Computers represent data using binary numbers systems of 0s and 1s. Data is processed by the central processing unit and memory of a computer. Common computer memory types include volatile RAM and nonvolatile ROM. External devices connect via ports like USB and data is transferred using standards like text encoding. The internet allows sharing of data through email, file transfers, online storage and chat services. Operating systems manage hardware, run programs, and provide utilities while differentiating between single-user and multi-user models. Storage devices save data magnetically or optically when the computer is off in formats like hard drives, disks, tapes and optical discs.

1. Submitted by
Anisur Rahman
EEE, MIU
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2. Transforming Data Into
Information
1. Computers represent data by Number systems,
Decimal number system & Binary number system.
2. Binary number system makes by two number 0
&1. 0 is for Off and 1 is for On.
3. Binary numbers are made of bits and one byte is 8
bits.
4. Computers represent data by Text codes where
converts letters into binary and standard codes
necessary for data transfer.
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3. Transforming Data Into
Information
5. A computer works following three system. Firstly it takes
input, than process into central processing unite (CPU)
and finally makes a result as output.
6. There are two parts on CPU which is called by Brain of a
computer, i.e. Control unit & Arithmetic logic unit
7. There are two types of memory o a computer i.e.
Nonvolatile memory(as like ROM) and Volatile memory
(as like RAM).
8. Universal Serial Bus (USB) is Connects external devices as
like printer, camera etc and allows up to 127 devices.
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4. E-mail and Other Internet Services:
1. Using E-mail: Exchanges messages (Text, audio, pictures & video) with
other users and messages reach destination in seconds. Gmail, yahoo,
hotmail are the most popular free email service provider.
2. E-mail addresses uses as unique address to allows sending and
receiving massages which drops on mailbox & stay until open.
3. Internet is international network where public board devoted to a
topic & thousand of topics available.
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5. E-mail and Other Internet Services:
4. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is one of the feature of
internet where we can copies files from remote and there
are online storage allow users to save there files online.
5. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is one of the features of internet
where we can communicate with others as multi-user's in
a real time chat.
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6. Operating System
Basics
1. OS provide a user interface which run program and
manage hardware devices.
2. Utilities of OS: Backup Software, antivirus,
Firewall, Notepad, paint, calculator, games etc.
3. Real time OS is very fast small OS which produce
respond quickly to user input and has MP3 player,
Medical devices.
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7. Operating System
Basics
4. Other three types of OS is Single user/ Single tasking,
Single user/ Multitasking and Multi user/
Multitasking OS.
5. OS a Managing Hardware where Programs need to
access hardware, interrupts as CPU stopped &
hardware device is accessed.
6. Utilities – provide services not included with OS,
Firewall, anti virus and compression.
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8. Types of Storage Device
 Storage Devices store data when computer is off & its
follow two things : writing data & reading data.
 Magnetic devices use a magnet , optical devices use
lasers & solid state devices have switches.
 Magnetic storage devices is most common from of
storage as like hard drives, floppy drives, tape etc.
 Optical storage as like CD-ROM, DVD-ROM .
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