This document provides an overview of the topics covered in a biology unit on living things and plants. The unit discusses: - The differences between living and non-living things. - The internal organization of living things from cells to tissues, organs, systems and organisms. - The five kingdoms of classification for living things: animals, plants, fungi, protists and monera. - The structure, nutrition, reproduction and importance of plants. Photosynthesis is described as the process by which plants produce their own food.

1. UNIT 1. LIVING THINGS. PLANTS

2. In this unit you are going to learn:
● Seres vivos e inertes. Diferenciación.
● Organización interna de los seres vivos
● Estructura de los seres vivos: células, tejidos, órganos,
aparatos y sistemas.
● Características y clasificación de los seres vivos.
● Las plantas. Estructura y fisiología. La fotosíntesis y su
importancia para la vida en la tierra.

3. 1.1. Living and non-living things
● In nature there are non-living things, such as rocks and minerals, and
living things, such as animals and plants.
● All living things depend on life processes to stay alive: nutrition,
sensitivity and reproduction.

4. 1.1. Living and non-living things
Life processes:
● Nutrition provides two things: substances that living things
need to grow and energy to carry out life processes.

5. 1.1. Living and non-living thing
Life processes:
● Sensitivity enables living things to react to what they perceive
around them

6. 1.1. Living and non-living things
Life processes:
● Reproduction enables living things to create offspring similar to
themselves

7. 1.1. Living and non-living thing
Let's practice...
● Open your workbook , write the date and do the following exercises.
● EXERCISE 1 AND 2
● Mind map : draft

8. 1.2. Internal organization of living
things
● You and I are considered living things, individual organisms.
● All living things, or organisms, are formed of microscopic units called
cells.
● There are many different types of cells and they carry out the basic
life processes: they feed, they react to what they perceive around
them, and they produce new cells identical to themselves.
● Cells are so small, you need a microscope to see them.

9. 1.2. Internal organization of living things

10. 1.2. Internal organization of living things
Cells
● All cells are very small, but they can differ in size. For example, brain
cells, known as neurons, are much bigger than blood cells.
● Cells can also differ in shape. For example:
● Blood cells are round.
● Muscle cells are elongated.
● Intestine cells are block-shaped.
● Neurons are star-shaped

11. 1.2. Internal organization of living
things
Cells have three main parts:
● The membrane is a covering which
surrounds the cell and separates it from
the outside.
● The nucleus is the part which controls
the functions of the cell.
● The cytoplasm is the liquid between the
nucleus and the membrane. It is formed
by water with different substances
dissolved in it. The cytoplasm contains
lots of organelles that carry out different
functions.

12. 1.2. Internal organization of living
things
Animal and plant cells are different.
● Animal cells can be many different shapes,
● Plant cells are usually bigger and have a regular shape. They also have
a hard cell wall around the membrane. This is why some plant stems
are very hard. Plant cells have special organelles called chloroplasts to
carry out photosynthesis.

13. 1.2. Internal organization of living
things

14. 1.2. Internal organization of living
things
Let’s learn more about animal and plant cells.
EXERCISE: Draw a cell on your notebook and label its parts

15. 1.2. Internal organization of living
things
● All living things are made up of cells. Animals and plants are formed
by a large number of cells which are organized according to their
functions. They are called multicellular living things.
● Other living things are made up of a single cell. They are called
unicellular living things. These living things are found everywhere: in
water, in soil, in the air and in our bodies. However, you can only see
them through a microscope.
● Let’s watch a video about cells.
● Do you want to learn more?
● You can watch this video at home.

16. 1.1. Living and non-living thing
Let's practice...
● Open your workbook , write the date and do the following exercises.
● EXERCISE 3,4,5
● Continue with our mind map
1.3. The structure of living things

17. 1.3. The structure of living things
1-Cells
● In multicellular organisms, such as animals, groups of cells work
together to carry out a variety of functions. Each type of cell has a
specific function within the organism.

18. 1.3. The structure of living things
2-Tissues
● Groups of the same type of cells join together to form tissues.
● Our body has several types of tissues. For example, muscle tissue is
made up of muscle cells, and bone tissue is made up of bone cells. All
the cells which form a tissue perform a common function. For
example, cells in muscle tissue produce movement.

19. 1.3. The structure of living things
3-Organs
● Tissues join together to form organs. All the tissues in an organ work
together to perform a common function.
● The stomach, the heart and the kidneys are human organs. Each
organ carries out an specific function.
● For example, our tongue is an organ which consists of several tissues:
muscle tissue, shich allows the tongue to move; epithelial tissue,
which covers the tongue; and nervous tissue, which is made up of
nerve cells. These tissues work together so that the tongue functions
properly.

20. 1.3. The structure of living things
4-Systems
● Organs join together to form
systems. Organs within systems
work together to perform a
common function.
● For example, our body has a
circulatory system that is made up
of the heart, blood, blood vessels
and lymph.

21. 1.3. The structure of living things
5-Organisms
● Finally, all the different types of systems in our body work together to
form an organism, which is a complete living thing

22. 1.3. The structure of living things
● Some of the main systems in human beings are:
● Let’s watch a video about this!

23. 1.1. Living and non-living thing
Let's practice...
● Open your workbook , write the date and do the following exercises.
● EXERCISE 7,8,9
● Continue with our mind map
1.3. The structure of living things

24. 1.4. Classification of living things
● Living things are classified into large groups called kingdoms. There
are five kingdoms:
● The animal kingdom
● The plant kingdom
● The fungi kingdom
● The protists kingdom
● The monera kingdom

25. 1.4. Classification of living things
Animals
● Animals are multicellular living things that eat other living things.
They can move from one place to another, and the can react quickly
to stimuli. To do this, they have a nervous system and sense organs.

26. 1.4. Classification of living things
Plants
● Plants are multicellular living things that use sunlight and substances
from the soil and air to make their own food. Plants cannot move
around because they are fixed to the ground

27. 1.4. Classification of living things
Fungi
● Fungi can be unicellullar, but
most are multicellular. They
are usually found
underground, on pieces of
wood or on decomposing
food, like mildew.
● Like animals, fungi do not
make their own food. They
depend on other organisms
for food. Like plants, they
cannot move by themselves
and are fixed to something.

28. 1.4. Classification of living things
Fungi
● Some fungi produce mushrooms. Mushrooms are the visible part of a
fungus. Mushrooms are formed by long threads called hyphae that
grow underground to absorb food. Later, a mushroom grows above
ground, so that the fungus can reproduce.

29. 1.4. Classification of living things
Monera
● All organisms in this kingdom are unicellular. They can be found on
land, in the air, in water and inside other living things.
● Bacteria belong to the Monera Kingdom. Bacteria are the most
abundant of all living things. They can be found everywhere in the
world.
● Bacteria are the smallest living things. They can only be seen through
a microscope. For this reason, the are called microorganisms or
microbes.

30. 1.4. Classification of living things
Monera or bacteria
● Some bacteria are helpful, like the ones we use to make yoghurt,
cheese or bread. Some bacteria are harmful because they can cause
diseases like pharyngitis or cholera.

31. 1.4. Classification of living things
Protist
● Protists are usualli unicellular, but some are multicellular. Most
protists are found in water.

32. 1.4. Classification of living things
Viruses
● Viruses are microscopic and can cause disease. Most scientists don’t
consider viruses living things because they don’t take in nutrients,
they produce no waste products, they don’t grow and they don’t
respond to stimuli. In order to reproduce they must always be inside
another living thing.
● They cause illnesses like influenza, measles, chicken pox and AIDS.

33. 1.1. Living and non-living thing
Let's practice...
● Open your Notebook , write the date and do the following exercises.
• Write a table with the five kingdoms and living things for each group
• Do exercises 10,11 from your workbook
• Continue with our mind map
1.3. The structure of living things1.4. Classification of living things

34. 1.4. Classification of living things
Let’s practice:

35. Review activities

36. Review activities

37. Review activities

38. 1.5.Plants
● Plants are multicellular living things.
● PARTS: Plants have three main parts: roots, stems and leaves.
● NUTRITION: They make their own food by using sunlight and
substances from air and water. so they are autotrophs. Autotrophs
are organisms that make their own food. Plants need air, water and
mineral salts to make their food. They use sunlight as their source of
energy. This process is called photosynthesis.
● SENSITIVITY They are fixed to the ground so they cannot move about.
● CLASIFICATION : Grasses are plants with soft, flexible stems. Trees
and shrubs are plants with hard, woody stems

39. 1.5.Plants
● REPRODUCTION
● Plants can reproduce with or without flowers or seeds. When there is
no flowers involved we call this asexual reproduction. One example is
when plants reproduce from cuttings.
● Flowers contain the reproductive organs of a plant. The main parts of
a flower are the calyx, corolla, stamens and pistil.
● Fruits form inside the flowers. Inside the fruits there are seeds

40. 1.5.Plants
● Parts of a plant

41. 1.5.Plants

42. 1.5.Plants
● There are more tan 250,000 different species of plants on Earth. All
plants can be classified in two main groups: non-flowering and
flowering.

43. 1.5.Plants
Non-flowering plants
●Non-flowering plants do not produce flowers or fruit. They reproduce
with spores. Spores are special cells that germinate and grow into new
plants. Spores have a hard cover for protection.
●There are two main groups of non-flowering plants: mosses and ferns.
Mosses and ferns grow in dark, humid places because they need moist
conditions to survive.

44. 1.5.Plants
● Remember:

45. 1.5.Plants

46. 1.1. Living and non-living thing
Let's practice...
● Open your Workbook , write the date and do the following exercises.
• Do exercises 12,13,14,15, from your workbook
• Finish with our mind map
1.3. The structure of living things1.4. Classification of living things

47. 1.5.Plants
Plant nutrition Photosynthesis
● 1 Water and mineral salts are very
important for plant nutrition. Mineral
salts from the soil dissolve in water.
Plants absorb water and minerals from
the soil through their roots hairs. The
mixture of water and mineral salts, called
raw sap, travels up the stem to the
leaves.

48. 1.5.Plants
● 2 Through the leaves the plant absorbs Carbon dioxide.
● Chlorophyll is a green substance which traps sunlight. Chlorophyll gives
plants their green colour.
● 3 The plant use energy in sunlight to transform carbon dioxide and
water&minerals (raw sap) into sugar (elaborated sap)

49. 1.5.Plants
● Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis, so the process can only take
place during the day.
● Plants release oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis.

50. 1.5.Plants
Plant respiration.
● Plants need to breathe. They take in oxygen from the air and give off
carbon dioxide.
● During photosynthesis, the opposite occurs. Plants take in carbon
dioxide and give off oxygen. However, plants produce more oxygen
than they can use. As a result, forests are an important source of
oxygen.

51. 1.5.Plants
All plants have sensitivity: they react to changes in the environement:
● Roots always grow downwards, and stems always grow upwards,
even if the ground is sloping.
● Stems and leaves grow towards light
● Vines, such as grapevines, wrap themselves round a support and
grow along it.
● The mimosa plant is capable of rapid movement: its leaves close if
you touch it.
● Plants can distinguish the seasons by the number of hours of daylight
and darkness. Days get longer and nights get shorter in spring when
plants normally grow flowers.

52. 1.5.Plants

53. 1.1. Living and non-living thing
Let's practice...
● Open your Workbook , write the date and do the following exercises.
• Do exercises 16,17,18,19 from your workbook
• Finish with our mind map
1.3. The structure of living things1.4. Classification of living things1.5.Plants

54. Review activities
Let’s practice

55. Review activities