This document provides information on underground cables, including their construction, classification, insulating materials, and types. It discusses how underground cables consist of conductors covered with insulating material and a protective covering to reduce interference from external disturbances. The general construction of a 3-conductor cable is described, including its cores or conductors, insulation, metallic sheath, bedding, armouring, and serving. Various types of cables are classified based on voltage levels. Key properties and examples of insulating materials used in cables are also outlined, along with the advantages and disadvantages of underground cables compared to overhead systems.
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
this ppt is base on construction of under ground cable. in this ppt i gave information the all type of insulation and its specification. and is advantages.
The components of Transmission lines such as conductors, supports, insulators, conductors and cross arms are presented. Interactive graphics for aiding the study are also added.
This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
Modern underground power cables are sophisticated assemblies of insulators, conductors and protective materials. Within these components are sensors, which enable cable operators to monitor conditions along the cable in real time.
The condition of the cable insulation is usually monitored through the following two main methods:
Loss tangent measurements
Partial discharge (PD) measurements
Underground cables are used for power applications where it is impractical, difficult, or dangerous to use the overhead lines. They are widely used in densely populated urban areas, in factories, and even to supply power from the overhead posts to the consumer premises.
The underground cables have several advantages over the overhead lines; they have smaller voltage drops, low chances of developing faults and have low maintenance costs. However, they are more expensive to manufacture, and their cost may vary depending on the construction as well as the voltage rating.
The underground cables are classified in two ways; by the voltage capacity, or by the construction.
By Voltage
LT cables: Low-tension cables with a maximum capacity of 1000 V
HT Cables: High-tension cables with a maximum of 11KV
ST cables: Super-tension cables with a rating of between 22 KV and 33 KV
EHT cables: Extra high-tension cables with a rating of between 33 KV and 66 KV
Extra super voltage cables: with maximum voltage ratings beyond 132 KV
By Construction
Belted cables: Maximum voltage of 11KVA
Screened cables: Maximum voltage of 66 KVA
Pressure cables: the Maximum voltage of more than 66KVA
this ppt is base on construction of under ground cable. in this ppt i gave information the all type of insulation and its specification. and is advantages.
The components of Transmission lines such as conductors, supports, insulators, conductors and cross arms are presented. Interactive graphics for aiding the study are also added.
This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
Modern underground power cables are sophisticated assemblies of insulators, conductors and protective materials. Within these components are sensors, which enable cable operators to monitor conditions along the cable in real time.
The condition of the cable insulation is usually monitored through the following two main methods:
Loss tangent measurements
Partial discharge (PD) measurements
Underground cables are used for power applications where it is impractical, difficult, or dangerous to use the overhead lines. They are widely used in densely populated urban areas, in factories, and even to supply power from the overhead posts to the consumer premises.
The underground cables have several advantages over the overhead lines; they have smaller voltage drops, low chances of developing faults and have low maintenance costs. However, they are more expensive to manufacture, and their cost may vary depending on the construction as well as the voltage rating.
The underground cables are classified in two ways; by the voltage capacity, or by the construction.
By Voltage
LT cables: Low-tension cables with a maximum capacity of 1000 V
HT Cables: High-tension cables with a maximum of 11KV
ST cables: Super-tension cables with a rating of between 22 KV and 33 KV
EHT cables: Extra high-tension cables with a rating of between 33 KV and 66 KV
Extra super voltage cables: with maximum voltage ratings beyond 132 KV
By Construction
Belted cables: Maximum voltage of 11KVA
Screened cables: Maximum voltage of 66 KVA
Pressure cables: the Maximum voltage of more than 66KVA
A Presentation based on Underground Cables Used In the Transmission And Distribution System.It is a topic covered in the syllabus of B.E. in Electrical Engineering in 5th semester Subject named "Electrical Power System" For more detail you can check the book "Electrical Power System" by Author V.K.Mehta and S.Chand Publication.
Construction of cables
Insulation resistance of a single core cable
Capacitance of a single core cable
Dielectric stress in a single core cable
Grading of Cables-Capacitance grading and Inter sheath grading
Capacitance of 3-Core Cables
Problems
Underground transmission line:
The aim of this unit are to: Analyze the resistance,inductance and capacitance of underground transmission lines
t the end of this unit, you will be able to:
explain where Underground Cables are applicable and the Requirements of choosing underground cables in electrical networks
determine the values of C,L and R per unit length in underground electrical line
Select the right type of cable for a particular system based on the voltage to deliver
estimate the right parameters for a single core for a given transmission line
determine the current rating for a given network and also know how underground cables are installed
explain the method of testing, locating, confirming, and troubleshooting any fault in the underground cables for a given electrical network
Indicative resources:
Principles of power systems, by Mehta and Mehta
A_Textbook_of_Electrical_Technology_Volume_III
Electrical Power systems by Wadhwa
Power system Analysis by Weedy and Cory
Power system by Grainger and Stevenson
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
1. Underground cables
Presented by:
Anisur Rahman
ID: 1402EEE00033
Department OF EEE
Manarat International University
Khagan, Ashulia, Shavar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2. Contents
Introduction of Underground cables
Construction of cables
CABLE STRUCTURE
Classification of cables
Properties of Insulating Material
Insulating materials for cables
Examples of types
Advantages and disadvantages of cable
2
3. Underground cables
An underground cable consists of one or more
conductors covered with some suitable insulating
material and surrounded by a protecting cover.
The interference from external disturbances like
storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to
achieve trouble free service.
The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or
may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
3
5. Construction of Cables
The general construction of a 3-conductor cable. The various parts of
cable are :
Cores or Conductors
Insulation
Metallic sheath
Bedding
Armouring
Serving
5
6. CLSSIFICATION OF CABLES
Low tension (L.T) up to 1000V
High tension (H.T) up to 11, 000V
Super tension (S.T) from 22KV to 33KV
Extra high tension (E.H.T) cables from 33KV to
66KV
Extra super voltage cables beyond 132KV
6
7. Properties of Insulating
Material
High resistivity.
High dielectric strength.
Low thermal co-efficient.
Low water absorption.
Low permittivity.
Non – inflammable.
Chemical stability.
High mechanical strength.
High viscosity at impregnation temperature.
Capability to with stand high rupturing voltage.
High tensile strength and plasticity.
7
8. Insulating Materials for Cables
• Rubber
It can be obtained from milky sap of tropical trees or
from oil products.
It has the dielectric strength of 30 KV/mm.
Insulation resistivity of 10 exp 17 ohm.cm
Relative permittivity varying between 2 and 3.
They readily absorbs moisture, soft and liable to
damage due to rough handling and ages when exposed
to light.
Maximum safe temperature is very low about 38 C
8
9. Insulating Materials for Cables
XLPE Cables (Cross Linked Poly-ethene)
This material has temperature range beyond 250 – 300 C
This material gives good insulating properties
It is light in weight, small overall dimensions, low dielectric constant
and high mechanical strength, low water absorption.
permit conductor temperature of 90 C and 250 C under normal and
short circuit conditions.
suitable up to voltages of 33 KV.
9
10. Insulating Materials for Cables
Rubber
XLPE cable
Vulcanized India Rubber
Impregnated Paper
Varnished Cambric
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
10
14. Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
◦ Better general appearance
◦ Less liable to damage through storms or lighting
◦ Low maintenance cost
◦ Less chances of faults
◦ Small voltage drops
Disadvantages
◦ The major drawback is that they have greater installation
cost and introduce insulation problems at high voltages
compared with equivalent overhead system.
14