The document describes the structure of the Earth, including its external and internal components. Externally, the Earth is made up of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Internally, it consists of the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and is divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which makes up most of the Earth's volume and is divided into upper and lower sections. The innermost layer is the core, with a solid inner core and liquid outer core.

1. Unit 4: The structure
of the earth

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this unit, the learner will be able
to:
1. Explain the external components of the earth.
2. Describe the internal structure of the earth.

3. INTRODUCTION
The structure of the earth is made of external and internal
components, they include:
a) External structure is made of:
• The atmosphere
• The hydrosphere
• The lithosphere
• The biosphere
b) The internal structure is made of
• The crust
• The mantle
• The core.
Core
Crust
Mantle

4. EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
❖Lithosphere: is made of the solid elements of the crust
(soils, rocks)
❖Hydrosphere: is made of water on the ground and that
underground.
❖Biosphere: is made of fauna (animals) and flora
(plants). It consists of living things.
❖Atmosphere: it is a gaseous layer that surrounds the
earth. It is made of different gases such as nitrogen,
oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium including
other little air existing in it.

5. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
1. Crust: This is the outermost layer of the earth’s structure. It measures about 30 km at the
continents and 5 km under the oceans. It is divided into parts:
1. Continental crust:
✓This zone makes the outermost layer of the crust. It forms the continents and is composed
of granitic rocks.
✓It is dry and has a thickness of between 35 and 40 km.
✓This layer has huge quantities of silica and aluminium minerals hence the name SIAL.
2. Oceanic crust:
✓The SIMA (oceanic crust): This is the inner layer of the crust, which forms the oceanic beds.
✓It has an average thickness of between 7 to 10 km.
✓SIMA derives its name from the component minerals silica and magnesium.
✓SIMA occurs beneath the SIAL
The crust is separated from the mantle by a transitional zone called the Mohorovicic (Moho)
discontinuity.

6. 2. Mantle: This is the layer, which is found
below the crust.
• It is the largest part of the earth’s
interior.
• It makes up about 84% of the earth’s
volume.
• It is divided into two parts, namely
• The upper mantle and
• The lower mantle
The mantle is separated from the core by a
zone of discontinuity known as the Gutenberg
discontinuity. It occurs at a depth of 2900 km
beneath the surface.
Lower mantle: The lower mantle
is incredibly large and takes up
most of the volume of the earth.
Being so deep inside the earth,
the temperature and pressure of
the lower mantle are extremely
high
The upper mantle of
Earth is a very thick
layer of rock inside the
planet, which begins
just beneath the crust
(at about 10 km

7. The core is the inner layer of the
earth.
It is made up of the:
• Outer core: is dominantly liquid
• Inner core: Contains materials
such as Nickel and Iron (Fe) hence
the name NIFE making it solid part.
The temperature in the core
increases about 5,000 to 6,000
degree Celsius.
It is estimated to the range of
346km deep
Outer core
Inner core

9. • A: Inner core
• B: Outer core
• C: Mantle
• D: Crust
A
B
C
D
Name the parts
labelled A, B, C and D