Plants are classified based on their reproductive structures and methods. Flowering plants reproduce sexually through flowers and seeds, while non-flowering plants reproduce asexually using spores. Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce fruits containing seeds, while gymnosperms are non-flowering plants like pine trees that bear seeds in cones. Ferns and mosses also reproduce using spores. All plants have roots, stems and leaves that carry out essential functions like absorbing water and minerals, providing structure, and capturing sunlight for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the key process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce their own food in the form of glucose.

1. Unit 4 THE PLANT KINGDOM SUMMARY
1
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
FLOWERING PLANTS
Sexual reproduction. Flowers are their
reproductive organs. They reproduce
through seeds.
NON-FLOWERING PLANTS
They do not produce seeds. They reproduce
asexually using spores.
ANGIOSPERMS
Pollinated flowers
produce fruits with
seeds inside.
Examples: roses,
cherry trees,
blackberries, wheat,
rice,…
GYMNOSPERMS
They have small
flowers, they don’t
produce any fruit and
their seeds develop in
cones. Many of them,
such as pine trees,
have long thin leaves
called needles.
FERNS
They have roots and
strong stems under
the ground. Their
leaves are called
fronds. They produce
spores inside sori on
the underside of the
fronds.
MOSSES
They have simple
stems and leaves.
Their roots are called
rhizoids. They produce
spores inside capsules.
PARTS OF PLANTS
They hold the plant in the ground. They
absorb water and minerals from the
ground through the
root hairs.
It holds up the other parts of the plant. It
also transports water and minerals to the
leaves for photosynthesis.
They contain chlorophyll. Most leaves have two parts: the
petiole and the blade. Veins in the blade support the leaf
and carry water and minerals. On the underside of the
blade, there are tiny holes, called stomata, where the gas
exchange takes place.

2. Unit 4 THE PLANT KINGDOM SUMMARY
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Plants make their own food through the process called photosynthesis.
1. The roots absorb water and minerals from the soil.
2. Xylem cells transport this mixture of water and minerals, called raw sap, through the stem to the leaves.
3. Leaves absorb carbon dioxide through their stomata. In the chloroplasts, chlorophyll collects solar energy
to transform water, minerals and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
4. Phloem cells carry the glucose, the plants’ food, through the stem to all the parts of the plant.
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS is very important because:
1. It gives us oxygen to breathe.
2. It consumes carbon dioxide.
3. It transforms water and minerals into food. Animals can feed on plants to get energy to live.
Plants consume oxygen and produce it too. Plants produce oxygen through the photosynthesis during the day.
They produce more oxygen than they need and expel it through the stomata. At night, when photosynthesis stops,
plants release carbon dioxide.
PLANT NUTRITION
PLANT RESPIRATION