piping, uplift pressure, or scouring. Design theories like Bligh's creep theory and Khos
Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality caused by any process that increases water temperature. Many industries release hot effluents directly into water sources from high-temperature furnaces and boilers used in manufacturing. This document discusses several sources of thermal pollution, including nuclear power plants, coal-fired power plants, domestic sewage, industrial effluents, hydroelectric power plants, and deforestation, and explains how each contributes to increased water temperatures and decreased dissolved oxygen levels, damaging marine life.
• Hydroelectric power (often called hydropower) is considered a renewable energy source. A renewable energy source is one that is not depleted (used up) in the production of energy. Through hydropower, the energy in falling water is converted into electricity without “using up” the water. Hydroelectric power (hydropower) systems convert the kinetic energy in flowing water into electric energy.
Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass. Solar energy can be used to generate electricity through solar power plants and photovoltaic cells, or to provide heating. Wind energy is captured through wind turbines. Hydro energy uses flowing water to generate electricity. Geothermal energy harnesses the earth's internal heat. Biomass energy utilizes organic matter as fuel. While renewable sources have environmental benefits over fossil fuels, they also have limitations such as intermittency or requiring large land areas. The development of a hydrogen economy could potentially establish a renewable energy system with low emissions.
The document discusses hydropower/hydroelectricity and how it is a renewable source of energy generated from moving water. It explains that dams are built to capture potential energy from flowing water in reservoirs, which is then converted to kinetic energy as it flows through turbines that power generators to produce electricity. The process, components of hydroelectric power plants, and advantages like being renewable and reliable are described, along with disadvantages such as high construction costs and environmental impacts.
Basic layout, elements, advantages, disadvantages of hydro electric power plant, multi purpose hydro project, types of hydro electric power plant, types of turbine
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower. Hydropower is generated when water behind a dam passes through turbines, producing electricity. The key advantages are that hydropower produces no pollutants, saves natural resources like coal, and provides a predictable renewable energy source. However, disadvantages include disrupting habitats by flooding areas, requiring high installation costs to build dams and turbines, potentially killing fish, and only being viable in areas with significant rainfall and water reservoirs.
This document provides an overview of the field of hydrology. It defines hydrology as the study of the occurrence, circulation, distribution, and properties of water on Earth. The document then discusses the history of hydrology, highlighting early civilizations that developed irrigation systems, and scientists throughout history who contributed to understanding of hydrologic processes. It also outlines the main branches and applications of hydrology, and provides details on key hydrologic concepts like the water cycle, watersheds, and global patterns of water distribution and availability.
This document provides an overview of renewable resources and discusses various renewable energy sources in India. It defines renewable resources as substances that can be naturally replenished and discusses renewable sources like solar, wind, tidal, and biomass energy. It notes that renewable sources hold great potential but are currently underutilized in India. The document advocates increasing reliance on renewable sources and decreasing dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels to address energy demands in a sustainable way.
Understanding Renewable Energy in KenyaGrace Mwaura
Presentation at the annual fundraising dinner of the Rotaract of Milimani in Nairobi. Proceeds from this dinner will go towards installing a biogas plant at a Childrens Home in one of the Nairobi slums. Totally humbled by the commitment of these young professionals,and sharing with them my insights tonight!
This document provides information on hydropower, including how it works, its renewable nature, types of hydropower plants, plant components, and turbines. Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water to generate electricity. Dams impound water to form reservoirs that provide potential energy, then water flows through turbines connected to generators to produce emissions-free renewable electricity. Hydropower plant components include reservoirs, dams, inlet waterways, penstocks or tunnels, powerhouses containing turbines and generators, and spillways. Common turbine types are impulse (Pelton) for high head applications and reaction (Francis and Kaplan) for lower head situations.
This document provides an overview of geothermal energy. It begins by defining geothermal energy as heat from within the Earth, generated from radioactive decay deep underground. This heat can be captured using hydrothermal reservoirs or enhanced geothermal systems. Geothermal energy is then harnessed by tapping into naturally occurring hydrothermal systems, where hot water rises to the surface and its steam is used to generate electricity. Direct uses of geothermal heat include heating buildings and greenhouses. The document discusses advantages such as being renewable and pollution-free, and disadvantages including high initial costs. It concludes by discussing the future potential of geothermal energy.
The document summarizes pumped storage power plants, which use excess electricity at night to pump water to a higher reservoir, then release the water through turbines to generate electricity during periods of high demand. Key points include: pumped storage plants store energy by pumping water to an upper reservoir using cheap off-peak power, then releasing the water to generate peak power; they provide flexibility to power grids and improve the efficiency of thermal and nuclear base load generation; major examples from around the world include the 1,872 MW Ludington plant in the US and the 360 MW Ffestiniog plant in the UK.
The document discusses hydroelectric power plants. It describes how hydroelectric power is generated using the potential energy of water. It then classifies hydroelectric plants based on factors like storage characteristics, head, capacity, and nature of the project. The major components of hydroelectric plants are also outlined, including dams, reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, and powerhouses. Advantages include being renewable and having low operation costs, while disadvantages include high initial costs and reduced power in droughts.
This document provides information on small hydro power plants, including their essential elements and working. It discusses that small hydro power plants can utilize small rivers and streams with little environmental impact. The key elements are a catchment area, reservoir, dam, turbines, draft tubes, power house, and safety devices. It explains that water is stored in the reservoir and flows through penstocks to drive the turbines and generate electricity in the power house. Some advantages are low costs and emissions while disadvantages include high initial costs and dependence on water availability.
Geothermal energy harnesses heat from the Earth's core that continuously flows outward. Sometimes it reaches the surface as lava, but usually remains below ground, heating rock. When water is heated, it can become trapped in permeable rock underground, forming geothermal reservoirs. There are four main types of geothermal power plants - flash, dry steam, binary, and combined flash/binary - that generate electricity via steam turbines from these underground reservoirs of hot water and steam. Geothermal energy is also used for direct heating purposes and heating/cooling buildings using geothermal heat pumps.
This presentation summarizes key aspects of hydroelectric power plants. It introduces hydroelectricity as a renewable energy source that converts the kinetic energy of flowing water into electricity. It then discusses applications of hydroelectric power, providing examples of how hydroelectric plants can supply base load and peak load power. The document proceeds to describe the Kaptai hydroelectric power plant in Bangladesh as a case study, detailing its dam, reservoir, and power generation capacity. It concludes by outlining the essential components and schematic arrangement of typical hydroelectric power stations.
Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. It originates from the Earth's formation and radioactive decay. Geothermal power stations use this heat to boil water/fluid which spins turbines to generate electricity. There are three main technologies: dry steam plants directly use geothermal steam; flash steam plants separate steam from hot water; binary cycle plants use a secondary fluid to extract energy from lower temperature resources. Geothermal energy has benefits of being renewable with low emissions, but also risks from toxic fluids and potential earthquakes during extraction.
This document discusses different forms of energy and energy conversions. It defines key terms like chemical energy, electrical current, fossil fuels, global warming, gravitational potential energy, hydroelectricity, kinetic energy, light, nuclear energy, renewable and nonrenewable resources, sound, and thermal energy. Energy can exist in many forms and can be converted between forms, though it cannot be created or destroyed. Common energy conversions include burning fossil fuels to release chemical energy, water or wind power generating electrical current, and nuclear fission or fusion reactions.
Hydroelectric power plants generate electricity using the kinetic energy of flowing water. Water is channeled through turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. Key components include a dam/reservoir, intake, penstocks, turbines, generator, and tailrace. Hydro is a renewable source of energy but development can impact the environment and local populations. It has low operating costs but high initial infrastructure costs. Output depends on water flow/head which can vary seasonally.
1. Diversion headworks are structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the water level in the river and regulate the water supply to the canal.
2. The key components of diversion headworks include weirs or barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, approach channels, undersluices, silt excluders, and river training works. Common types of weirs are masonry weirs, rockfill weirs, and concrete weirs.
3. Weirs are designed to withstand seepage and subsurface flow, which can cause failures through piping, uplift pressure, or scouring. Design theories like Bligh's creep theory and Khos
Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality caused by any process that increases water temperature. Many industries release hot effluents directly into water sources from high-temperature furnaces and boilers used in manufacturing. This document discusses several sources of thermal pollution, including nuclear power plants, coal-fired power plants, domestic sewage, industrial effluents, hydroelectric power plants, and deforestation, and explains how each contributes to increased water temperatures and decreased dissolved oxygen levels, damaging marine life.
• Hydroelectric power (often called hydropower) is considered a renewable energy source. A renewable energy source is one that is not depleted (used up) in the production of energy. Through hydropower, the energy in falling water is converted into electricity without “using up” the water. Hydroelectric power (hydropower) systems convert the kinetic energy in flowing water into electric energy.
Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass. Solar energy can be used to generate electricity through solar power plants and photovoltaic cells, or to provide heating. Wind energy is captured through wind turbines. Hydro energy uses flowing water to generate electricity. Geothermal energy harnesses the earth's internal heat. Biomass energy utilizes organic matter as fuel. While renewable sources have environmental benefits over fossil fuels, they also have limitations such as intermittency or requiring large land areas. The development of a hydrogen economy could potentially establish a renewable energy system with low emissions.
The document discusses hydropower/hydroelectricity and how it is a renewable source of energy generated from moving water. It explains that dams are built to capture potential energy from flowing water in reservoirs, which is then converted to kinetic energy as it flows through turbines that power generators to produce electricity. The process, components of hydroelectric power plants, and advantages like being renewable and reliable are described, along with disadvantages such as high construction costs and environmental impacts.
Basic layout, elements, advantages, disadvantages of hydro electric power plant, multi purpose hydro project, types of hydro electric power plant, types of turbine
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower. Hydropower is generated when water behind a dam passes through turbines, producing electricity. The key advantages are that hydropower produces no pollutants, saves natural resources like coal, and provides a predictable renewable energy source. However, disadvantages include disrupting habitats by flooding areas, requiring high installation costs to build dams and turbines, potentially killing fish, and only being viable in areas with significant rainfall and water reservoirs.
This document provides an overview of the field of hydrology. It defines hydrology as the study of the occurrence, circulation, distribution, and properties of water on Earth. The document then discusses the history of hydrology, highlighting early civilizations that developed irrigation systems, and scientists throughout history who contributed to understanding of hydrologic processes. It also outlines the main branches and applications of hydrology, and provides details on key hydrologic concepts like the water cycle, watersheds, and global patterns of water distribution and availability.
This document provides an overview of renewable resources and discusses various renewable energy sources in India. It defines renewable resources as substances that can be naturally replenished and discusses renewable sources like solar, wind, tidal, and biomass energy. It notes that renewable sources hold great potential but are currently underutilized in India. The document advocates increasing reliance on renewable sources and decreasing dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels to address energy demands in a sustainable way.
Understanding Renewable Energy in KenyaGrace Mwaura
Presentation at the annual fundraising dinner of the Rotaract of Milimani in Nairobi. Proceeds from this dinner will go towards installing a biogas plant at a Childrens Home in one of the Nairobi slums. Totally humbled by the commitment of these young professionals,and sharing with them my insights tonight!
Energy_Renewable and Non Renewable Energy NoteBapi Mondal
In this file i will discuss about the basic term of Energy and also Highlight the major energy crisis reason in Bangladesh. Please read the whole paper.
The document discusses renewable energy sources as alternatives to non-renewable energy sources that damage the environment. It summarizes various renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, and fuel cells. India has potential to harness energy from these sources to meet its growing energy needs in a sustainable manner. However, it currently utilizes renewable sources like solar and wind at a very low capacity compared to its potential. More research and efforts are needed to promote the increased use of renewable energy.
Energy conservation is important for several reasons. Non-renewable energy sources like fossil fuels are limited, while demands keep increasing. Conserving energy helps save money and reduce pollution. Some ways to conserve energy include recycling, turning off electronic devices when not in use, replacing old light bulbs with energy efficient ones, and not keeping lights on unnecessarily at home or in public places. In India, a large portion of energy comes from non-renewable sources like coal and oil, and the country imports a significant amount of its total energy consumption. Increased energy conservation will help address issues from domestic coal shortages and rising energy import dependence.
The document discusses various sources of energy used in daily life and for electricity generation. It provides examples of energy required for common daily activities like brushing teeth, bathing, and cooking. Both renewable and non-renewable sources are explained, along with their usage in India. Students are divided into groups and assigned tasks to submit reports and working models on different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro power relevant to the state of Gujarat. The document emphasizes the importance of adopting the 3R approach (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to conserve the planet.
The document discusses different types of energy sources, including renewable and non-renewable resources. It addresses issues like increasing energy usage due to population growth and economic development. Non-renewable fossil fuels are finite and cause pollution problems like acid rain and global warming. Solutions proposed include more efficient energy usage, renewable resources, and international agreements to reduce emissions.
Module 1 Introduction to Energy Sources.pptxJaya Singh
This document provides an overview of a lecture on renewable energy sources. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The lecture is given by Prof. Jaya Goyal and covers Module 1 on introduction to energy sources, including renewable energy sources. The module content includes topics like solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, and other alternate energy sources in India. The course aims to study the working principles of various renewable energy sources and methods to harness energy from renewable sources.
The document summarizes the key points from Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy's presentation on sustainable energy utilization at SANGAM 2008 in Bangalore. It discusses India's current energy usage patterns and reliance on biomass in rural areas. It also outlines the potential for renewable sources like solar and wind in India given the country's suitable resources and growing energy demand. Specific strategies are proposed for non-governmental organizations to promote renewable energy adoption through community-level assessments, training, and demonstration projects.
India relies heavily on conventional energy sources and needs to develop non-conventional energy sources to meet growing demand. Non-conventional energy sources include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, and biomass energy. These sources have advantages like being renewable, pollution-free and able to power remote areas, but also have disadvantages like high initial costs and intermittent availability. Developing non-conventional energy is necessary to secure India's long-term energy supply as fossil fuel prices rise and reserves are depleted. The potential for non-conventional energy in India is estimated to be around 95,000 MW.
The document discusses various energy resources and their use in India. It covers renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass as well as non-renewable resources like coal, oil and gas. India's energy needs are growing rapidly with development, and it relies heavily on non-renewable sources that import. There is a need to shift towards more renewable resources and implement new technologies to sustainably meet India's energy demands.
This document presents information on Earth Hour and renewable energy sources as alternatives to fossil fuels to mitigate climate change. It summarizes that in 2012, over 400 cities and 50 million people participated in Earth Hour where major landmarks turned off their lights for an hour. It then discusses various renewable energy sources like solar, wind, tidal, hydroelectric, and geothermal that provide clean alternatives to non-renewable sources. The document advocates that increasing the use of renewable energy and implementing energy conservation measures can help reduce carbon emissions and address global warming.
The document discusses various renewable energy resources that can provide sustained growth including solar, wind, biomass, hydro, and tidal energy. It notes that fossil fuels are finite and cause pollution, while renewable resources are abundant in India. The government has implemented strategies to promote use of renewables such as solar water heaters and wind farms through various policies and initiatives.
This document discusses the importance of energy conservation. It makes three key points:
1) Energy conservation reduces energy usage and can lead to increased environmental quality, savings, and energy security.
2) Methods of conserving energy include improving efficiency, eliminating waste, and adopting new technologies.
3) Conserving energy is important for both developing and developed countries as it reduces costs and reliance on imported fuels.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. It is broadly divided into renewable and non-renewable categories. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydro can be replenished, while non-renewable sources like coal, oil and natural gas will eventually be depleted. Conservation of energy is important as the demand for energy is increasing while resources are limited. Individuals and governments can promote conservation through practices like improving efficiency, reducing consumption, and developing sustainable energy sources.
Growing Renewable Energy in the Future of India: Opportunities over Challengesijsrd.com
As the demand is going to increase the generations have to be increased. So as the time is going to pass the conventional energy sources are going to be decreased and it might happen that after some years these sources are going to be exhausted. The best alternative of conventional energy sources are the non-conventional energy sources, which are never going to become exhausted because they are the natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The challenges required for the conventional energy for increasing population demand with the use of renewable energy the future of India get good opportunities to full fill it. Among the various non-conventional energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, Hydro energy, tidal energy, wave energy, Ocean Thermal energy, geothermal energy, Biomass energy, fuel cell energy, Hydrogen etc. are never going to become exhausted because they are natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The sharp increase in energy consumption particularly in the past several decades has raised fears of exhausting the globe's reserves of fossil fuels in the near future. Approximately, 90% of our energy consumption comes from fossil fuels. Energy and development are inter-related. Energy sector is the backbone of any country's growth and economy. India is one of the largest growing economies in the world and today not just India, but the whole world is looking for alternate sources of energy like wind, solar, hydro, biomass, biofuel etc. known as renewable energy sources for Sustainable energy development.
The document discusses the need to shift to alternative energy sources as fossil fuels are rapidly depleting. It summarizes that coal reserves will last 200 years, oil 20-30 years, and natural gas 40-70 years. Various alternative energy sources are mentioned that could be developed, including solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, tidal, biomass, and synthetic fuels. India has potential to develop hydro, wind, and solar power further to meet energy demands.
Energy Resources. ( B. Pharmacy, 1st Year, Sem-II) Natural ResourcesShubhangi Sonawane
In Bachelor of Pharmacy course, Class- 1st year, sem-II Subject EVS having topic of Energy Resources under the point Natural Resources. Following Presentation contain total information about the energy resources like Introduction of energy resources, Non-renewable, Renewable Energy resources with examples as well as deep explanations of coal, oil, petroleum, solar energy , wind energy , Conservation of Natural resources etc. Students having deep knowledge about energy resources after studying this presentation.
Biomass is a renewable source of energy derived from organic matter, such as wood and agricultural waste, through photosynthesis. It is the most widely used and oldest renewable energy source. In Lithuania, biomass accounts for the largest share of renewable energy consumption, primarily in the form of firewood and agricultural waste used as fuel. Solar energy is another major renewable source that has the potential to meet global energy needs many times over but current technologies have not enabled its effective use beyond a small fraction of worldwide electricity production. Wind power is a renewable alternative that is increasingly used through wind turbines to generate electricity without pollution.
Use of renewable engergy resource in bangladeshZoni Chakma
The document discusses the use of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh. It outlines the major renewable energy sources in the country including solar, wind, biomass, biogas, hydro, geothermal, and tidal/wave. Solar energy has the most potential due to Bangladesh's location and climate. The document provides statistics on installed capacity and potential of various renewable technologies. While renewables have advantages like being sustainable, there are also challenges like higher upfront costs and intermittency. The conclusion states that renewables can help increase GDP and help overcome Bangladesh's power crisis if developed further.
Similar to Unit 15 Power and Energy in Rwanda.pptx (20)
Transport: Rwanda has a well-developed road network, with over 12,000 kilometers of paved roads. Rwanda has two international airports, Kigali International Airport and Kamembe International Airport.
Communication: Rwanda has a modern telecommunications system, with over 80% mobile phone penetration. The country also has a fiber optic network, which provides high-speed internet access.
Trade: Rwanda is a member of the East African Community (EAC), which allows for free trade between member countries. The country also has trade agreements with other countries, including the United States, China and the European Union.
Rwanda's transport, communication and trade systems are essential for the country's economic development. They provide the infrastructure that businesses need to operate and grow, and they help to connect Rwanda to the global economy.
Agriculture refers to the growing of crops and rearing of animals for either subsistence or for commercial purposes.
Agriculture in Rwanda is divided into two main parts.
Crop cultivation (crop husbandry
Livestock farming (animal husbandry
Rural and urban settlement in Rwanda is discussed. There are four main types of rural settlements: clustered, dispersed, linear, and planned. Planned rural settlements (imidugudu) were established by the government to improve living standards. However, they also have disadvantages like improper waste disposal and lack of space. Urban centers have characteristics like higher population, employment, and infrastructure but also issues like traffic, high costs, and slum settlements. The document provides details on rural and urban settlements in Rwanda.
The vegetation is a set of plants that cover the earth’s surface.
Types of vegetation of Rwanda
There are two main types of vegetation:
Natural vegetation and
Artificial vegetation.
Drainage refers to the distribution of water on the surface of the Earth. Surface water in Rwanda is distributed in rivers, lakes and wetlands such as swamps.
Drainage systems are patterns formed by the streams, rivers and lakes in a particular drainage basin
Drainage basin is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
River system: A river and its tributaries
Water shed: an imaginary lines separating drainage basins
River reversal refers to the change of a river’s direction of flow due to an obstacle
The major lakes and their mode of formation
Climate refers to the average weather conditions of an area measured and recorded for a long period of time, usually over 35 years.
Rwanda is said to have temperate of highland climate. For this climate, the annual mean temperature is around 20⁰c and average annual total of rainfall for all the country is 1200 mm.
Factors that influence the climate of Rwanda
Describe the relationship between climate and human activities in Rwanda
Rwanda is a few miles away from the equator, yet her climate is not truly equatorial. Why?
Population is the total number of people living in a given area (country, province, continent, etc.) at a specified period of time.
Population distribution refers to the spread of people in an area where they live over a period of time.
Population density: It is the population per unit of area expressed in inhabitants per square kilometer of land area.
Population density of an area can be:
Low: with 1-10 inhabitant/km²,
Moderate: with 10-50 inhabitant/km² and
High: with more than 50 inhabitant/km².
Factors of population distribution in Rwanda
Identify the different types of minerals and rocks in Rwanda
Locate the major minerals and rocks in Rwanda
Recall the economic importance of rocks and minerals.
1. Fieldwork involves learning activities conducted outside the classroom to gather new information. Various methods are used to collect primary and secondary data, including observation, questionnaires, interviews, records analysis, sampling, and measurement.
2. The key steps in fieldwork include pre-field preparation, pilot study, data collection, and follow-up. Data collection methods have advantages and disadvantages that researchers must consider for their specific studies.
3. Presenting findings involves organizing, analyzing, and communicating the data through written reports, displays, presentations and other methods. Careful planning is needed to address challenges that may arise during fieldwork.
By the end of this unit, a learner should be able to:
State the different types of soil in Rwanda
Identify the causes and effects of soil erosion in Rwanda
Identify the importance of soils in Rwanda.
Identify different components of the universe.
Describe the Earth and the solar system.
State the Earth’s movements and their consequences.
Show the relationship between longitude and time.
Define latitude and longitude
The document discusses elements of maps, including:
1. Maps contain specific elements like a title, key, compass, and scale to help readers understand the information represented.
2. Contours are lines on maps that connect points of equal elevation and show the shape and steepness of landscapes.
3. Relief on maps can be shown through methods like layer tinting, contours, spot heights, and hachures that represent elevation changes through color shading and line spacing.
This document defines key concepts related to landforms and relief features. It discusses different types of slopes like concave, convex, gentle and steep slopes. It also defines concepts like altitude, contours, and different types of continental relief features such as mountains, hills, plateaus, ridges and valleys. Marine relief features of the ocean floor are also explained, including continental shelves, slopes, rises, trenches and abyssal plains. Examples are given for many relief features. The document concludes by discussing the relationship between different relief features and human activities.
The document defines soil and outlines the key processes involved in soil formation, including weathering, leaching, eluviation, and illuviation. It also discusses the major components that make up soil, such as minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Additionally, the document examines important soil properties like texture, structure, color, depth, density, permeability, consistency, pH levels, and nutrient status. Soil profiles, catenas, and the major types of soils are also defined. The roles soils play in supporting agriculture, construction, and other human activities are highlighted.
This document provides an overview of rocks, including their definition, types, characteristics, and importance. It discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to pre-existing rocks through heat and pressure. The document also outlines key characteristics and formation processes for each rock type, and describes their economic and other importance, as well as some disadvantages.
The document provides an introduction to geography, defining it as the study of the Earth and its features. It discusses the origin of the word geography from Greek roots meaning "Earth" and "to write." The Greek philosopher Eratosthenes published the first book about the Earth and is considered the father of geography. The document also outlines key branches of geography like physical, human/economic geography and practical geography. It provides definitions and examples of the tools and techniques used by geographers to study and describe the Earth's surface.
The document describes the structure of the Earth, including its external and internal components. Externally, the Earth is made up of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Internally, it consists of the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's volume and is divided into upper and lower sections. The innermost layer is the core, with a solid inner core and liquid outer core.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. OBJECTIVES
By the end of this unit, you should be
able to:
1. Recall the forms of energy used in
Rwanda and the difference between
renewable and non renewable
energy.
2. State factors favouring power
production in Rwanda.
3. Give the importance of power and
energy in Rwanda.
4. Identify the factors that hinder the
potential exploitation of rivers in
Rwanda in production of power and
energy
3. "Have you ever wondered how we get the energy we use to light our homes,
run our appliances, and power our cars?
Energy is all around us, but have you ever stopped to consider where it
comes from?
Today, we will be exploring the major sources and forms of energy used in
Rwanda, both renewable and non-renewable, and the factors that favour
power production in the country.
As we go through this lesson, think about how energy impacts our lives, and
how we can use this knowledge to create a more sustainable future for
Rwanda and the world.
4. INTRODUCTI
ON
Energy is power derived from the utilization
of physical or chemical resources,
especially to provide light and heat or to
work machines.
Rwanda has made significant progress in
the power and energy sector in recent
years. The government has set ambitious
targets to achieve universal access to
electricity by 2024 and to increase the
share of renewable energy in the country's
energy mix.
Rwanda's total installed capacity for
electricity generation is currently about 286
MW, with most of the electricity coming
from hydropower (about 200 MW) and
thermal power (about 86 MW).
5. 1. What is the definition of
energy?
A. The ability to do work
B. The ability to provide light and
heat
C. Power derived from physical
resources
D. Power derived from chemical
resources
2. What are Rwanda's targets for
the power and energy sector?
A. Achieving universal access to
electricity by 2024
B. Increasing the share of non-
renewable energy in the
country's energy mix
C. Decreasing the share of
renewable energy in the
country's energy mix
D. Increasing the country's total
installed capacity for electricity
generation to 500 MW
3. What is Rwanda's current total
installed capacity for electricity
generation?
A. 200 MW
B. 286 MW
C. 500 MW
D. 86 MW
4. Which sources of power are
currently used the most to
generate electricity in Rwanda?
A. Solar and wind power
B. Hydropower and thermal power
C. Nuclear power and geothermal
power
D. Biomass and tidal power
5. What is the main source of
electricity in Rwanda?
A. Thermal power
B. Biomass
C. Solar power
D. Hydropower
7. Why is it important for Rwanda
to increase the share of
renewable energy in its energy
mix?
A. Renewable energy is cheaper
than non-renewable energy
B. Renewable energy sources are
more abundant in Rwanda
C. Non-renewable energy sources
will eventually run out
D. Renewable energy sources are
less reliable than non-
renewable energy sources
7. MAJOR SOURCES OF ENERGY USED IN
RWANDA
There are two major types of sources of energy:
Renewable sources of energy: they are sources
which cannot be exhausted when they are
exploited. Examples:
• Hydroelectricity,
• Solar energy,
• Geothermal energy,
• Biofuel, etc.
Non –renewable sources of energy: they are
exhaustible sources; they cannot be replaced
when exhausted. Examples:
• Coal,
• Natural gas,
• Oil,
• Firewood
Firewood Coal
Solar energy
8. 1. Which of the following is
a renewable source of
energy?
A. Coal
B. Solar energy
C. Oil
D. Natural gas
2. What type of energy
source is coal?
A. Renewable
B. Non-renewable
C. Both renewable and
non-renewable
D. None of the above
3. Which of the following is
an example of a non-
renewable source of
energy?
A. Hydroelectricity
B. Geothermal energy
C. Firewood
D. Natural gas
4. Which of the following
cannot be replaced when
exhausted?
A. Hydroelectricity
B. Natural gas
C. Geothermal energy
D. Solar energy
5. Which of the following is
a type of biofuel?
A. Coal
B. Natural gas
C. Firewood
D. None of the above
6. Which of the following is
not a renewable source of
energy?
A. Solar energy
B. Biofuel
C. Geothermal energy
D. Oil
Exercises
9. FIREWOOD AND CHARCOAL
Firewood is a primary source of energy for
cooking and heating in Rwanda, particularly in
rural areas where access to other sources of
energy such as electricity and gas is limited. In
fact, according to the Rwanda Energy Group
(REG), approximately 82% of Rwanda's
population uses firewood as their primary source
of cooking energy.
1. The REG estimates that approximately 82%
of the country's total wood consumption is
used for energy purposes, and this has
contributed to a decline in forest cover and
biodiversity loss.
2. In recent years, the government of Rwanda
has implemented several initiatives aimed at
promoting the use of alternative sources of
energy such as biogas and solar energy, in
order to reduce the reliance on firewood and
promote sustainable energy use.
10. What percentage of Rwanda's population uses firewood as their primary source of cooking energy?
A. 10%
B. 50%
C. 82%
D. 100%
What are some of the environmental implications of Rwanda's high reliance on firewood for energy?
A. Increased biodiversity and forest cover
B. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
C. Deforestation and environmental degradation
D. Improved air quality
What initiatives has the government of Rwanda implemented to reduce the reliance on firewood for energy?
A. Promotion of biogas and solar energy
B. Establishment of coal power plants
C. Increased deforestation for energy purposes
D. None of the above
Exercises
11. SOLAR ENERGY
Rwanda has made significant progress in the
adoption of solar energy in recent years,
particularly in rural areas where access to
electricity is limited. According to the Rwanda
Energy Group (REG), approximately 10% of
Rwanda's population had access to electricity in
2019, and this figure was higher in urban areas
(44%) than in rural areas (3%).
Advantages of Using Solar energy
• It is generated by sun’s rays that reach the
solar boards which convert them in electricity.
• It is the renewable, cheap and clean power
without pollution.
• It is relatively simple to operate and maintain
13. The project is built on land owned by the Agahozo-
Shalom Youth Village. The solar field is linked to a
central server in Oslo and can be monitored remotely
via the internet
14. What percentage of Rwanda's rural population had access to electricity in 2019?
A. 3%
B. 10%
C. 44%
D. 100%
Which of the following is not an advantage of using solar energy?
A. It is renewable
B. It is cheap and clean
C. It is complicated to operate and maintain
D. It does not generate pollution
How is solar energy generated?
A. By burning fossil fuels
B. By harnessing the wind
C. By converting sun's rays into electricity using solar panels
D. By harnessing the heat from the Earth's core
Exercises
15. BIOGAS
It is a gas generated from human and livestock
wastes as well as biodegradable household wastes.
Biogas in Rwanda is used in prisons, schools,
hospitals and some homesteads for cooking and
lightning.
Advantages of biogas
• It reduces the hygienic problems because it does
not give fumes and ash.
• The use of biogas reduces the use of fuel wood
and hence reduces the rate of deforestation
• It is a renewable resource because its raw
material (human or animal waste) is generate
everyday and cannot be depleted
• It does not require sophisticated technology like
the other sources of energy
• The remaining materials after generation of
biogas are used as manure to fertilize the soil.
16.
17. What is biogas?
A. A gas generated from burning fossil fuels
B. A gas generated from human and livestock wastes
C. A gas generated from wind power
D. A gas generated from solar power
Where is biogas used in Rwanda?
A. Only in urban areas
B. Only in rural areas
C. In prisons, schools, hospitals, and some
homesteads
D. In factories and industries only
What is one advantage of using biogas?
A. It causes hygienic problems due to fumes and ash
B. It increases the use of fuel wood and deforestation
C. It requires sophisticated technology to produce
D. It reduces hygienic problems because it does not
give fumes and ash
What happens to the remaining materials after
generation of biogas?
A. They are thrown away as waste
B. They are used as fuel for cooking
C. They are used as building materials
D. They are used as manure to fertilize the soil
18. PEAT COAL “NYIRAMUGENGERI”
Peat coal, also known as "Nyiramugengeri" in Rwanda,
is a type of fuel that is produced from partially
decomposed vegetation in wetlands. Peat coal has
been used as a source of energy in Rwanda for many
years, particularly in rural areas where access to other
sources of energy is limited.
It is formed in many swamps of Rwanda: Akagera,
Akanyaru, Nyabarongo, Mugesera, Gishoma swamps.
• It is rich in carbon and produces great heat.
• It is used for cooking but it is the source of
pollution because it produces fumes or
smokes.
• Peat coal is not renewable so the peat coal
deposits can depleted.
Advantages of peat energy
• It substitutes use of fuel wood leading to the
reduction deforestation.
• Its extraction creates more land for agriculture.
19.
20. 1. What is peat coal in Rwanda?
A. A type of fuel produced from oil
B. A type of fuel produced from wetlands
C. A type of fuel produced from coal mines
D. A type of fuel produced from wind energy
2. Where is peat coal formed in Rwanda?
A. In the mountains
B. In the deserts
C. In the swamps
D. In the forests
3. What is one advantage of using peat energy in Rwanda?
A. It produces no pollution
B. It is a renewable resource
C. It is cheaper than other sources of energy
D. It is easy to transport
4. What is one disadvantage of using peat coal for cooking?
A. It is too expensive
B. It does not produce enough heat
C. It is not a renewable resource
D. It does not produce any fumes or smoke
21. NATURAL GAS ENERGY “METHANE
GAS”
It is found in solution of water
in Lake Kivu and its reserves
are estimated between 55
billion and 70 billion of m³.
It is converted in electricity used by
BRALIRWA and distributed to people.
It is a renewable and clean energy.
Now methane gas is exploited
at Cape Rubona in Rubavu
district and on the shore of
lake Kivu in Karongi district.
22. PETROLEUM
Rwanda does not produce it but it is imported from
Middle East in Asia through Mombasa and Dar-es-salaam
ports. Rwanda uses refine petroleum (diesel, petrol,
kerozen) for transport, lightning at home and for
generation of electricity.
23. HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
It the major modern energy used in Rwanda
for many activities. It is generated by water
of river at the falls were dams are installed.
Over the last decade, Rwanda’s hydropower
sector showed a tremendous progress.
Overall installed capacity of power is about
276.068 MW, hydropower contributing
51.2% of it. This was achieved by involving
private investors in the energy sector;
Independent Power Producers (IPPs).
Equally contributed to achievement in
energy sector is a conducive legal and
regulatory environment for private investors
in this area.
Giciye HEP
24.
25. REASONS FOR LOW HYDRO-
ELECTRIC POWER IN RWANDA
• There is high demand for power in Rwanda due to rapid growth of heavy industries and
urbanization.
• Many water falls in Rwanda are not yet exploited due to seasonal changes (variability) in the
volume of water.
• There is lack of technical knowhow in exploitations and management of power services.
• There is a problem of political difference between countries such as Tanzania and Rwanda
that has delayed the exploitation of power at Rusumo falls.
26. Hydroelectric station Community River Capacity (MW) Year completed
Ntaruka Power Station Ntaruka
Mukungwa
River
11.5 MW 1959
Mukungwa PS Mukungwa
Mukungwa
River
12 MW 1982
Mukungwa II PS Mukungwa
Mukungwa
River
2.5 MW 2010
Nyabarongo I Power
Station
Nyabarongo
Nyabarongo
River
28 MW 2014
Rukarara Hydroelectric
PS
Rukarara River Rukarara 9.5 MW 2010
Rusizi I Hydroelectric
Power Station
Rusizi Rusizi River 30 MW 1958
Rusizi II Hydroelectric PS Rusizi Rusizi River 44 MW 1989
The table below shows the active HEP power stations in Rwanda
33. THERMAL POWER PLANT
Thermal power
station
Community Fuel type Capacity
Year
completed
Name of Owner
KivuWatt Power
Station
Kibuye, Karongi
District
Methane 25 MW 2015 Contour Global
Kibuye Power Plant
Kibuye, Karongi
District
Methane 3.5MW 2012
Government of
Rwanda
Gishoma Thermal
Power Station
Rusizi District,
Western Rwanda
Peat 15 MW 2016
Shengli Energy
Group and Punj
Lloyd
Thermal power station Community Fuel type Capacity Year completed
Name of
Owner
Gisagara Thermal Power
Station
Gisagara District,
Southern Rwanda
Peat 80 MW 2021 (expected) Hakan
Symbion Thermal Power
Station
Nyamyumba, Gisenyi, Rub
avu District
Methane 50 MW 2018 (expected)
Symbion
Power Inc.
Operational
Proposed
38. OPERATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY
POWERPLANTS
Solar power station Community Fuel type Capacity Year completed Name of Owner
Ngoma Solar Power
Station
Kibungo, Ngoma
District
Solar 2.4 MW 2011 Government of Rwanda
Rwamagana Solar
Power Station
Agahozo, Rwamag
ana District
Solar 8.5 MW 2015
Scatec Solar Company
& Gigawatt Global
Cooperatief
Nasho Solar Power
Plant
Rwinkwavu, Rwam
agana District
Solar 3.3 MW 2018 Rwanda Energy Group
40. This $24m project is the first utility-scale, grid-connected,
commercial solar field in east Africa that has increased
Rwanda’s generation capacity by 6%. Agahozo Shalom
Youth Village
41. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
It may be produced in Rwanda at places
where there are hot springs
(Amashyuza): Bugarama (Rusizi) and
Nyamyumba (Rubavu).
Rwanda does not use this type of
energy due to:
• Lack of investment for exploitation
of it
• Low level of technology
• Lack of skilled manpower
• Now hot springs are only used for
tourism in Rwanda.
Hot springs
44. WIND ENERGY
Rwanda has inaugurated its first wind energy
farm, located on Mount Jali overlooking the
capital Kigali and powering the Rwandan Office
of Information's FM transmitter.
The Potential sites of windfarm includes (Kigali-
Kanombe Airport, Cyangugu-Kamembe Airport,
Butare, Gisenyi, Gikongoro, Nyagatare.) with
hourly wind records
Wind Potential in Rwanda has not been fully exploited for
Power Generation although potential wind power that
Rwanda has in some areas may provide with possible
solutions such as water pumping, windmill and electricity
generation. A study of wind speed distribution has been
made.
45. FACTORS FAVORING ENERGY PRODUCTION IN
RWANDA
1. Presence of Waterfalls: Rwanda's landscape includes waterfalls that offer potential sites for hydropower projects.
2. Large Volume of Water: The country has access to ample water resources, ensuring a reliable and consistent
supply for hydropower generation.
3. Regular and Reliable Water Supply: Rwanda benefits from consistent water flow, providing a stable source for
sustainable hydropower production.
4. Presence of Space for Reservoir: Rwanda has suitable areas that can accommodate the construction of reservoirs,
enabling effective water storage for hydropower plants.
5. Presence of Market for Power: Rwanda's growing demand for electricity creates a viable market for hydropower,
ensuring the economic feasibility of projects.
6. Availability of Skilled Labor: Rwanda has a skilled workforce familiar with hydropower technology and
operations, supporting project development and maintenance.
7. Availability of Capital: Rwanda has the potential to attract capital investment for the construction and operation
of hydropower projects.
8. Favorable Government Policy: The Rwandan government has implemented supportive policies and regulations
to encourage the development of hydropower projects.
9. Political Stability: Rwanda enjoys political stability, providing a favorable climate for hydropower project
development.
10.Technological Advancements: Rwanda has witnessed advancements in technology, enabling more efficient and
cost-effective implementation of hydropower projects
46. IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY OR POWER IN
RWANDA
1.Economic Development: Reliable and affordable power drives economic growth, attracting
investments, creating jobs, and fostering infrastructure development.
2.Poverty Reduction: Access to electricity improves living standards, enables income-
generating activities, enhances agriculture, and facilitates access to education and
healthcare.
3.Industrialization and Manufacturing: Adequate power supply supports industrialization,
boosts manufacturing productivity, and enhances Rwanda's competitiveness.
4.Sustainable Development: Clean and renewable energy sources promote environmental
sustainability, reduce emissions, and preserve natural resources.
5.Education and Technology: Electricity powers educational institutions, facilitates digital
learning, and fosters technological innovation.
6.Healthcare Services: Reliable power supply is vital for healthcare facilities, enabling
medical equipment operation, refrigeration, and improved healthcare delivery.
7.Social Well-being: Access to electricity enhances safety, connectivity, and social
development, improving the overall quality of life.
8.Energy Independence and Security: Diversifying the energy mix reduces dependence on
imports, enhances energy security, and strengthens Rwanda's resilience
47. PROBLEMS FACING THE PRODUCTION OF POWER IN
RWANDA
1.Limited Energy Resources: Rwanda relies heavily on imported fuel due to limited
indigenous energy resources.
2.Insufficient Installed Capacity: The current power generation capacity is inadequate to
meet the increasing demand, leading to power shortages and blackouts.
3.Dependence on Hydroelectric Power: Reliance on hydroelectric power makes Rwanda
vulnerable to droughts, impacting electricity production.
4.Limited Grid Infrastructure: Many areas, especially rural regions, lack access to a reliable
electricity grid.
5.Lack of Energy Storage: Rwanda faces challenges in implementing large-scale energy
storage systems, affecting power supply stability.
6.High Production Costs: The cost of producing electricity is high due to reliance on
imported fuel and limited economies of scale.
7.Limited Access to Modern Energy Services: A significant portion of the population lacks
access to reliable electricity, hindering socio-economic development.
8.Limited Private Sector Participation: The power sector is dominated by state-owned
utilities, limiting private sector involvement and innovation.
9.Environmental Concerns: Deforestation and erosion pose challenges to the sustainability of
hydropower projects and the sector's environmental impact.
48. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS AFFECTING POWER AND ENERGY PRODUCTION
• Efficient Transmission and Distribution: Improve the efficiency of transmission and distribution systems to ensure
reliable and stable power supply.
• Harvesting Water Weeds: Remove water weeds around power stations to maintain smooth water flow for hydropower
generation.
• Creation of Buffer Areas: Establish buffer zones around power stations to protect them from encroachment and ensure
operational safety.
• Emphasize Renewable Energy: Prioritize the development and utilization of renewable energy sources to reduce
dependence on fossil fuels and promote sustainability.
• Construct More Power Plants: Increase the construction of power plants, including traditional and renewable energy
facilities, to meet growing demand.
• Training Human Resources: Develop a skilled workforce for the power sector to ensure efficient operation and
maintenance of power infrastructure.
• Regular Machinery Inspection: Conduct routine inspections and maintenance of power plant machinery to prevent
breakdowns and ensure optimal performance.
• Construction of Feeder Roads: Build feeder roads to facilitate access to remote areas for power infrastructure
development and maintenance.
• Dredging Rivers and Reservoirs: Implement dredging activities in rivers and water reservoirs behind dams to
optimize hydropower generation.
• Affordable Prices: Establish fair and affordable electricity pricing structures to ensure accessibility for all segments of
society.
• Environmental Assessment Reports: Conduct comprehensive environmental impact assessments for power projects to
minimize ecological harm.
• Mass Education: Raise public awareness about energy conservation, sustainable practices, and the benefits of
renewable energy.
• Importing Power: Explore opportunities for power imports from neighboring countries to supplement domestic
49. WAYS OF CONSERVING ENERGY IN RWANDA
In Rwanda energy may be conserved through:
• Development of other sources of energy such as solar, geothermal, wind, methane
gas to supplement the available power sources.
• Afforestation and re-afforestation to conserve the environment and preserve the
beauty of the country.
• Improvement in road quality and repair to reduce the consumption of fuel by
vehicles.
• Use of efficient stoves (energy saving stoves ”Rondereza”) to limit the use of fuel
wood for industrial and domestic purposes.
• Construction of other hydro-electric power potentials to supplement the existing
ones
• Importation of power from neighboring countries such as Uganda and
• Extraction of large quantities of methane gas to ease the problem of power shortage.
• Research on planning for appropriate management of existing forests and other
energy sources.
• Extension of services to educate the local population on energy making, conservation
50. 1. (a) Name and describe the sources of power and energy used in Rwanda.
(b) Distinguish between renewable energy and non-renewable energy in the context of Rwanda.
2. To what extent is the presence of waterfalls responsible for the development of power and energy
production in Rwanda?
3. Examine the advantages of using the following sources of power and energy in Rwanda.
a. Biogas
b. Hydroelectric power
c. Solar energy
4. Explain the differences that exist between biomass and biogas as sources of energy used in Rwanda.
5. Examine the factors that have favored power production in Rwanda.
6. (a) Define rural electrification
(b) Explain why the government of Rwanda advocates for transmission and distribution of power and
energy to rural areas.
7. Analyze the importance of power production to the economic development of Rwanda.
8. Describe the effects of power generating stations and operation on the environment.
9. Explain how you would address the challenges affecting power production in Rwanda.
10.(a) Name two areas where hydroelectric power stations are found in Rwanda.
11.(b) Explain the factors that favored power production in any one of the areas identified in (a) above.
End of Unit Revision Questions
Editor's Notes
Energy is the ability to do work. Work can be thought of as the amount of effort required to move something a certain distance, like lifting a weight or pushing a box across a room. Energy can be stored in different forms, such as chemical, electrical, or mechanical energy. The unit of energy is joules (J) or kilowatt-hours (kWh).
Power, on the other hand, is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. It tells you how quickly energy is used or generated. The unit of power is watts (W) or kilowatts (kW). For example, if you lift a 10 kg weight to a height of 2 meters in 5 seconds, you have done work (potential energy has been converted to kinetic energy), and the amount of energy used is 196 joules. The power output required to lift the weight in 5 seconds is 39.2 watts.
In summary, energy is the total amount of work that can be done, while power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. Understanding the difference between power and energy is important in many fields, such as physics, engineering, and environmental science.