Construction and working principle of optical fiber
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This presentation discusses fiber optic cables and their advantages over traditional copper cables. It explains that fiber optic cables can transmit signals at speeds up to 100 gigabits per second, travel longer distances without losing strength, and are less susceptible to interference. The presentation describes how fiber optic cables use total internal reflection to contain light within the core and cladding layers. It also outlines the different materials - such as glass, plastic, and coated varieties - used to construct fiber optic cables.
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The document discusses optical communication and fiber optic communication systems. It defines optical communication as using light to carry information over distances. The most common wavelengths used fall between 0.83-1.55 microns. Optical communication can be analog or digital. Fiber optic communication uses total internal reflection to transmit pulses of light through optical fibers to carry digital data. A fiber optic system includes a transmitter that converts electrical signals to light pulses and a receiver that converts the light pulses back to electrical signals.
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An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and radiates them.
A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves from the received beam into electrical signals.
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An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
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Impedance matching
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Percentage bandwidth
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This document discusses the transmission characteristics of optical fibers, specifically focusing on signal attenuation. It explains that as optical signals transmit through fibers, they experience power losses known as attenuation. The main factors that cause attenuation are absorption, scattering, macro bending, and microbending. Absorption can be intrinsic due to electron/atom resonance or extrinsic from impurities. Scattering changes the signal direction and includes Rayleigh and Mie scattering. Macro and microbending cause losses from large and small scale fiber bending, respectively. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate attenuation levels from given transmission parameters.
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The increasing number of people who transfer data from one place to another daily demands that the telecom industries develop a sophisticated strategy to guaranty quality data transferred without compromise or interception. Some of these industries in a bid to meet up with this demand employ any means of data transfer possible to them. Internet connectivity requires physical transfer of data from one place to another. This can be achieved either through wire or wirelessly. Connection through wire could be by UTP, Coaxial or Fiber Optics. Experience showed that wired is more advantageous when considering bandwidth utilization, performance, reliability, resiliency and security, many people are toeing this way and fiber optics their major choice. Fiber optics can be bundled as cable and used for data transmission through which light propagates with little attenuation, which makes it advantageous for long distance communication. The massive choice of fiber optics of recent has increase the security challenges bedevilling it, as it is now the prime target of network attackers. This has increased its vulnerability. Fiber optic is experiencing some security issues like splicing, clamping, cutting and tapping in developing countries like Nigeria. The paper tries to evaluate the security challenges bedevilling the optic fiber
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This document discusses optical fiber communication, including its evolution, structure, working principle, classification, advantages and applications. Optical fiber communication transmits light pulses through fiber to exchange information over long distances. Historically it was first proposed in 1880 and lasers were introduced as light sources in 1960. Optical fibers are classified as single mode or multi-mode depending on the number of modes light can propagate through. They work on the principle of total internal reflection. Optical fiber communication is used for telecommunication networks, cable TV, and military applications due to its high bandwidth, security and flexibility.
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This document discusses dipole and monopole antennas. It notes that dipoles and monopoles are widely used across radio frequencies for applications like mobile communications. An infinitesimal dipole is introduced as a theoretical construct to model antennas like top-loaded designs. The document also provides an example calculation for determining the power density and radiation resistance of a 1 cm Hertzian dipole antenna operating at 100 MHz from a distance of 1 km. Key parameters for dipole antennas like their radiation patterns and the properties of half-wave dipoles are additionally summarized.
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1.Overview of communication medias.
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This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It discusses the introduction of optical fiber, including its composition and small diameter. The history of optical fiber is summarized, from early experiments in the 1840s to widespread telecommunication use in the late 20th century. The document outlines the principle of total internal reflection that allows transmission through optical fibers and describes the main types of fibers based on mode and refractive index. Applications and advantages of optical fiber communication are also mentioned.
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Losses in fiber
There are two main types of optical fiber signal loss: scattering and absorption. Scattering losses include Rayleigh scattering caused by molecular irregularities and Mie scattering caused by larger defects. Absorption losses are caused by intrinsic material properties like ultraviolet and infrared absorption in silica glass, as well as extrinsic impurities introduced during manufacturing. Proper fiber design and high material purity can minimize these signal losses to enable effective optical fiber communication.
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This document discusses transmission characteristics of optical fibers, including:
- Attenuation losses such as absorption and scattering losses that reduce signal strength.
- Dispersion which causes pulses to spread, interfering with each other (intersymbol interference) and limiting bandwidth. Types of dispersion include material dispersion and waveguide dispersion.
- Single mode fibers which only propagate a single mode and have low dispersion. Dispersion can be optimized by designing the refractive index profile, such as in dispersion shifted or flattened fibers.
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This document discusses optical waveguides and optical fibers. It covers their classification by geometry and mode structure, as well as by refractive index distribution. It also discusses how purification of materials has allowed optical fiber losses to decrease from over 1000 dB/km initially to below 0.2 dB/km currently. Total internal reflection is described as the mechanism that allows light propagation in optical fibers. Acceptance angle and numerical aperture are also defined as they relate to light entering and propagating within an optical fiber.
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Microstrip transmission lines are used extensively in microwave integrated circuits. They consist of a conducting strip separated from a ground plane by a dielectric substrate and support a quasi-TEM wave. Microstrip lines can be easily fabricated using printed circuit board technology. Their characteristic impedance depends on the strip width, thickness, distance to the ground plane, and dielectric constant of the substrate material. Microstrip lines are used for interconnecting high-speed circuits due to their uniform signal paths and ability to be fabricated automatically, though they have higher radiation losses than other transmission line types.
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Optical fiber ppt
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Optical Fiber Introduction
The document discusses the Optical Communication course taught by Prof. Junaid Mandviwala. It outlines the prerequisites, course outcomes, syllabus, textbooks, and examination scheme. The course covers fundamentals of optical fiber communication including fiber properties, transmission characteristics, optical sources, detectors, components, and optical links. It aims to enable students to list, write and explain these concepts, and perform optical link budget analysis.
Fiber optics
Fibre-optic communication uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit data as light. A fiber-optic cable contains a core that carries light, surrounded by cladding with a lower refractive index. Total internal reflection within the core propagates light over long distances with little attenuation. Fibre-optic cables have advantages over electrical cables like higher bandwidth, lower losses, lighter weight, and greater security. They find applications in communication networks, closed-circuit television, and industrial systems.
Fiber Optics Technology
1) What is Fiber Optics?
2) Structure of Fiber Optics.
3) Modes of Fiber Optics.
4) How It Is made.
5) Communication System.
6) Evolution of Fiber Optics.
7) Advantages/ Disadvantages.
8) Applications of Fiber Optics.
9) Conclusion.
Transmission mediums in computer networks
This document summarizes different types of transmission mediums used in computer networks. It discusses wired mediums like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. It also discusses key characteristics of each medium such as bandwidth, attenuation, and noise absorption. Wireless or unguided transmission mediums are also briefly introduced. The document provides an overview of the different factors to consider when selecting a transmission medium, including transmission rate, cost, and environmental resistance.
Fibre optic
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communications. It begins with an introduction to optical fibers and their construction. It then discusses the principles of total internal reflection that optical fibers use to transmit light signals. The document outlines different fiber optic configurations like single-mode and multi-mode fibers. It describes common uses of fiber optics in communication systems, cable television, and imaging. The document concludes by discussing advantages of optical fibers like large bandwidth, noise immunity, safety, and reliability.
Fiber
Fiber optics technology uses thin glass fibers to carry signals in the form of light over long distances. Optical fibers have a core that light travels through surrounded by cladding. They transmit data using total internal reflection. Fiber optics development accelerated in the 1980s when it became the backbone of long-distance phone networks due to its thinness, low cost, high bandwidth, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers are now widely used for telecommunications, local networks, cable TV, and other applications.
Fibre optics
Fibre optics involves the transmission and reception of light waves using optical fibres. Optical fibres are made of transparent dielectrics like silica or plastic and work on the principle of total internal reflection. They have a central glass or plastic core surrounded by a cladding with a lower refractive index. Fibre optics are used widely for internet, cable TV, telephone lines, and in applications like surgery, inspections, military, automotive and more due to their ability to transmit large amounts of data at very high speeds over long distances.
Optical fibre
Optical fibers transmit light between two ends and are used widely in fiber-optic communications. They consist of a core and cladding, with the core having a higher refractive index to keep light within the core through total internal reflection. Optical fibers have advantages over metal wires like lower signal loss, higher bandwidth, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. They are used for long-distance, high-bandwidth data transmission and for applications like imaging in confined spaces.
OPTICAL_FIBER.pptx
Optical fiber uses the principle of total internal reflection to transmit data signals over large distances at high speeds. It has a core made of glass or plastic surrounded by cladding and a protective coating. A communication system uses an optical fiber as the transmission medium between a transmitter that converts electrical signals to light signals and a receiver that converts the light signals back to electrical signals. Optical fibers have various applications in telecommunications, medicine, military uses, and more due to advantages like high bandwidth, long transmission distances, and less interference compared to traditional copper cables.
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This document provides an overview of control systems engineering. It discusses:
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2016 Fall result 3.9
This document is a semester grade report for a student named Anisur Rahman studying Electrical and Electronic Engineering. It shows the courses taken in the current semester with credits attempted and earned as well as letter grades and grade points. The student earned an SGPA of 3.90 for the current semester and has a CGPA of 3.81 overall. The grading system ranges from A+ to F and the minimum required CGPA or SGPA is 2.00.
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Essential computing
Computers represent data using binary numbers systems of 0s and 1s. Data is processed by the central processing unit and memory of a computer. Common computer memory types include volatile RAM and nonvolatile ROM. External devices connect via ports like USB and data is transferred using standards like text encoding. The internet allows sharing of data through email, file transfers, online storage and chat services. Operating systems manage hardware, run programs, and provide utilities while differentiating between single-user and multi-user models. Storage devices save data magnetically or optically when the computer is off in formats like hard drives, disks, tapes and optical discs.
Emitter bias method of transistor biasing
Transistor biasing is the process of setting a transistor's operating voltage or current levels so that an AC input signal can be correctly amplified. There are several commonly used biasing methods including emitter biasing. Emitter biasing uses both positive and negative power supplies to provide a stable bias that fluctuates little with temperature variation or transistor replacement. It works by using the voltage drop across an emitter resistor from the emitter current to forward bias the emitter-base junction. Any increase in emitter current further reverse biases the junction, keeping the bias stable. Resistor values are typically chosen such that the emitter resistor voltage drop is 10% of the power supply voltage and the base resistor current
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Autobiography
The document describes key events in the life of Anisur Rahman Nayem, including being born in 1994 in Tangail, Bangladesh, attending primary and secondary school in Madhupur where he achieved high grades, and currently studying Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Manarat International University in Dhaka. It provides details on his educational and career path as well as some achievements and interests like joining the Bangladesh National Cadet Corps. The document acts as an informal autobiography or profile of Anisur Rahman Nayem.
Autobiography
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3) He began his education in 1998 at a local madrasah and then transferred schools in 2002. He achieved high marks on his SSC and HSC exams, allowing him to attend university to study electrical and electronics engineering. He is currently a third semester student at Manarat International University.
4)
Generations of wireless communication technologies and upcoming world
This document discusses the evolution of wireless communication technologies through 5 generations. It begins with pre-generation analog mobile radio systems from the 1950s. The 1st generation systems introduced in the 1960s provided basic voice calling. 2nd generation systems from the 1990s added digital signaling and SMS. 3G in the late 1990s provided multimedia and higher speeds up to 2 Mbps. 4G LTE networks from 2008 offered further increased speeds and capabilities. The document concludes by mentioning the vision for 5G networks by 2020 which will support more immersive experiences like virtual reality.
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Construction and working principle of optical fiber
- 1. Presented by: Anisur Rahman ID: 1402EEE00033 Department OF EEE Manarat International University Khagan, Ashulia, Shavar, Dhaka, Bangladesh1
- 2. 2
- 3. Higher capacity Transmit signals at 100 Gigabits per second speeds Travel much longer distances down a fiber cable without losing its strength Less susceptible to interference 3
- 4. Fiber uses reflection (L) to contain light inside the core of the fiber (below). Total internal reflection (refractive index should be n2 > n1), Lange Law 4
- 5. Core Cladding Coating Strengthening fibers Cable jacket Standard Telecommunications core diameter: For SMF is between 8 m and 10 m, For MMF is between 50 m and 62.5 m. Diameter of the cladding is 125 m 5
- 6. Three types of material make up fiber-optic cables: Glass Fiber-Optic Cable Plastic Fiber-Optic Cable Plastic-Clad Silica (PCS) Fiber-Optic Cable 6
- 7. Silica Fluoride glass Phosphate glass Chalcogenide glass Illustration of the modified chemical vapor deposition (inside) process 7
- 8. 8
- 9. Fiber optic systems transmit using infrared light invisible to the human eye It goes further in the optical fiber at those wavelengths. 9
- 10. 10
- 11. 11